Management of Cotton Nematodes Through Different Management Strategies

Ramzan et al. Available Ind. J. Pure online App. atBiosci. www.ijpab.com (2019) 7(4), 80 -85 ISSN: 2582 – 2845

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7711 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2019) 7(4), 80-85 Research Article

Management of Cotton Nematodes through Different Management Strategies

Muhammad Ramzan1*, Unsar Naeem-Ullah1, Ghulam Murtaza2, Umair Rasool Azmi3, Abdullah Arshad2, Muhammad Shaheryar4, Armghan Afzal2 1Department of Entomology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Punjab Pakistan 2Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan 3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan 4Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 25.06.2019 | Revised: 28.07.2019 | Accepted: 4.08.2019

ABSTRACT Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important textile fibre crops in the world, and cotton seeds are also fed to animals and made into oil. Plant Parasitic nematodes known as Phyto-nematodes; a threat for the agricultural crops such as cotton. Nematodes are very small, worm-like, multicellular animals adapted to living in water and soil. Some species of nematode are plant feeder and aerial feeder. Different methods such as cultural, biological, botanical etc. are used for the management of nematodes globally. The aim of present review is to evaluate the best method for controlling the nematodes. Botanicals nematicides are the best method for nematodes management because botanical have no harmful impact on human, animals and environment. New, more efficient and ecofriendly nematicides are needed along with machineries for more effective application.

Keywords: Cotton, Nematode, Management Tactics, Botanicals

INTRODUCTION tissues. Nematodes can’t move to great Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is the most distances as wings are absent in them thus, can important fiber crop in the world. Most of the crawl only. But for dispersion, use of different nematodes species are found in warmers products most likely machinery, plant regions of the world (Dropkin, Victor, 1980). materials, soil and the transportation of These are found in groups. Plant Parasitic organic materials. Most of the Phyto- nematodes; a threat for the agricultural crops nematodes are plant feeders and feed on the also called as Phyto-nematodes. The world plants while some of the members or species losses in cotton yield by the nematodes has are the aerial feeders (Yepsen, Roger, 1984). been documented to be 10.7 % (Sasser, & Majority of plant-parasitic nematodes are root Freckman, 1987). These nematodes prefer to feeders, associated with plants, completing live in soils or within the plant parts like their life cycles in the root zone.

Cite this article: Ramzan, M., Naeem-Ullah, U., Murtaza, G., Azmi, U.R., Arshad, A., Shaheryar, M., & Afzal, A. (2019). Management of Cotton Nematodes through different management strategies, Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7(4), 80-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7711

