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Een Sloppenwijk in Hyderabad, India MOOSANAGAR EEN SLOPPENWIJK IN HYDERABAD, INDIA EEN ONTWERPMATIG ONDERZOEK Emily Pescod Promotor: prof. dr. ir.-arch. Johan Lagae Begeleiders: Bert Gellynck, David Schmitz Masterproef ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van Master in de ingenieurswetenschappen: architectuur Vakgroep Architectuur en Stedenbouw Voorzi er: prof. dr. Pieter Uy enhove Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen en Architectuur Academiejaar 2010-2011 TOELATING TOT BRUIKLEEN De auteur gee de toela ng deze masterproef voor consulta e beschikbaar te stellen en delen van de scrip e te kopiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplich ng de bron uitdrukkelijk te vermelden bij het aanhalen van resultaten uit deze masterproef. Emily Pescod 6 juni 2011 THE CITY WITHIN THE SLUM Looking down from Chaderghat Bridge into the bas of Moosanagar it seems obvious to believe most sought a er in this area along the Musi River is the ownership of a solid house. Beholding the eff ortless mo on through the maze of humble roofed construc ons, the roaming people below reveal the slum dweller within. Upon acquaintance, during our two month stay in Hyderabad, Moosanagar however exposed a city within the slum enriching our train of thought with a vision there’s more to see than the mere wish for be er. Surviving 60 years of threat of evic on, Moosanagar proves improvement, if me is on your hands. I I. THE INFLUENCE OF LAKHS I.I THE EXPANDING URBAN FABRIC I.2 THE CITY’S THIRST I.3 SEWAGE PRODUCTION I.4 SHRINKING WATER BODIES II II. THE RIVER MUSI, DANGER OR SALVATION 2.I MUSI BANKS, A PLACE CALLED HOME 2.I.I THE EVOLUTION OF A SLUM 2.I.2 MOOSANAGAR & TEMPORARY MIGRATION 2.2 MUSI WASTER WATER & FOOD SECURITY 2.2.I LIVELIHOODS 2.2.2 ADAPTING CROPS 2.3 A HUNGER FOR DEVELOPMENT 2.3.I NANDANAVANAM 2.3.2 PROPOSAL Ar. Hafeez Contractor 2.3.3 SAVE MUSI CAMPAIGN III III. MOOSANAGAR SPECIAL SLUM ZONE 3.I HOUSING SCHEMES, A HISTOY OF TRIAL AND ERROR 3.I.I MOOSANAGAR STRUCTURAL COMPARISON 3.2 HOUSING BACKLOGS 3.2.2 HOUSING BACK LOG OF AP HOUSINGSCHEMES 3.3 SLUM IMPROVEMENT, ANALYSIS 3.I.3 MOOSANAGAR HOUSING BACK LOG 3.3.I SPECIAL SLUM ZONE &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ,͛ďĂĚ DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJ;,DͿ 1860 ƌŝƟƐŚŽůŽŶŝĂůZƵůĞ͗ ,͛ďĂĚ͕WƌŝŶĐĞůLJ^ƚĂƚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚĂŶƚŽŶŵĞŶƚΘ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ^ĞĐƵŶĚĞƌĂďĂĚ Old City: Ϯ͕ϱŬŵϸͲϴϬϬϬĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ KůĚŝƚLJ͗ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶŽĨ ,LJĚĞƌĂďĂĚ <,^ L ƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽĨ&Žƌƚ 'ŽůĐŽŶĚĂ +-1000 1591 1680 1799 1858 HE INFLUENCE OF HE INFLUENCE I. T ϭϭ͕ϭϵ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ,D ;,͛ďĂĚDƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶͿͲϭϳϮŬŵϸ &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĚŚƌĂ WƌĂĚĞƐŚ͗,͛ďĂĚĐĂƉŝƚĂů ,͛ďĂĚ͗DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ^ƚĂƚƵƐͲϭϬ͕Ϯϲ>ĂŬŚĐŝƚ͘ ,LJĚĞƌĂďĂĚũŽŝŶƐƚŚĞ /ŶĚŝĂŶhŶŝŽŶ /ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞĂLJ ϭϱƚŚŽĨƵŐƵƐƚϭϵϰϳ ϳ͕ϮϬ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĚĞĐ͘ŐƌŽǁƚŚƌĂƚĞϲϭ͕ϭй ϰ͕ϰϳ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ,ŝŵĂLJĂƚ^ĂŐĂƌ 19,5km² - 84mil. m³ 1927 KƐŵĂŶ^ĂŐĂƌ 24,5km² - 110mil. m³ 1920 1947 1948 1951 1956 1960 1961 ϰ͕Ϭϲ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƉůĂŐƵĞΘŝŶŇƵĞŶnjĂĞƉ͘ 80km² ϱ͕ϵϮ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ 'ƌĞĂƚDƵƐŝ&ůŽŽĚ KƌŝŐŝŶŽĨƚŚĞEĞǁŝƚLJ ϰ͕Ϯ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ 1901 1908 1911 1921 1931 1941 7000 5000 3000 1000 ;ŵϸͿ ĂƌĞĂ 50 40 30 20 10 ƉŽƉ͘ ;>ĂŬŚƐͿ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚϰϬͲϰϱ>ĂŬŚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ,͛ďĂĚ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĞǀĞů- ŽƉŵĞŶƚƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ 7100km² ϯϲ͕ϯϬ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ϯϬ͕ϱ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ϴϭϭŶŽƟĮĞĚƐůƵŵƐ ϭϮ͕ϱϴ>ĂŬŚƐůƵŵƉŽƉ͘ ϰϬйŽĨĐŝƚLJƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ Ϯϭ͕ϱ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ϰϳϬŶŽƟĮĞĚƐůƵŵƐ ϱ͕ϰ>ĂŬŚƐůƵŵƉŽƉ͘ ϮϯйŽĨĐŝƚLJƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ, ;,͛ďĂĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƌĞĂͿͲϭϴϲϱŬŵϸ ,͛ďĂĚ͗ϱƚŚůĂƌŐĞƐƚ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ͗ ϭϲ͕Ϭϳ>ĂŬŚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ϮϴϭŶŽƟĮĞĚƐůƵŵƐ ϯ>ĂŬŚƐůƵŵƉŽƉƵůĂ- ƟŽŶͲϭϴйŽĨĐŝƚLJƉŽƉ͘ ϭϬϲŶŽƟĮĞĚƐůƵŵƐ ϭ͕Ϯ>ĂŬŚƐůƵŵƉŽƉ͘ 1962ϭϬйŽĨĐŝƚLJƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ 1971 1975 1981 1991 2001 2008 2011 ĂƌĞĂ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ƐůƵŵƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ I I. THE INFLUENCE OF LAKHS I.I THE EXPANDING URBAN FABRIC I.2 THE CITY’S THIRST I.3 SEWAGE PRODUCTION I.4 SHRINKING WATER BODIES I.I THE EXPANDING URBAN FABRIC The Damagundam forest in the Anantagiri hills 70km to the west is the source of Hyderabad’s Musi river which fl ows principally eastward over a total distance of 270 km un l it emp es into the Krishna river. Before the Musi is joined by one of its tributaries the Esi, it accumulates behind the Osman Sagar, one of the two dams built in 1920 as a consequence of the great Musi fl ood in 1908. The Esi has the second dam Himayat Sagar, which according to human need then allows the Esi to join the Musi just west of the city. They fl ow together for 30 km through the heart of Hyderabad dividing it into the North (New City) and the South (Old City).1 1 The history and evolu on of Hyderabad together with the popula on fi gures in this chapter are cited from: NARENDRA LUTHER, ‘Hyderabad. A biography’, Oxford University Press, 2006, Hyderabad; HMDA, ‘Revised Master Plan for Core area’, 2010 ,Hyderabad; and VARGHESE TECKANATH S.G., “Housing for the urban poor. Changing Paradigm in Hyderabad.”, 2002, Hyderabad Once pure wilderness, the underlying granite mass under Golconda Fort formed a hill where the herders of the surrounding villages let their cows and sheep graze. Situated on the Deccan plateau 540 m above sea-level, the hill was so noted for its grazing ca le that it was named “grazing hill”, “Golla Konda” in Telugu1. It was on this hill about 1.000 years ago that Golconda Fort was built overlooking the Musi on its south side, today only remaining as a ruin 8 km west from the Hyderabad’s center. As a result of the water shortages during the Qutb Shahi dynasty2 (1534-1724 AD), the kingdom of Golconda was relocated more to the east, along the banks of the Musi river. With its potable water, the river supplied the new city with drinking water. Thus in 1591, Hyderabad originated as a planned city in a grid drawn around Charminar3 , intended for a projected 5 lakh popula on. Spread over a period of 150 years, during the reign of the Asaf Jahi rulers (1724-1948 AD) (also called Nizams4 ), Hyderabad enjoyed a cultural and economic bloom resul ng in becoming the offi cial capital of the Golconda kingdom. 