DOCSLIB.ORG

Enhancing Hierocrypt-3 Performance by Modifying Its S- Box and Modes of Operations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Journal of Communications Vol. 15, No. 12, December 2020 Enhancing Hierocrypt-3 Performance by Modifying Its S- Box and Modes of Operations Wageda I. El Sobky1, Ahmed R. Mahmoud1, Ashraf S. Mohra1, and T. El-Garf 2 1 Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt 2 Higher Technological Institute 10th Ramadan, Egypt Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; Abstract—Human relationships rely on trust, which is the The Substitution box (S-Box) is the unique nonlinear reason that the authentication and related digital signatures are operation in block cipher, and it determines the cipher the most complex and confusing areas of cryptography. The performance [3]. The stronger S-Box, the stronger and Massage Authentication Codes (MACs) could be built from more secure algorithm. By selecting a strong S-Box, the cryptographic hash functions or block cipher modes of nonlinearity and complexity of these algorithms increases operations. Substitution-Box (S-Box) is the unique nonlinear operation in block ciphers, and it determines the cipher and the overall performance is modified [4]. This change performance. The stronger S-Box, the stronger and more secure will be seen here on the Hierocrypt-3 [5] as an example the algorithm. This paper focuses on the security considerations of block ciphers. for MACs using block cipher modes of operations with the The S-Box construction is a major issue from initial Hierocrypt-3 block cipher. the Hierocrypt-3 could be considered days in cryptology [6]-[8]. Use of Irreducible as a week cipher. It could be enhanced by changing its S-Box Polynomials to construct S-Boxes had already been with a new one that has better performance against algebraic adopted by crypto community [9]. attack with using different modes of operations. The The Hierocrypt-L1 and Hierocrypt-3 are algorithms of mathematical model for the new S-Boxes with its properties is symmetric block ciphers that were submitted to the provided. The result of this change appeared in the mirror of Average Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) and some other NESSIE project [10], [11], but were not selected. Both properties. SAC could be improved from 0.80469 to 0.16406. algorithms were among the cryptographic strategies prescribed by CRYPTREC for the Japanese government The Hierocrypt-3 could be enhanced for more security. utilize in 2003 [12], however, both algorithms have been Index Terms—Hierocrypt, S-Box, Security, block cipher, dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013. Cryptography, MACs, COVID-19 The Hierocrypt algorithms were candidate block ciphers for the NESSIE project, where Toshiba corporation I. INTRODUCTION started developing it from 2000 to 2002. In September 2001, Toshiba Corporation announced for the Hierocrypt- Nowadays, with the wide spread of the corona virus L1 specifications which was an algorithm that uses 64-bit (COVID-19) and the extremely large growth of online block iterated cipher using a 128-bit cipher key [11]. In shopping processes, digital data communication and September 2001, Toshiba Corporation also announced for online bank transactions over computer networks, the Hierocrypt-3 specifications which was an iterated information content security becomes a prime concern in 128-bit block cipher algorithm that uses 6.5, 7.5, or 8.5 the whole world. Internet itself has many security threats rounds of encryption, according to the key size 128, 192 that could be easily used to corrupt the data transferring or 256, respectively [5]. In October 2001, Toshiba over the network. Cryptography plays an important role Corporation announced for the Hierocrypt-3 Self for providing security for digital data transmission over Evaluation which mentioned that the Hierocrypt-3 is such this insecure network. Cryptographic algorithms secured [13]. In January 2004, Rogawski published an scramble data into unreadable text which can be only read article that mentioned that the Hierocrypt-3 is a very or decrypted by those possesses the associated security flexible algorithm and could be optimized for any key. Message authentication codes (MACs) are purpose like speed, area and memory [14]. In 2016, commonly used in network transactions to maintain KUROKAWA et al published an article which mentioned information integrity [1]. They confirm that a message is that related key attacks and meet-in-the-middle attacks authentic; that it really does come, in other words, from (including biclique attacks) were evaluated on the stated sender, and hasn’t undergone any changes Hierocrypt-3. In their evaluations [15], no flaws that during