Ramzan et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2019) 7(4), 80-85 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Some are endoparasitic, living and feeding plant parts should be collected for possible within the tissue of roots, tubers, buds, seeds, identification and should be compared with the etc (Sasser, 1990). The endoparasitic healthy plants to get the end results. nematodes are root-knot nematodes The best sample will provide the (Meloidogyne species), the root-lesion following benefits (1) Properly taken sample nematodes (Pratylenchus species) and the cyst will protect farmers from extensive loss. (2) nematodes (Heterodera species). However, Improper sample will lead to increase in the beside attacking the plants, they also act as a inputs increasing costs. (3) Large and small transmitter of viruses to the crop thus areas should be sampled with a one way that is possessing more damage to the crop. Spread of zigzag way. (4) As nematode do not survive in other microorganisms (fungus and bacteria) upper 1-2-inch layer so soil from the upper has also been reported by the nematodes surface should be removed. (5) The minimum (Powell, 1971). Within the crops, nematodes sample should be ½ liter of soil that will be prefer to live in deep high in the soil where the obtained from the different samples (Jagdale & roots are present. Also, it can survive in Cross, 2011). unfavorable conditions in soil when the host is Taxonomy not present (Sasser & Freckman, 1987). It can The nematodes; commonly called as the round survive over a large range of hosts and because worms belong to the phylum Nematoda. The of microscopic size it can’t be seen with naked general body appearance is un-segmented eye. A total of 4 molts occur in it. The 1st molt body, containing hundreds of neurons occur in egg while the remaining three occur associated with other body parts for proper in nymphal stage. The emerging nymph will functioning. These are multicellular be motile and the effective stage causing organisms. The nematodes possess a stylet damage to the plants. It is also called as through which the said insect penetrate the vermiform, 0.30-0.4 mm in size and reserve plant and get their nourishment. The stylet has the large amounts of lipid in it. a hole which serve as a transmission of Sampling bacterial pathogens. Based on its presence, Timing Nematodes have been divided into 3 types. It is one of the important factors to determine They are present in terrestrial, marine, and the exact population of nematodes. It has been parasitic niches. All make up the 10, 000 noted that population of nematodes can be species around the globe. It has been said that very low from the winter to early fall, but in nematodes are present in every litter of the soil some cases its population will increase to and the soil contains usually many with much extent in early fall. However, after species diversity. This pest has been regarded harvesting of cotton crop its population will as one of the ubiquitous one. decline sharply thus time should be chosen Species with the much measure to detect the best Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood, 1949 population. For the cotton in America it is Distribution recommended to take sample from Oct. to Tropical, Subtropical regions and Warm Nov. at a 20 cm depth of cotton. Temperate soils throughout the world Sample collection (Robinson & Jaffee, 1996). The population of nematode is distributed all Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and over the crop. So, the sample should be taken Oliveira, 1940 with great care and thoroughly from the whole Distribution field. Rhizophere should be selected for The same distribution as Meloidogyne sample recording. For the fields, where no incognita (Robinson & Jaffee, 1996). crop is grown or in extreme temperature Meloidogyne acronea Coetzee, 1956 sample should be taken within the depth of 30 Distribution cm. To detect disease spread by nematodes, Africa (Robinson & Jaffee, 1996).

Ramzan et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2019) 7(4), 80-85 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Pratylenchus brachyurus Filipjev & Soil texture: Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Sand and clays show opposite correlation in Distribution terms of encouraging population. Soil Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, Georgia, containing 10-90 % sand was harboring more India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, nematodes (M. incognita) than the clays more Malaysia Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, than 60 % (Robinson et al., 1997, Starr et al., Singapore, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Uzbekistan, 1993). Vietnam, Benin Botswana, Cameroon, Côte Biological control d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, To manage the Nematodes biological control Kenya, Madagascar Malawi, Mauritius, has not been used on the commercial basis Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion Senegal, however some of the studies has been South Africa, Togo, Uganda Zambia, conducted and evaluated in lab conditions on Zimbabwe, Canada, Mexico, USA, Belize, the M. incognita. The biological control Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, includes the microscopic organisms (fungus or Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Bolivia, bacterial). One of the fungus was reported Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, (Robinson & Jaffee, 1996) i.e. Peru, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Italy, Monacrosporiuni cionopagum and M Russian Federation, Australia, Cook Islands, ellipsosporuni. Some other fungus are Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tonga. mycorrhizal fungi, egg parasitizing fungi, such Hoplolaimus galeatus Thorne, 1935 as Paecilomyces lilacinus, the obligately Distribution parasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans, USA, Canada, Sumatra, India, Tanzania, and strains of Gluconacetohacter diazotrophicus Central and South America and predaceous nematodes (Robinson, & Hoplolaimus indicus Sherl 1963 Jaffee, 1996). R. reniforniis was controlled Distribution successful in the Texas by Heterodera glvcine Bangladesh, China, Iran, Pakistan (soybean cyst) (Wang, et al., 2005). Another Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc, 1958 microorganisms Pochonia chlanvdosporia did Distribution: controlled R. renifoemis by 77% in the pots Africa, India, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia (Wang et al., 2005). http://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Taxadata/G063s5. Cultural control aspx Deep tillage Hoplolaimus columbus Sher Deep tillage is known to be one of the old Distribution methods however, this alone proves to be a India, Pakistan, Africa, Egypt, North America, good tool. It has been found that M incognita USA, Central America & Caribbean, Trinidad was greatly affected by the deep tillage at the and Tobago 45 cm thus controlling the nematodes (Garber Hoplolaimus indicus Sherl 1963 et al.,1996). Distribution Organic soil amendments China, Bangladesh, Iran, Pakistan, India The following amendments in soil will be REVIEW OF LITERATURE beneficial to control the nematode population MANAGEMENT in cotton fields; Hoplolaimus columbus Temperature population was down by implanting poultry A study showed the role of temperature in litter in soil (Koenning, & Barker, 2004). managing the nematodes. If the temperature in Shellfish waster and crop residues that contain an empty field of soil reach at 10 °C, the chitin are found to be highly good (Thoden et nematodes population have a good effect al., 2009). however as the temperature increases to 45 °C Crop rotation: eggs or immature will be no more viable The best crop to be used after cotton is peanut (Heald & Robinson, 1987). or groundnut. As it has been documented in

