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ANIMAL CARE and MANAGEMENT at the NATIONAL ZOO: FINAL REPORT Appeared in Peer-Reviewed, Accessible Literature

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ANIMAL CARE and MANAGEMENT at the NATIONAL ZOO: FINAL REPORT Appeared in Peer-Reviewed, Accessible Literature Prepublication copy Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo: Final Report Committee on the Review of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Zoological Park Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, DC www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. F0336CC10376 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Smithsonian Institution, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government. International Standard Book Number International Standard Book Number Additional copies of this report are available from The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2005 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council www.national-academies.org COMMITTEE ON THE REVIEW OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION’S NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK R. Michael Roberts (Chair), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Joseph W. Alexander, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma Bradford S. Bell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Kurt Benirschke, University of California, San Diego, California Janet Brannian, University of Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, South Dakota Charles Capen, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Rhetaugh Graves Dumas, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Lester Fisher, Chicago, Illinois Harold F. Hintz, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Maxim Kiefer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Rebecca Remillard, Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Bernard A. Schwetz, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland Thomas Yuill, University of Wisconsin, Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Mapleton, Utah Stephen L. Zawistowski, American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York, New York Consultant Samuel H. Preston, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Staff Jennifer Obernier, Study Director Jamie Jonker, Study Director (until June 2004) Tanja Pilzak, Research Associate Donna Lee Jameison, Senior Project Assistant Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant Norman Grossblatt, Senior Editor Susan Vaupel, Editor Kori Brabham, Intern Johnny Hernandez, Intern Tasha Sassville, Intern v BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES May Berenbaum (Chair), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Sandra Bartholmey, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois Deborah Blum, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin H. H. Cheng, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota Barbara P. Glenn, Biotechnology Industry Organization, Washington, DC Linda F. Golodner, National Consumers League, Washington, DC W. R. (Reg) Gomes, University of California, Oakland, California Perry R. Hagenstein, Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts Janet C. King, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, California Daniel P. Loucks, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Whitney Macmillan, Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota Terry L. Medley, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, Wilmington, Delaware Ole Nielsen, Ontario Veterinary College, Canada Alice N. Pell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Bobby Phills, Florida AandM University, Tallahassee, Florida Sharron S. Quisenberry, Virgnia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia Sonya B. Salamon, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois G. Edward Schuh, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, Minneapolis, Minnesota Brian J. Staskawicz, University of California, Berkeley, California Jack Ward Thomas, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana James H. Tumlinson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania B. L. Turner, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts STAFF Robin Schoen, Director Karen L. Imhof, Administrative Assistant vi INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Peter A. Ward (Chair), University of Michigan Medical School, Pathology Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan Stephen W. Barthold, University of California, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, California William C. Campbell, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey Jeffrey Everitt, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Comparative Medicine and Investigator Support, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Michael F. Festing, Leicestershire, United Kingdom Estelle B. Gauda, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Janet C. Gonder, Pinehurst, North Carolina Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Central Animal Laboratories, Bilthoven, Netherlands Jay R. Kaplan, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Winston- Salem, North Carolina Hilton J. Klein, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, West Point, Pennsylvania William Morton, University of Washington, Regional Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington Randall J. Nelson, University of Tennessee, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, Tennessee Abigail Smith, University of Pennsylvania, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Michael K. Stoskopf, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina Peter Theran, Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts STAFF Joanne Zurlo, Director Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant vi i Preface The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on House Administration, chaired by U.S. Representative Robert W. Ney (Ohio-18th district), is responsible for oversight of the Smithsonian Institution, which administers the National Zoological Park (National Zoo) and the Conservation and Research Center (CRC). Following a hearing held by the Committee on March 5, 2003, in which House Representatives questioned the zoo director regarding concerns about animal care and management, Congress requested a science-based review of the quality and effectiveness of animal
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