the transaction using digital signatures [2]. A could be realistic threats were found [16]. verifier who also possesses the key can use it to identify In this article, The S-Box principle is deeply analyzed changes to the content of the message in transaction. and a new S-Box is provided with its principle. the Hierocrypt-3 structure is simply illustrated and a Manuscript received May 25, 2020; revised November 12, 2020. comparative analysis of Hierocrypt-3 performance using Corresponding author email: [email protected]. the original and the new modified S-Boxes is provided. doi:10.12720/jcm.15.12.905-912 ©2020 Journal of Communications 905 Journal of Communications Vol. 15, No. 12, December 2020 The Hierocrypt-3 performance is evaluated using using the 휎 function which consists of (Tturn-1) rounds and −1 different modes of operations. then 휎 function which consists of (Tturn) rounds where The rest of paper is organized as follows. Principle and T is the number of rounds and Tturn equals 4, 4, and 5 for deep Analysis of S-Boxes is provided in section II-1. The 128, 192, and 256 key lengths, respectively as shown in Hierocrypt-3 is studied and illustrated in section II-2. The Fig. 3. The round key is generated from each intermediate modes of operations are given in section II-3. key [17]. Experimental setup and procedures steps are shown in section III. Section IV provides the results and discussion. Then, the paper is concluded. II. THEORETICAL APPROACH A. Hierocrypt -3 Block Cipher Hierocrypt-3 cipher is an iterated 128-bit symmetric block cipher that uses 6.5, 7.5, or 8.5 rounds of encryption, according to the key size 128, 192 or 256. The last round consists of an output transformation slightly different from the other rounds. The Hierocrypt-3 uses the nested SPN structure in the data randomizing part, and the Feistel structure in the key scheduling part to Fig. 2. Hierocrypt key scheduling. insure sufficient security against major attacks and high TABLE I: KEY SCHEDULE ROUNDS performance. X= 1) System structure Key schedule for X-bit key 128 192 256 Toshiba corporation provided the algorithm T = 6 7 8 construction [5] and it will be just previewed clearly. The Round (푡) t Operation 퐺 Hierocrypt-3 encryption algorithm diagram is shown in key (64) Fig. 1. The decryption is the same blocks using the −1 -- -- 퐻3||퐻2 inverse functions and arrangement. The Hierocrypt-3 (PAD) -- 0 (PW) σ0 G0(5) G0(5) G0(5) encryption uses 6, 7 and 8 rounds according to key sizes (1) 퐾(256) 1 σ G0(0) G0(1) G0(4) 128, 192 and 256 bits and one Xs block round then an 퐾(2) 2 σ Add Final key block round. (256) G0(1) G0(0) G0(0) (3) To summarize the encryption scenario, The 퐾(256) 3 σ G0(2) G0(3) G0(2) (4) Hierocrypt-3 encryption of T rounds consists of (T−1) 퐾(256) 4 σ G0(3) G0(2) G0(1) iterations of round function ρ followed by the final round 128- 256 (5) function Xs and the final key addition. 퐾(256) 5 192 G0(3) G0(2) G0(3) σ-1 σ (T+1)α (T) (T+1) -1 Enc = AK(K ) ◦ 푋푠(K ) ◦ ρ(K ) ◦ ··· ◦ 퐾(6) 6 σ G (2) G (3) G (3) (2) (1) (256) 0 0 0 ρ(K ) ◦ ρ(K ) -1 (7) σ 퐾(256) 7 G0(1) G0(0) G0(1) (8) σ-1 G (2) 퐾(256) 8 G0(1) 0 (9) σ-1 G (0) 퐾(256) 9 0 B. Principle and Deep Analysis of S-Boxes In this article, The Hierocrypt-3 symmetric block cipher algorithm was studied and evaluated using different S-Boxes. The S-Box is a unique nonlinear operation in block cipher, that plays an important role in the cipher overall performance [18] as will be shown. A new S-Box with very good polynomial is provided and analyzed. The term Hierocrypt could be used in the rest Fig. 1. Graphical representation of Hierocrypt-3 structure. of paper instead for Hierocrypt-3. 1) Algebraic system of polynomial 2) Key scheduling In this section, we will show how to represent the The key scheduling part consists of an initial key system of polynomial equations over finite field of expansion – Padding – KX and iterative key generations characteristic two GF (2). We consider the algebraic KH. As shown in Fig. 2, [17] and Table I. The KH descriptions of two S-Boxes in details. The first S-Box is consists of 휎0 which is the Prewhitening function that the Hierocrypt original S-Box and the second is a new takes the original key and produce the initial intermediate improved S-Box which enhanced the characteristics of key that will be used in the intermediate key generations Hierocrypt algorithm. ©2020 Journal of Communications 906 Journal of Communications Vol. 15, No. 12, December 2020 Theorem 1. [19] Let 푢, 푣 ∈ 푁, 푋0, … , 푋푢 be variables δ(f) = maxαϵGF(2)n|{푥|퐹(푥) + 퐹(푥 + α) = β}| (4) βϵGF(2)n α ≠ 1 representing the S-Box input, 푆0, … , 푆푣, the S-Box output.
Recommended publications
  • The Design of Rijndael: AES - the Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen

    The Design of Rijndael: AES - the Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen

    Joan Daernen · Vincent Rijrnen Theof Design Rijndael AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard With 48 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Springer TnL-1Jn Joan Daemen Foreword Proton World International (PWI) Zweefvliegtuigstraat 10 1130 Brussels, Belgium Vincent Rijmen Cryptomathic NV Lei Sa 3000 Leuven, Belgium Rijndael was the surprise winner of the contest for the new Advanced En­ cryption Standard (AES) for the United States. This contest was organized and run by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) be­ ginning in January 1997; Rij ndael was announced as the winner in October 2000. It was the "surprise winner" because many observers (and even some participants) expressed scepticism that the U.S. government would adopt as Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data an encryption standard any algorithm that was not designed by U.S. citizens. Daemen, Joan, 1965- Yet NIST ran an open, international, selection process that should serve The design of Rijndael: AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen. as model for other standards organizations. For example, NIST held their p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1999 AES meeting in Rome, Italy. The five finalist algorithms were designed ISBN 3540425802 (alk. paper) . .. by teams from all over the world. 1. Computer security - Passwords. 2. Data encryption (Computer sCIence) I. RIJmen, In the end, the elegance, efficiency, security, and principled design of Vincent, 1970- II. Title Rijndael won the day for its two Belgian designers, Joan Daemen and Vincent QA76.9.A25 D32 2001 Rijmen, over the competing finalist designs from RSA, IBl\!I, Counterpane 2001049851 005.8-dc21 Systems, and an English/Israeli/Danish team.

  • Grade 6 Reading Student At–Home Activity Packet

    Printer Warning: This packet is lengthy. Determine whether you want to print both sections, or only print Section 1 or 2. Grade 6 Reading Student At–Home Activity Packet This At–Home Activity packet includes two parts, Section 1 and Section 2, each with approximately 10 lessons in it. We recommend that your student complete one lesson each day. Most lessons can be completed independently. However, there are some lessons that would benefit from the support of an adult. If there is not an adult available to help, don’t worry! Just skip those lessons. Encourage your student to just do the best they can with this content—the most important thing is that they continue to work on their reading! Flip to see the Grade 6 Reading activities included in this packet! © 2020 Curriculum Associates, LLC. All rights reserved. Section 1 Table of Contents Grade 6 Reading Activities in Section 1 Lesson Resource Instructions Answer Key Page 1 Grade 6 Ready • Read the Guided Practice: Answers will vary. 10–11 Language Handbook, Introduction. Sample answers: Lesson 9 • Complete the 1. Wouldn’t it be fun to learn about Varying Sentence Guided Practice. insect colonies? Patterns • Complete the 2. When I looked at the museum map, Independent I noticed a new insect exhibit. Lesson 9 Varying Sentence Patterns Introduction Good writers use a variety of sentence types. They mix short and long sentences, and they find different ways to start sentences. Here are ways to improve your writing: Practice. Use different sentence types: statements, questions, imperatives, and exclamations. Use different sentence structures: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.
  • Vector Boolean Functions: Applications in Symmetric Cryptography

