Self Evaluation : Hierocrypt–L1
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The Design of Rijndael: AES - the Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen
Joan Daernen · Vincent Rijrnen Theof Design Rijndael AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard With 48 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Springer TnL-1Jn Joan Daemen Foreword Proton World International (PWI) Zweefvliegtuigstraat 10 1130 Brussels, Belgium Vincent Rijmen Cryptomathic NV Lei Sa 3000 Leuven, Belgium Rijndael was the surprise winner of the contest for the new Advanced En cryption Standard (AES) for the United States. This contest was organized and run by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) be ginning in January 1997; Rij ndael was announced as the winner in October 2000. It was the "surprise winner" because many observers (and even some participants) expressed scepticism that the U.S. government would adopt as Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data an encryption standard any algorithm that was not designed by U.S. citizens. Daemen, Joan, 1965- Yet NIST ran an open, international, selection process that should serve The design of Rijndael: AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen. as model for other standards organizations. For example, NIST held their p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1999 AES meeting in Rome, Italy. The five finalist algorithms were designed ISBN 3540425802 (alk. paper) . .. by teams from all over the world. 1. Computer security - Passwords. 2. Data encryption (Computer sCIence) I. RIJmen, In the end, the elegance, efficiency, security, and principled design of Vincent, 1970- II. Title Rijndael won the day for its two Belgian designers, Joan Daemen and Vincent QA76.9.A25 D32 2001 Rijmen, over the competing finalist designs from RSA, IBl\!I, Counterpane 2001049851 005.8-dc21 Systems, and an English/Israeli/Danish team. -
Hamming Weight Attacks on Cryptographic Hardware – Breaking Masking Defense?
Hamming Weight Attacks on Cryptographic Hardware { Breaking Masking Defense? Marcin Gomu lkiewicz1 and Miros law Kuty lowski12 1 Cryptology Centre, Poznan´ University 2 Institute of Mathematics, Wroc law University of Technology, ul. Wybrzeze_ Wyspianskiego´ 27 50-370 Wroc law, Poland Abstract. It is believed that masking is an effective countermeasure against power analysis attacks: before a certain operation involving a key is performed in a cryptographic chip, the input to this operation is com- bined with a random value. This has to prevent leaking information since the input to the operation is random. We show that this belief might be wrong. We present a Hamming weight attack on an addition operation. It works with random inputs to the addition circuit, hence masking even helps in the case when we cannot control the plaintext. It can be applied to any round of the encryption. Even with moderate accuracy of measuring power consumption it de- termines explicitly subkey bits. The attack combines the classical power analysis (over Hamming weight) with the strategy of the saturation at- tack performed using a random sample. We conclude that implementing addition in cryptographic devices must be done very carefully as it might leak secret keys used for encryption. In particular, the simple key schedule of certain algorithms (such as IDEA and Twofish) combined with the usage of addition might be a serious danger. Keywords: cryptographic hardware, side channel cryptanalysis, Ham- ming weight, power analysis 1 Introduction Symmetric encryption algorithms are often used to protect data stored in inse- cure locations such as hard disks, archive copies, and so on. -
Type I Codes Over GF(4)
Type I Codes over GF(4) Hyun Kwang Kim¤ San 31, Hyoja Dong Department of Mathematics Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, 790-784, Korea e-mail: [email protected] Dae Kyu Kim School of Electronics & Information Engineering Chonbuk National University Chonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Korea e-mail: [email protected] Jon-Lark Kimy Department of Mathematics University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292, USA e-mail: [email protected] Abstract It was shown by Gaborit el al. [10] that a Euclidean self-dual code over GF (4) with the property that there is a codeword whose Lee weight ´ 2 (mod 4) is of interest because of its connection to a binary singly-even self-dual code. Such a self-dual code over GF (4) is called Type I. The purpose of this paper is to classify all Type I codes of lengths up to 10 and extremal Type I codes of length 12, and to construct many new extremal Type I codes over GF (4) of ¤The present study was supported by Com2MaC-KOSEF, POSTECH BSRI research fund, and grant No. R01-2006-000-11176-0 from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation. ycorresponding author, supported in part by a Project Completion Grant from the University of Louisville. 1 lengths from 14 to 22 and 34. As a byproduct, we construct a new extremal singly-even self-dual binary [36; 18; 8] code, and a new ex- tremal singly-even self-dual binary [68; 34; 12] code with a previously unknown weight enumerator W2 for ¯ = 95 and γ = 1. -
Arxiv:1311.6244V1 [Physics.Comp-Ph] 25 Nov 2013
An efficient implementation of Slater-Condon rules Anthony Scemama,∗ Emmanuel Giner November 26, 2013 Abstract Slater-Condon rules are at the heart of any quantum chemistry method as they allow to simplify 3N- dimensional integrals as sums of 3- or 6-dimensional integrals. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of those rules in order to identify very rapidly which integrals are involved in a matrix ele- ment expressed in the determinant basis set. This implementation takes advantage of the bit manipulation instructions on x86 architectures that were introduced in 2008 with the SSE4.2 instruction set. Finding which spin-orbitals are involved in the calculation of a matrix element doesn't depend on the number of electrons of the system. In this work we consider wave functions Ψ ex- For two determinants which differ by two spin- pressed as linear combinations of Slater determinants orbitals: D of orthonormal spin-orbitals φ(r): jl hDjO1jDiki = 0 (4) X Ψ = c D (1) jl i i hDjO2jDiki = hφiφkjO2jφjφli − hφiφkjO2jφlφji i All other matrix elements involving determinants Using the Slater-Condon rules,[1, 2] the matrix ele- with more than two substitutions are zero. ments of any one-body (O1) or two-body (O2) oper- An efficient implementation of those rules requires: ator expressed in the determinant space have simple expressions involving one- and two-electron integrals 1. to find the number of spin-orbital substitutions in the spin-orbital space. The diagonal elements are between two determinants given by: 2. to find which spin-orbitals are involved in the X substitution hDjO1jDi = hφijO1jφii (2) i2D 3. -
Faster Population Counts Using AVX2 Instructions
Faster Population Counts Using AVX2 Instructions Wojciech Mula,Nathan Kurz and Daniel Lemire∗ ?Universit´edu Qu´ebec (TELUQ), Canada Email: [email protected] Counting the number of ones in a binary stream is a common operation in database, information-retrieval, cryptographic and machine-learning applications. Most processors have dedicated instructions to count the number of ones in a word (e.g., popcnt on x64 processors). Maybe surprisingly, we show that a vectorized approach using SIMD instructions can be twice as fast as using the dedicated instructions on recent Intel processors. The benefits can be even greater for applications such as similarity measures (e.g., the Jaccard index) that require additional Boolean operations. Our approach has been adopted by LLVM: it is used by its popular C compiler (Clang). Keywords: Software Performance; SIMD Instructions; Vectorization; Bitset; Jaccard Index 1. INTRODUCTION phy [5], e.g., as part of randomness tests [6] or to generate pseudo-random permutations [7]. They can help find We can represent all sets of integers in f0; 1;:::; 63g duplicated web pages [8]. They are frequently used in using a single 64-bit word. For example, the word 0xAA bioinformatics [9, 10, 11], ecology [12], chemistry [13], (0b10101010) represents the set f1; 3; 5; 7g. Intersections and so forth. Gueron and Krasnov use population-count and unions between such sets can be computed using instructions as part of a fast sorting algorithm [14]. a single bitwise logical operation on each pair of words The computation of the population count is so (AND, OR). We can generalize this idea to sets of important that commodity processors have dedicated integers in f0; 1; : : : ; n − 1g using dn=64e 64-bit words. -
Coding Theory and Applications Solved Exercises and Problems Of
Coding Theory and Applications Solved Exercises and Problems of Linear Codes Enes Pasalic University of Primorska Koper, 2013 Contents 1 Preface 3 2 Problems 4 2 1 Preface This is a collection of solved exercises and problems of linear codes for students who have a working knowledge of coding theory. Its aim is to achieve a balance among the computational skills, theory, and applications of cyclic codes, while keeping the level suitable for beginning students. The contents are arranged to permit enough flexibility to allow the presentation of a traditional introduction to the subject, or to allow a more applied course. Enes Pasalic [email protected] 3 2 Problems In these exercises we consider some basic concepts of coding theory, that is we introduce the redundancy in the information bits and consider the possible improvements in terms of improved error probability of correct decoding. 1. (Error probability): Consider a code of length six n = 6 defined as, (a1; a2; a3; a2 + a3; a1 + a3; a1 + a2) where ai 2 f0; 1g. Here a1; a2; a3 are information bits and the remaining bits are redundancy (parity) bits. Compute the probability that the decoder makes an incorrect decision if the bit error probability is p = 0:001. The decoder computes the following entities b1 + b3 + b4 = s1 b1 + b3 + b5 == s2 b1 + b2 + b6 = s3 where b = (b1; b2; : : : ; b6) is a received vector. We represent the error vector as e = (e1; e2; : : : ; e6) and clearly if a vector (a1; a2; a3; a2+ a3; a1 + a3; a1 + a2) was transmitted then b = a + e, where '+' denotes bitwise mod 2 addition. -
Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1