Ramzan et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2019) 7(4), 80-85 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 southeastern America as different nematodes energy into its root system, the very food the M. incognita, R. renifrinis and H. columbus nematodes feed on. Reflection from the red population was found below the level (Wang mulch, in effect, tugs food away from the et al., 2005). The population of peanut root- nematodes that are trying to draw nutrients knot nematode M. arenaria, also reduces very from the roots (Adams, 1997). effectively on the cotton (Starr et al., 1998). Flooding Sanitation / Weed Management: Flooding is also an important strategy to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus control pest population. It is done in those reniformis do egg lay at a faster speed. The areas which have plenty of water. Soil is flood Meloidogyne can lay over 2000 plant species for seven to nine months, kills nematodes by and also on the weeds. While the reducing the amount of oxygen available for Rotylenchulus can lay eggs over the 350 respiration while the concentrations of species of plants. Thus, good weed naturally occurring substances like methane, management practices should be used to organic acids and hydrogen sulfide increase encounter the nematode population (Robinson, that are toxic to nematodes (MacGuidwin, et al.,1997). In a study, two weeds were 1993). Flooding is the long process; it may documented to the most problematic in take two years to kill all the nematode egg controlling the nematodes these are the masses. Flooding works best if both soil and morning glory and sickle pod. Among the air temperatures remain warm. problematic weeds sickle pod becomes more Use of Botanical Nematicides challenging in managing the nematode There are various plant families which used population (Davis & Webster, 2005). for the control of nematodes. Marigolds Host plant resistance belong to Tagetes species and family Among all nematode management strategies, Asteraceae. It has polyacetylenes and host plant resistance is one of them which has polythienyls exhibiting nematicidal properties potential to control (Ogallo et al., 1999). It is (Chitwood, 2001, Hooks et al., 2010, Thoden one of the best ways in managing the pest et al., 2009, Wat et al., 1981). Others species population (Starr et al., 2002). However, a such as Acacia gummifera and Tagetes patula very few verities had been registered and that have nematicidal properties, also used against few have not been adopted globally. nematodes and gave 60-70% control (El Solarization Allagui et al., 2007). Soil solarization is a method of pasteurization, Use of Nematicides effectively reduce nematode population. It is The most popular option for nematodes mostly effective in those regions where management are the nematicides and 40-75 summers are predictably warm and sunny. The percent cotton production increase by using basic technique entails laying clear plastic over nematicides against nematodes in cotton. tilled, moistened soil for approximately six to There are several factors such as temperature, eight weeks. Solar heat is trapped by the soil moisture, texture, timing of application, plastic, raising the soil temperature. The the selection of nematicide and conditions of incorporation of poultry litter prior to the infested field as well as nematode solarization, or use of a second layer of clear population (Greer et al., 2009). Most of the plastic, can reduce effective solarization time nematicides applied during crop plantation. to 30 days (Brown et al., 1989, Stevens et al., The nematicides are present in various forms 1990). such as granular, foliar and fumigants etc. Red Plastic Mulch Seed treatment with nematicides gave well The wavelengths of light are reflected with red results in the field. There are various methods mulch that cause the plant to keep more for application of nematicides; prior to growth above ground, greater yield. Through planting, Injection of soil fumigants, direct red plastic mulch, the plant is putting less application of nematicides on seed in the form

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