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How Can I Keep from Singing? the Effect of Covid-19 On

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How Can I Keep from Singing? the Effect of Covid-19 On HOW CAN I KEEP FROM SINGING? THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON CONGREGATIONAL PARTICIPATION IN WORSHIP BY M. ANDREW DEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF DIVINITY PROF. BILL J. TACKMIER, ADVISOR WISCONSIN LUTHERAN SEMINARY MEQUON, WI FEBRUARY 19, 2021 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….1 PART I: THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORICAL LUTHERAN WORSHIP………………….3 Luther’s Policy on Music 3 Luther’s Policy on the Implementation of Change 7 Luther’s Musical Reforms 8 Liturgy 9 Hymnody 11 Lutheran Worship Today 14 PART II: THE SPIRITUAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE…………………......18 A Study on Colossians 3:16 19 A Study on Ephesians 5:18–20 21 The Psychological Perspective 23 Music’s Ability to Aid in Memorization and Memory Recovery 24 Group Singing in the Context of Adult Community Classes 26 The Effect of Singing on Mental Health Among Those Taking Singing Lessons 29 The Effect of Group Singing on Those Caring for Cancer Patients 31 The Psychological Necessity of Music 32 PART III: THE MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE…………………………………………………...34 Aerosol Particles and the Spread of COVID-19 34 Vocal Loudness and How it Relates to the Spread of COVID-19 38 Depression and Anxiety and their Relationship to COVID-19 Lockdowns 40 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………....45 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………48 ABSTRACT COVID-19 has had drastic, far-reaching consequences throughout society, and the Lutheran church is no exception. For three months, many Lutherans and other Christians in America were prohibited from worshiping in person by state lockdowns. When those three months were over, many Lutherans came back to a worship setting and style that was very different from the one they left. Today in WELS circles, the effects of COVID-19 are still being felt as pastors and church leaders struggle with how to provide God’s Word to people in a safe way during a global pandemic. One of the common ways this is done is by removing congregational singing and participation in worship. This presents the question, to what extent should we limit congregational singing and participation in worship in the COVID-19 pandemic? The goal of this paper will be to address this confusing issue and present evidence that, based on a historical perspective, a spiritual and psychological perspective, and a medical perspective, congregational singing and participation should not be limited at all because there are ways to minimize risk without removing a key component of worship. INTRODUCTION There is a Christian hymn that was popular in the 20th century attributed to the Baptist preacher Robert Lowry titled “How Can I Keep from Singing?” Many know of it today thanks to contemporary Christian artist Chris Tomlin, who released a version of the hymn in 2006 on his album See the Morning. Before this, it was also a well-known song performed by hit New Age artist Enya. Still before this it was a well-known Quaker hymn. Through all its resurgences in the public eye, its beautifully evocative text has brought joy and comfort to countless souls. While every verse is worth printing, here the second verse and refrain bear extra attention: Through all the tumult and the strife/ I hear that music ringing. It finds an echo in my soul/ How can I keep from singing? No storm can shake my inmost calm/ While to that Rock I’m clinging. Since Christ is Lord of heaven and earth/ How can I keep from singing?1 One cannot help but think of the global pandemic as one hears these words. Many would agree the COVID-19 pandemic has brought its fair share of tumult and strife. Yet as the hymn beautifully describes, despite these challenges and difficulties, the Christian can keep singing. The powerful refrain captures the sense of calm Christians can feel in the face of such difficulties. While the Christian clings to Christ the solid rock, nothing can shake them. For how 1. Robert Lowry, RitualSong (2nd ed), #802, GIA Publications, 2002, quoted in “How Can I Keep from Singing,” accessed 11/24/20, https://hymnary.org/text/my_life_flows_on_in_endless_song 1 2 can we be shaken when Christ is Lord of heaven and earth? It is this comfort that has kept the church firmly grounded since its beginning and will continue to do so through the COVID-19 pandemic. Psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs have been the means by which the Christian church has expressed to God and to one another this comfort we have as we cling to Christ our rock since the time of King David. God’s Word in song has long been a means of proclaiming Christ’s name and his holy acts for his