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TERROR VANQUISHED the Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism
TERROR VANQUISHED The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism SIMON CLARK at George Mason University TERROR VANQUISHED The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism Simon Clark Copyright ©2018 Center for Security Policy Studies, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955266 ISBN: 978-1-7329478-0-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from: The Center for Security Policy Studies Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University 3351 Fairfax Avenue Arlington, Virginia 22201 www.csps.gmu.edu PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Page 30: MARKA / Alamy Stock Photo Page 60: The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo Page 72: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Page 110: Dino Fracchia / Alamy Stock Photo Publication design by Lita Ledesma Contents Foreword 5 Preface 7 Introduction 11 Chapter 1: The Italian Approach to Counter-Terrorism 21 Chapter 2: Post War Italian Politics: Stasis And Chaos 31 Chapter 3: The Italian Security Apparatus 43 Chapter 4: Birth of the Red Brigades: Years of Lead 49 Chapter 5: Attacking the Heart of the State 61 Chapter 6: Escalation, Repentance, Defeat 73 Chapter 7: State Sponsorship: a Comforting Illusion 81 Chapter 8: A Strategy for Psychological Warfare 91 Chapter 9: Conclusion: Defeating A Terrorist Threat 111 Bibliography 119 4 Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism Foreword 5 Foreword It is my pleasure to introduce Terrorism Vanquished: the Italian Approach to Defeating Terror, by Simon Clark. In this compelling analysis, Mr. -
The Origins of the Left -Wing Terrorism in Italy After 19681
TheOrigins of the Left - WingTerrorism in Italy after 19681 Mikuláš Pešta The crisis of the Italian Republic in the 1970s, which produced the large amount of both left‑ and right‑wing terrorist organizations, had its roots not only in the events of the revolutionary year of 1968, but also in the overall development of the Republic and society after the Second World War. Italy was governed mainly by the western- -oriented Christian Democracy (Democrazia cristiana; DC) and its leader Alcide De Gasperi, thus leaving among the malcontents not only the defeated Fascists, but also many of the communist partisans who wanted to continue fighting and establish the socialist regime based on the Soviet pattern. However, the Italian Communist Party (Partito comunista italiano; PCI) under the leadership of Palmiro Togliatti respected — unlike the Greek communists — the division of the spheres of influence, in order to prevent the civil war. The partisans reluctantly obeyed, but many of them still con- sidered the stance of the PCI treason. Togliatti’s party accepted the state and its insti- tutions, but merely as a method to oppose the system and it remained loyal to Stalin.2 For more than twenty years after the war, the country had been ruled by the DC governments (either solely or in the coalition), while the PCI had been put aside into opposition. The post‑war period is often referred to as an economic miracle, an era of sudden and fast prosperity. The investments of the Marshall Plan and the par- ticipation on the European integration project brought a rapid growth of the Italian industry and improvement of the living standards (e.g. -
Brigate Rosse. Rote Armee Fraktion. Una Proposta Di Lettura Dell'estetica
INDICE Introduzione………………………………………………………………………p.2 1) La lotta armata e l’estetica della politica……………………………… ” 13 2) Brigatisti Italiani. La narrazione del sé…………………………………” 30 2.1) Alberto Franceschini……………………………………………….” 37 2.2) Mario Moretti………………………………………………………..” 80 2.3) Renato Curcio……………………………………………………..” 124 3) Guerriglieri tedeschi nella Germania divisa…………………………..” 148 3.1) Ulrike Marie Meinhof…………………………………………….” 167 3.2) Andreas Baader………………………………………………….” 190 3.3) Gudrun Ensslin…………………………………………………..” 202 Conclusioni…………………………………………………………………..” 211 Appendice fotografica Bibliografia…………………………………………………………………” 217 Ringraziamenti 1 INTRODUZIONE Il ventennio Sessanta - Settanta è sia per l’Italia sia per la Germania un periodo complesso 1. Il fenomeno della lotta armata che si sviluppa in entrambi i paesi mette in discussione e in pericolo il sistema sociale e il sistema politico, scatenando dei mutamenti le cui ripercussioni si avranno non solo sul breve ma anche sul lungo periodo. Aldilà di pochi dati oggettivi, quali ad esempio la giovane età di entrambe le democrazie, il clima di tensione dovuto alla percezione di pericolo di involuzione autoritaria degli assetti governativi, la pregressa stagione di contestazione e di sviluppo dell’azione collettiva, i due contesti sembrano legati da pochi elementi comuni. In Italia l’escalation di attentati, l’utilizzo della violenza a scopo repressivo da parte delle forze dell’ordine 2 e della classe dirigente in genere, le indagini sommarie svolte su taluni avvenimenti di sangue 3, conversero in una vera e propria psicosi da imminenza di colpo di Stato. All’endemica conflittualità dei radicalismi ideologici di destra e di sinistra 4 si aggiunsero le mancate risposte da parte delle istituzioni le quali provocarono un ulteriore scollamento tra questo e la società civile 5. -