    Vector Boolean Functions: Applications in Symmetric Cryptography

    Vector Boolean Functions: Applications in Symmetric Cryptography José Antonio Álvarez Cubero Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones Universidad Politécnica de Madrid This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación November 2015 I would like to thank my wife, Isabel, for her love, kindness and support she has shown during the past years it has taken me to finalize this thesis. Furthermore I would also liketo thank my parents for their endless love and support. Last but not least, I would like to thank my loved ones such as my daughter and sisters who have supported me throughout entire process, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces together. I will be grateful forever for your love. Declaration The following papers have been published or accepted for publication, and contain material based on the content of this thesis. 1. [7] Álvarez-Cubero, J. A. and Zufiria, P. J. (expected 2016). Algorithm xxx: VBF: A library of C++ classes for vector Boolean functions in cryptography. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. (In Press: http://toms.acm.org/Upcoming.html) 2. [6] Álvarez-Cubero, J. A. and Zufiria, P. J. (2012). Cryptographic Criteria on Vector Boolean Functions, chapter 3, pages 51–70. Cryptography and Security in Computing, Jaydip Sen (Ed.), http://www.intechopen.com/books/cryptography-and-security-in-computing/ cryptographic-criteria-on-vector-boolean-functions. (Published) 3. [5] Álvarez-Cubero, J. A. and Zufiria, P. J. (2010). A C++ class for analysing vector Boolean functions from a cryptographic perspective.
  • Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128V2

    Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128V2

    Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2 Hell, Martin; Johansson, Thomas 2010 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hell, M., & Johansson, T. (2010). Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2. CRYPTREC Technical Report. Total number of authors: 2 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2 Martin Hell and Thomas Johansson Abstract. This report presents a security evaluation of the Enocoro- 128v2 stream cipher. Enocoro-128v2 was proposed in 2010 and is a mem- ber of the Enocoro family of stream ciphers. This evaluation examines several different attacks applied to the Enocoro-128v2 design. No attack better than exhaustive key search has been found.
  • Investigating Profiled Side-Channel Attacks Against the DES Key

    Investigating Profiled Side-Channel Attacks Against the DES Key

    IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems ISSN 2569-2925, Vol. 2020, No. 3, pp. 22–72. DOI:10.13154/tches.v2020.i3.22-72 Investigating Profiled Side-Channel Attacks Against the DES Key Schedule Johann Heyszl1[0000−0002−8425−3114], Katja Miller1, Florian Unterstein1[0000−0002−8384−2021], Marc Schink1, Alexander Wagner1, Horst Gieser2, Sven Freud3, Tobias Damm3[0000−0003−3221−7207], Dominik Klein3[0000−0001−8174−7445] and Dennis Kügler3 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security (AISEC), Germany, [email protected] 2 Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies (EMFT), Germany, [email protected] 3 Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI), Germany, [email protected] Abstract. Recent publications describe profiled single trace side-channel attacks (SCAs) against the DES key-schedule of a “commercially available security controller”. They report a significant reduction of the average remaining entropy of cryptographic keys after the attack, with surprisingly large, key-dependent variations of attack results, and individual cases with remaining key entropies as low as a few bits. Unfortunately, they leave important questions unanswered: Are the reported wide distributions of results plausible - can this be explained? Are the results device- specific or more generally applicable to other devices? What is the actual impact on the security of 3-key triple DES? We systematically answer those and several other questions by analyzing two commercial security controllers and a general purpose microcontroller. We observe a significant overall reduction and, importantly, also observe a large key-dependent variation in single DES key security levels, i.e.
  • Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption

    Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption

    Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption by Hassan Musallam Ahmed Qahur Al Mahri Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Systems and Networks) (Sultan Qaboos University) – 2007 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2018 Keywords Authenticated encryption, AE, AEAD, ++AE, AEZ, block cipher, CAESAR, confidentiality, COPA, differential fault analysis, differential power analysis, ElmD, fault attack, forgery attack, integrity assurance, leakage resilience, modes of op- eration, OCB, OTR, SHELL, side channel attack, statistical fault analysis, sym- metric encryption, tweakable block cipher, XE, XEX. i ii Abstract Cryptography assures information security through different functionalities, es- pecially confidentiality and integrity assurance. According to Menezes et al. [1], confidentiality means the process of assuring that no one could interpret infor- mation, except authorised parties, while data integrity is an assurance that any unauthorised alterations to a message content will be detected. One possible ap- proach to ensure confidentiality and data integrity is to use two different schemes where one scheme provides confidentiality and the other provides integrity as- surance. A more compact approach is to use schemes, called Authenticated En- cryption (AE) schemes, that simultaneously provide confidentiality and integrity assurance for a message. AE can be constructed using different mechanisms, and the most common construction is to use block cipher modes, which is our focus in this thesis. AE schemes have been used in a wide range of applications, and defined by standardisation organizations. The National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy (NIST) recommended two AE block cipher modes CCM [2] and GCM [3].
  • GCM) for Confidentiality And

    GCM) for Confidentiality And

    NIST Special Publication 800-38D Recommendation for Block DRAFT (April, 2006) Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) for Confidentiality and Authentication Morris Dworkin C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Abstract This Recommendation specifies the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM), an authenticated encryption mode of operation for a symmetric key block cipher. KEY WORDS: authentication; block cipher; cryptography; information security; integrity; message authentication code; mode of operation. i Table of Contents 1 PURPOSE...........................................................................................................................................................1 2 AUTHORITY.....................................................................................................................................................1 3 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................1 4 DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS.................................................................................2 4.1 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................2 4.2 SYMBOLS ....................................................................................................................................................4 4.2.1 Variables................................................................................................................................................4
  • Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates In

    Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates In

    Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates in Cryptographic Contests Kris Gaj CERG George Mason University Partially supported by NSF under grant no. 1314540 Designs & results for this talk contributed by “Ice” Homsirikamol Farnoud Farahmand Ahmed Ferozpuri Will Diehl Marcin Rogawski Panasayya Yalla Cryptographic Standard Contests IX.1997 X.2000 AES 15 block ciphers → 1 winner NESSIE I.2000 XII.2002 CRYPTREC XI.2004 IV.2008 34 stream 4 HW winners eSTREAM ciphers → + 4 SW winners X.2007 X.2012 51 hash functions → 1 winner SHA-3 I.2013 TBD 57 authenticated ciphers → multiple winners CAESAR 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 time Evaluation Criteria in Cryptographic Contests Security Software Efficiency Hardware Efficiency µProcessors µControllers FPGAs ASICs Flexibility Simplicity Licensing 4 AES Contest 1997-2000 Final Round Speed in FPGAs Votes at the AES 3 conference GMU results Hardware results matter! 5 Throughput vs. Area Normalized to Results for SHA-256 and Averaged over 11 FPGA Families – 256-bit variants Overall Normalized Throughput Early Leader Overall Normalized Area 6 SHA-3 finalists in high-performance FPGA families 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.79 1.00 1.41 2.00 2.83 4.00 7 FPGA Evaluations – From AES to SHA-3 AES eSTREAM SHA-3 Design Primary optimization Throughput Area Throughput/ target Throughput/ Area Area Multiple architectures No Yes Yes Embedded resources No No Yes Benchmarking Multiple FPGA families No No Yes Specialized tools No No Yes Experimental results No No Yes Reproducibility Availability
  • Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers

    Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers

    Known and Chosen Key Differential Distinguishers for Block Ciphers Ivica Nikoli´c1?, Josef Pieprzyk2, Przemys law Soko lowski2;3, Ron Steinfeld2 1 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg 2 Macquarie University, Australia 3 Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we investigate the differential properties of block ciphers in hash function modes of operation. First we show the impact of differential trails for block ciphers on collision attacks for various hash function constructions based on block ciphers. Further, we prove the lower bound for finding a pair that follows some truncated differential in case of a random permutation. Then we present open-key differential distinguishers for some well known round-reduced block ciphers. Keywords: Block cipher, differential attack, open-key distinguisher, Crypton, Hierocrypt, SAFER++, Square. 1 Introduction Block ciphers play an important role in symmetric cryptography providing the basic tool for encryp- tion. They are the oldest and most scrutinized cryptographic tool. Consequently, they are the most trusted cryptographic algorithms that are often used as the underlying tool to construct other cryp- tographic algorithms. One such application of block ciphers is for building compression functions for the hash functions. There are many constructions (also called hash function modes) for turning a block cipher into a compression function. Probably the most popular is the well-known Davies-Meyer mode. Preneel et al. in [27] have considered all possible modes that can be defined for a single application of n-bit block cipher in order to produce an n-bit compression function.
  • On the Decorrelated Fast Cipher (DFC) and Its Theory

