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Girls' Secondary Education in Mauritania

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Girls' Secondary Education in Mauritania Girls’ Secondary Education in Mauritania Challenges and Opportunities Team for the Preparation of this report: Project Manager: Sherif Ayoub Research and writing: Sherif Ayoub, Rachel Bingham, Karl Brown, Johanna Fine, Nozomi Hashimoto, Ryan Newton and Juliet Young Girls’ Secondary Education in Mauritania: Challenges and Opportunities Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge many individuals and organizations whose time and effort made this report possible. We are particularly grateful to the Peace Corps staff at the office in Nouakchott for their assistance and guidance throughout the elaboration of this report, particularly Obie Shaw, Peace Corps Country Director; Abderrahmane Bagga, Associate Peace Corps Director for Education; Jessica Dunsmore; Peace Corps GAD Program Volunteer Coordinator. Additionally, we are indebted to the many Volunteer Assistants who contributed significantly to the elaboration of the report, including Scott Eidson, Adam Cummings, Andi Gittleman, Alicia Liebel, Cailin McGough, Amanda Moody, Jennifer Slinkard, and Jordana Spadacini, as well as other Peace Corps Volunteers who assisted us during site visits. We would also like to extend our thanks to Abdoul Sow at the UNICEF office in Nouakchott. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the numerous civil servants in the Ministère de l’Enseignement Fondamental et Secondaire (MEFS) and the Secrétariat d’Etat à la Condition Féminine (SECF) who provided crucial insight into the educational environment in Mauritania. We particularly wish to thank all the Mauritanian stakeholders who participated in the many interviews, roundtables, focus groups, and questionnaires. Their input was the basis upon which this report was constructed. Finally, we are grateful for all the support extended to us by the Program in Economic and Political Development of the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University. In particular, we wish to thank Professor Leigh Linden, Professor Charles Downs, and Professor Jacqueline Klopp. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents............................................................................................................. iii Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................vi Girls’ Secondary Education in Mauritania: Challenges and Opportunities.............................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................................................1 Background .........................................................................................................................4 Geography ..........................................................................................4 History.................................................................................................4 Methodology.......................................................................................................................5 Why secondary education for girls? ..............................................................................6 Mauritanian stakeholders’ arguments for increasing quantity and quality of girls’ secondary education......................................6 Gains for individual girls and their families...................................7 The value of education in the Mauritanian context ...................9 Part I: Girls’ Education Environment....................................................12 Public Schools and Education Policy........................................................................... 12 Introduction..................................................................................... 12 Background...................................................................................... 14 Analysis............................................................................................. 18 Conclusion....................................................................................... 36 Economic Context.......................................................................................................... 39 Introduction..................................................................................... 39 Background...................................................................................... 40 Analysis............................................................................................. 44 Conclusion....................................................................................... 49 Case Studies .................................................................................... 50 Cultural Context............................................................................................................. 57 Introduction..................................................................................... 57 Background...................................................................................... 57 Analysis............................................................................................. 58 Conclusion....................................................................................... 66 Legal and Regulatory Environment ............................................................................. 68 Introduction..................................................................................... 68 Background...................................................................................... 68 Analysis............................................................................................. 72 Conclusion....................................................................................... 84 iii Girls’ Secondary Education in Mauritania: Challenges and Opportunities Institutional Assessment................................................................................................ 87 Introduction..................................................................................... 87 Background...................................................................................... 87 Analysis............................................................................................. 91 Conclusion..................................................................................... 101 Part II: Program Evaluation .................................................................103 Peace Corps................................................................................................................... 105 Background.................................................................................... 105 Methodology ................................................................................. 108 Analysis of RIMGAD programs ................................................. 108 Girls’ Mentoring Centers............................................................ 111 Mentors’ Workshop.................................................................... 122 Annual Girls’ Education Conference........................................ 134 UNICEF........................................................................................................................... 145 Background.................................................................................... 145 Methodology for Research......................................................... 149 Literature Review......................................................................... 149 Analysis........................................................................................... 151 Conclusion..................................................................................... 167 Part III: Recommendations and Conclusion.......................................171 Recommendations........................................................................................................ 171 Recommendation 1: Awareness-raising campaigns about girls’ education .................................................................. 171 Recommendation 2: Increase economic support for poor families ............................................................................................ 176 Recommendation 3: Improve coordination between government and other actors.................................................... 178 Recommendation 4: Increase technical assistance to Government .................................................................................. 181 Recommendation 5: Develop new criteria for affectation .. 183 Recommendation 6: Incorporate gender-awareness courses into teacher training..................................................... 185 Recommendation 7: Revise the bac in all subjects to reflect relevant skills and knowledge .................................. 187 Recommendation 8: Improve UNICEF project support structure......................................................................................... 189 Overview of recommendations for Peace Corps ................. 191 Recommendation 9: Goal setting for RIMGAD projects..... 193 Recommendation 10: Ensure the sustainability of Peace Corps projects .................................................................. 195 Recommendation 11: Improve monitoring and evaluation of RIMGAD...............................................................
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