International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing Vol. 10, No. 11 (2017), pp.79-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2017.10.11.08 Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1 Rahul Saha1, G. Geetha2, Gulshan Kumar3 and Hye-Jim Kim4 1,3School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 2Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 4Business Administration Research Institute, Sungshin W. University, 2 Bomun-ro 34da gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Cryptography has always been a core component of security domain. Different security services such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, non-repudiation and access control, are provided by a number of cryptographic algorithms including block ciphers, stream ciphers and hash functions. Though the algorithms are public and cryptographic strength depends on the usage of the keys, the ciphertext analysis using different functions and operations used in the algorithms can lead to the path of revealing a key completely or partially. It is hard to find any survey till date which identifies different operations and functions used in cryptography. In this paper, we have categorized our survey of cryptographic functions and operations in the algorithms in three categories: block ciphers, stream ciphers and cryptanalysis attacks which are executable in different parts of the algorithms. This survey will help the budding researchers in the society of crypto for identifying different operations and functions in cryptographic algorithms. Keywords: cryptography; block; stream; cipher; plaintext; ciphertext; functions; research problems 1. Introduction Cryptography [1] in the previous time was analogous to encryption where the main task was to convert the readable message to an unreadable format. -
Conversion of Mersenne Twister to Double-Precision Floating-Point
Conversion of Mersenne Twister to double-precision floating-point numbers Shin Harasea,∗ aCollege of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. Abstract The 32-bit Mersenne Twister generator MT19937 is a widely used random number generator. To generate numbers with more than 32 bits in bit length, and particularly when converting into 53-bit double-precision floating-point numbers in [0, 1) in the IEEE 754 format, the typical implementation con- catenates two successive 32-bit integers and divides them by a power of 2. In this case, the 32-bit MT19937 is optimized in terms of its equidistribution properties (the so-called dimension of equidistribution with v-bit accuracy) under the assumption that one will mainly be using 32-bit output values, and hence the concatenation sometimes degrades the dimension of equidis- tribution compared with the simple use of 32-bit outputs. In this paper, we analyze such phenomena by investigating hidden F2-linear relations among the bits of high-dimensional outputs. Accordingly, we report that MT19937 with a specific lag set fails several statistical tests, such as the overlapping collision test, matrix rank test, and Hamming independence test. Keywords: Random number generation, Mersenne Twister, Equidistribution, Statistical test 2010 MSC: arXiv:1708.06018v4 [math.NA] 2 Sep 2018 65C10, 11K45 1. Introduction Random number generators (RNGs) (or more precisely, pseudorandom number generators) are an essential tool for scientific computing, especially ∗Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] (Shin Harase) Preprint submitted to Elsevier September 5, 2018 for Monte Carlo methods. -
Applications of Search Techniques to Cryptanalysis and the Construction of Cipher Components. James David Mclaughlin Submitted F
Applications of search techniques to cryptanalysis and the construction of cipher components. James David McLaughlin Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of York Department of Computer Science September 2012 2 Abstract In this dissertation, we investigate the ways in which search techniques, and in particular metaheuristic search techniques, can be used in cryptology. We address the design of simple cryptographic components (Boolean functions), before moving on to more complex entities (S-boxes). The emphasis then shifts from the construction of cryptographic arte- facts to the related area of cryptanalysis, in which we first derive non-linear approximations to S-boxes more powerful than the existing linear approximations, and then exploit these in cryptanalytic attacks against the ciphers DES and Serpent. Contents 1 Introduction. 11 1.1 The Structure of this Thesis . 12 2 A brief history of cryptography and cryptanalysis. 14 3 Literature review 20 3.1 Information on various types of block cipher, and a brief description of the Data Encryption Standard. 20 3.1.1 Feistel ciphers . 21 3.1.2 Other types of block cipher . 23 3.1.3 Confusion and diffusion . 24 3.2 Linear cryptanalysis. 26 3.2.1 The attack. 27 3.3 Differential cryptanalysis. 35 3.3.1 The attack. 39 3.3.2 Variants of the differential cryptanalytic attack . 44 3.4 Stream ciphers based on linear feedback shift registers . 48 3.5 A brief introduction to metaheuristics . 52 3.5.1 Hill-climbing . 55 3.5.2 Simulated annealing . 57 3.5.3 Memetic algorithms . 58 3.5.4 Ant algorithms . -
Calculating Hamming Distance with the IBM Q Experience José Manuel Bravo [email protected] Prof