1 Local language 2 A Turkic dynasty ruling the kingdom of Golconda 3 Islamic monument meaning “Mosque of the four towers” 4 Title of the na ve sovereigns of Hyderabad State In 1680 the Old City of Hyderabad was comprised of 88000 people over an area of 2,5km². In the mean me at the beginning of the 17th century, the Bri sh arrived in India. It was only in 1858 that India was subjected to Bri sh colonial rule. The Bri sh Indian Empire consisted of two divisions: Bri sh India and the Na ve States or Princely States. The la er were not directly ruled by the Bri sh, but governed indirectly through an Indian head of state. Thus during the reign of the Nizams, Hyderabad became one of the princely states but kept control over internal aff airs. Earlier in 1799, came the crea on of the Bri sh cantonment separated from Hyderabad by the 4km² Hussain Sagar lake. This sec on of the city later developed as a separate en ty: Secunderabad In 1860, the borders of the Hyderabad Municipality (HM) were defi ned, in the mean me totalling an area of 56,98km². In 1901, the census of India1 counted 4,2 lakh people in the Municipality. Thus is took more than 300 years before the planned for 5 lakh popula on around Charminar was reached. It was mainly a er 1881 that Hyderabad’s popula on grew through the success of the expanding Nizam’s administra on. 1 The Indian Census is the largest single source of a variety of sta s cal informa on on diff erent characteris cs of the people of India. The responsibility of conduc ng the decennial Census rests with the Offi ce of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India under Ministry of Home Aff airs, Government of India. In 1908 Hyderabad was subjected to a great Musi Flood due to abnormally heavy rainfall. Thousands of people were killed resul ng in only a marginal growth in popula on un l 1911. The popula on of 5,92 lakh were however spread over a steadily expanding area which now summed up to 80km². The fl ood was the catalyst for the forma on of the New City bringing a relocated seat of government with it. While the old city, capital of the former rulers, refl ects the tradi onal manner of life with its chaos of rickshaws, street vendors and unceasing commo on between the architectural heritages. The new city forms the city’s less densely populated centre for commerce, companies and entertainment. Another consequence of the fl ood was the building of two dams; Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. Osman Sagar, covering an area of 24,5km² and storing up to 110million m³, and Himayat having a capacity of 84 million m³ in an area of 19,5km², would besides the control of future fl ooding also guarantee the new potable water supply to the city. In the periods of 1911-1912 and 1916- 1917 Hyderabad experienced some of the worst plagues it was ever subjected to . This was refl ected in the new Census of India results in 1921 that showed that the popula on had diminished to 4,06 lakh. In 1931, again ci ng the Census of India, popula on increased again to 4,47lakh. However in 1941 a spectacular jump to 7,20 lakh revealed a decadal growth rate of 61,10%, the highest Hyderabad had ever known. A er 200 years of Bri sh rule, India gained its independence on the 15th August 1947. Following this, Hyderabad joined the Indian Union1 in 1948. This hailed the end of the Nizam Empire. With it’s strategic geographical loca on in the centre of the country and ample govt land available in the Peri Urban area, Hyderbad was able to a ract many public and private industries, turning Hyderabad into a hometown of Industrial and economic growth.
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