A Study of the Restructured Italian Intelligence and Security Services" (1978) and "Contemporary Italian Terrorism: Analysis and Countermeasures" (1979)
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. 98th Congress • 2d Session COMMI'M'EE PIUNT TERRORISM AND SECURITY: THE ITALIAN EXPERIENCE REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE • NOVEMBER 1984 ."jJ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :16·6790 WASHINGTON: 1984 • COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY STROM THURMOND, South Carolina, Chairman .... CHARLES MeC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland JOSEPH R. BlDEN, JR., Delaware PAUL LAXALT, Nevada EDWARD M, KENNEDY, MlIBBachusetts ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia ROBERT DOLE, Kansas HOWARD M. METZENBAUM, Ohio ALAN K. S!MPSON, Wyoming DENNIS D&CONCINI, Arizona JOHN P. EAST, North Carolina PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa MAX BAUCUS, Montana JEREMIAH DENTON, Alabama HOWELL HEFLIN, Alabama ARLEN SPECI'ER, Pennsylvania VINTON DEVANE LIDE, Chief CouTI8eI and Staff Director DEBORAH K. OWEN, General Counsel DEBORAH G. BERNSTEIN, Chief Clerk MARK H. GlTENBTEIN, MillOrity Chkf Counsel SUDCOMMt'M'EE ON SECURITY AND TERRORISM JEREMIAH DENTON, Alabama, Chairman ORRIN G. HATCH. Utah PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont JOHN P. EAST, North Carolina HOWARD M. METZENBAUM. Ohio JOEL S. LI8KER, Chief COI/TI8el and Staff Director RICHARD D. HOLCOMB, General Counsel FRANCES R. WERMUTH, Chief Clerk (Ill • 129291 • U,S. Department of Justice Nationallnslitute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from Ihe person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are Ihose of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Natio:1ill Institute of Justice. -
Poverty, Ideology and Terrorism
This article was downloaded by: [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] On: 24 October 2012, At: 07:54 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uter20 Poverty, Ideology and Terrorism: The STAM Bond Alessandro Orsini a a Department of History and Social Science, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy Version of record first published: 17 Sep 2012. To cite this article: Alessandro Orsini (2012): Poverty, Ideology and Terrorism: The STAM Bond, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35:10, 665-692 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2012.712030 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, -
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If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. 'I P ,;"- ,(t /) , . Ct , () . -.~y:., 'q j) b o , o c;., c CONTEMPORARYITAtIAN TERRORISM: ANALYSIS AND COUNTERMEASURES 0- Q" ~- ~" - . -' . .: . {~ <P 1979 , ::. l' \i", kJ U ,)' f!fS CI ~ , 1 "'., K!.' -' 't il . .) u, ,~' " LibrarY of Congress J'I . ' I, LAW/LIBRARY"a ',',' t$ ,. American~British Law Division " o ,,' 0 ",;iii- ." "~'; z European 'Law Division ,",cf'FarEastern Law Division "0, .lb ' .' ~),.' ' ", , Hispanic Law Divisjo'n \ "> "" ., ='C ""'~~"'~~"'='=" ' ~~..=;;~-=="" • ..,,~, '~earEasternoandAftican "Law Division .~ ;I,,~ \. 'c '~ .:.-" 0, o o ,b ~t~'.\ 0, ! 1.9 c;:' , Q 'j; ,c.. , 0 'j" '\ " , 1/ . , fl. l"';"vl~ ,._, ,\ l.• t.~ ,. ,', -\) ,,";- "', • 0:\ , • \J .' tAWLIllRAltY,PUBJ,ICATIONS Q '0 "() 0' ¢ (.l , ", .' 0 0' A1!lajorfun~tion of ths Law~Libraryof Congr~B8 '1.8 tbe p;epa- (t;) '"' tl , • " I- -'. • ~,;:~ ," °I'ac:~~n,pf ;epot:~s'llonYtlrioq8 tOP1,CS in foreig~(t C9inparat1ve,' , ' ~~ftnd internj1tiol\al lalbinresponse to'1:'equests\rfroll'l. the M~bers, :c 0" ~t1~~d;cotmllit'tees of CongresE.I,the executive an~judicial branches' J" of the federal government and others. White many, 6f th'ese leg'al studies ~re"so 'specific in content as' to be useful only,. tothereqi,leati!r.,an'umpet are' potenthUyof great intereE.lt " to a' broad~r audience. With the approv,al 0 ft'he original I' " requester, tbese reports' are printed and made available for gt;n.er~l disttnibution. " u; ~n additi."oIJ. tothe'se print~'Ci reports ,the Law, Library prepares "ac ~at:iety o,f other public~t~o~s wbi,ch ~include :,a ,sed.es ?fl \~ gUld~l1=to tbe law and legal hteratuJ:'eof natlons) exten81ve \.