people. However, with the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic, many churches have changed that. Experts have proven that the disease is highly transmissible not only through droplets of saliva expelled from the mouth when sneezing, coughing, speaking, and singing but also through microscopic aerosol particles expelled when doing these same actions. The disease is also highly contagious, making these actions a health hazard. With these things in mind, many churches have reduced the amount of singing and speaking done in worship. The presence of large crowds at sporting events and in places of commerce like supermarkets and shopping malls, as well as gatherings including weddings, funerals, and worship services, have been prohibited or severely limited in their capacity. This presents a difficult question for worship leaders: to what extent should congregational singing and participation be limited in the COVID-19 pandemic? This paper aims to demonstrate from a historical perspective, a spiritual and psychological perspective, and based upon evidence from medical studies that congregational singing and participation should not be limited at all. By removing these key aspects from worship, far too much of what makes Lutheran worship special and edifying is lost. Instead, there are ways to ensure the safety of those gathered for worship without sacrificing such a vital part of worship. PART I: THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORICAL LUTHERAN WORSHIP A suitable place to begin is at the start of the history of Lutheran worship. It is beneficial to recognize where the Lutheran church has come from to understand where it is going. The Lutheran church has long been held as “the singing church.” When Luther changed how worship was done in the Roman Catholic Church, he won a lasting reputation as a reformer. Over five- hundred years later, the effects of his reforms can still be seen in modern worship. Therefore, there is good reason to continue worshiping in the way Luther designed. Therefore, this section will determine not only how Lutheran worship came about but also to analyze why it is so important that it should retain its unique quality of congregational singing and participation. Luther’s Policy on Music Among all the reforms that Luther enacted in his time, perhaps some of the more significant were his reforms to worship. By the 16th century, worship in the Roman Catholic Church had become little more than a performance. The mass was conducted in Latin, and there was little participation on the part of the people. In those days, people would congregate outside the church for as long as possible, talking amongst themselves even as the mass’s opening parts were conducted inside. The people would then go inside for the sermon and the consecration and elevation of the host. People would regularly sleep or talk through those parts of the service, and as soon as the host was partaken of by the officiant (people did not necessarily receive 3 4 communion every Sunday2), people would immediately return outside and continue their day.3 Attending mass was required for all community members, but there was nothing of real theological substance to these services. Aside from the sermon, there was only the liturgical art in the worship space to edify faith. Hence, it is little wonder the worshipers did not want to stay. They would use the opportunity to pray their rosaries, but little more liturgical action was done. Luther saw this and knew it needed to change. From the very start, Luther wanted one thing to take the highest priority in worship: the Word of God. He says regarding worship: Let everything [in worship] be done so that the Word may have free course instead of the prattling and rattling that has been the rule up to now. We can spare everything except the Word. Again, we profit by nothing as much as by the Word. For the whole Scripture shows that the Word should have free course among Christians. And in Luke 10 [:42] Christ himself says “one thing is needful,” i.e., that Mary sit at the feet of Christ and hear his Word daily. This is the best part to choose and it shall not be taken away forever. It is an eternal Word. Everything else must pass away, no matter how much care and trouble it may give Martha. God help us achieve this, Amen.4 Using the vivid example of Mary and Martha from Luke 10, Luther demonstrates his point. Just as Martha was focused on everything except the teaching of Jesus, so too in the Roman Church’s worship, Luther saw everything being emphasized except the Word. As he began the process of reforming the church, Luther realized one of the things that would need the most attention was how God’s people worshiped him. 2. Joseph Herl, Worship Wars in Early Lutheranism, (Oxford, Oxford University Press: 2004), 12. 3. Herl, Worship Wars, 25. 4. Martin Luther, Liturgy and Hymns, ed. Ulrich S.
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