    On the Decorrelated Fast Cipher (DFC) and Its Theory

    On the Decorrelated Fast Cipher (DFC) and Its Theory Lars R. Knudsen and Vincent Rijmen ? Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen Abstract. In the first part of this paper the decorrelation theory of Vaudenay is analysed. It is shown that the theory behind the propo- sed constructions does not guarantee security against state-of-the-art differential attacks. In the second part of this paper the proposed De- correlated Fast Cipher (DFC), a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard, is analysed. It is argued that the cipher does not obtain prova- ble security against a differential attack. Also, an attack on DFC reduced to 6 rounds is given. 1 Introduction In [6,7] a new theory for the construction of secret-key block ciphers is given. The notion of decorrelation to the order d is defined. Let C be a block cipher with block size m and C∗ be a randomly chosen permutation in the same message space. If C has a d-wise decorrelation equal to that of C∗, then an attacker who knows at most d − 1 pairs of plaintexts and ciphertexts cannot distinguish between C and C∗. So, the cipher C is “secure if we use it only d−1 times” [7]. It is further noted that a d-wise decorrelated cipher for d = 2 is secure against both a basic linear and a basic differential attack. For the latter, this basic attack is as follows. A priori, two values a and b are fixed. Pick two plaintexts of difference a and get the corresponding ciphertexts.
  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Kanno Request for Comments: 6367 NTT Software Corporation Category: Informational M

    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Kanno Request for Comments: 6367 NTT Software Corporation Category: Informational M

    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Kanno Request for Comments: 6367 NTT Software Corporation Category: Informational M. Kanda ISSN: 2070-1721 NTT September 2011 Addition of the Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS) Abstract This document specifies forty-two cipher suites for the Transport Security Layer (TLS) protocol to support the Camellia encryption algorithm as a block cipher. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6367. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
  • Hemiunu Used Numerically Tagged Surface Ratios to Mark Ceilings Inside the Great Pyramid Hinting at Designed Spaces Still Hidden Within

    Hemiunu Used Numerically Tagged Surface Ratios to Mark Ceilings Inside the Great Pyramid Hinting at Designed Spaces Still Hidden Within

    Archaeological Discovery, 2018, 6, 319-337 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ad ISSN Online: 2331-1967 ISSN Print: 2331-1959 Hemiunu Used Numerically Tagged Surface Ratios to Mark Ceilings inside the Great Pyramid Hinting at Designed Spaces Still Hidden Within Manu Seyfzadeh Institute for the Study of the Origins of Civilization (ISOC)1, Boston University’s College of General Studies, Boston, USA How to cite this paper: Seyfzadeh, M. Abstract (2018). Hemiunu Used Numerically Tagged Surface Ratios to Mark Ceilings inside the In 1883, W. M. Flinders Petrie noticed that the vertical thickness and height Great Pyramid Hinting at Designed Spaces of certain stone courses of the Great Pyramid2 of Khufu/Cheops at Giza, Still Hidden Within. Archaeological Dis- Egypt markedly increase compared to those immediately lower periodically covery, 6, 319-337. https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2018.64016 and conspicuously interrupting a general trend of progressive course thinning towards the summit. Having calculated the surface area of each course, Petrie Received: September 10, 2018 further noted that the courses immediately below such discrete stone thick- Accepted: October 5, 2018 Published: October 8, 2018 ness peaks tended to mark integer multiples of 1/25th of the surface area at ground level. Here I show that the probable architect of the Great Pyramid, Copyright © 2018 by author and Khufu’s vizier Hemiunu, conceptualized its vertical construction design using Scientific Research Publishing Inc. surface areas based on the same numerical principles used to design his own This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International mastaba in Giza’s western cemetery and conspicuously used this numerical License (CC BY 4.0).