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 April 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0164.v1 Calculating Hamming distance with the IBM Q Experience José Manuel Bravo [email protected] Prof. Computer Science and Technology, High School, Málaga, Spain Abstract In this brief paper a quantum algorithm to calculate the Hamming distance of two binary strings of equal length (or messages in theory information) is presented. The algorithm calculates the Hamming weight of two binary strings in one query of an oracle. To calculate the hamming distance of these two strings we only have to calculate the Hamming weight of the xor operation of both strings. To test the algorithms the quantum computer prototype that IBM has given open access to on the cloud has been used to test the results. Keywords: quantum algorithm, Hamming weight, Hamming distance Introduction This quantum algorithms uses quantum parallelism as the fundamental feature to evaluate The advantage of the quantum computation a function implemented in a quantum oracle for to solve more efficiently than classical many different values of x at the same time computation some algorithms is one of the most because it exploits the ability of a quantum important key for scientists to continue researching computer to be in superposition of different states. and developing news quantum algorithms. Moreover it uses a property of quantum Grover´s searching quantum algorithm is able to mechanics known as interference. In a quantum select one entry between 2 with output 1 in only computer it is possible for the two alternatives to O(log(n)) queries to an oracle. -
Year 2010 Issues on Cryptographic Algorithms
Year 2010 Issues on Cryptographic Algorithms Masashi Une and Masayuki Kanda In the financial sector, cryptographic algorithms are used as fundamental techniques for assuring confidentiality and integrity of data used in financial transactions and for authenticating entities involved in the transactions. Currently, the most widely used algorithms appear to be two-key triple DES and RC4 for symmetric ciphers, RSA with a 1024-bit key for an asymmetric cipher and a digital signature, and SHA-1 for a hash function according to international standards and guidelines related to the financial transactions. However, according to academic papers and reports regarding the security evaluation for such algorithms, it is difficult to ensure enough security by using the algorithms for a long time period, such as 10 or 15 years, due to advances in cryptanalysis techniques, improvement of computing power, and so on. To enhance the transition to more secure ones, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States describes in various guidelines that NIST will no longer approve two-key triple DES, RSA with a 1024-bit key, and SHA-1 as the algorithms suitable for IT systems of the U.S. Federal Government after 2010. It is an important issue how to advance the transition of the algorithms in the financial sector. This paper refers to issues regarding the transition as Year 2010 issues in cryptographic algorithms. To successfully complete the transition by 2010, the deadline set by NIST, it is necessary for financial institutions to begin discussing the issues at the earliest possible date. This paper summarizes security evaluation results of the current algorithms, and describes Year 2010 issues, their impact on the financial industry, and the transition plan announced by NIST. -
FED-STD-1037C the Number of Digit Positions in Which the Corresponding Digits of Two Binary Numbers Or Words of the Same Length
FED-STD-1037C Hagelbarger code: A Hamming distance between 1011101 and 1001001 convolutional code that enables is two. Note 2: The concept can be extended to error bursts to be corrected other notation systems. For example, the Hamming provided that there are relatively distance between 2143896 and 2233796 is three, long error-free intervals between and between “toned” and “roses” it is also three. the error bursts. Note: In the Synonym signal distance. Hagelbarger code, inserted parity check bits are spread out in time so that an error burst is not likely to affect more than one of the groups in which parity is checked. half-duplex (HDX) operation: Operation in which communication between two terminals occurs in either direction, but in only one direction at a time. (188) Note: Half-duplex operation may occur on a half-duplex circuit or on a duplex circuit, but it may not occur on a simplex circuit. Synonyms one-way reversible operation, two-way alternate operation. halftone: Any photomechanical printing surface or the impression therefrom in which detail and tone values are represented by a series of evenly spaced dots in varying size and shape, varying in direct the number of digit positions in which the proportion to the intensity of tones they represent. corresponding digits of two binary numbers or [JP1] words of the same length are different halftone characteristic: 1. In facsimile systems, the Hamming weight: The number of non-zero symbols relationship between the density of the recorded in a symbol sequence. Note: For binary signaling, copy and the density of the object, i.e., the original.