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Autonomy & Peace Review AUTONOMY & PEACE REVIEW A Quarterly Publication of the Institute for Autonomy and Governance Volume No. 6 Issue No. 4 October - December 2010 INSTITUTE FOR AUTONOMY AND GOVERNANCE KONRAD ADENAUER-STIFTUNG Autonomy and Peace Review INSTITUTE FOR AUTONOMY AND GOVERNANCE • KONRAD ADENAUER-STIFTUNG CONTENTS EDITORIAL 7 Introduction 11 Urban Safety Profile in Cotabato City 19 Urban Safety Profile in Marawi City 51 Urban Safety Profile in Zamboanga City 77 Urban Safety Profile in Isabela City (Basilan) 105 Urban Safety Profile in Jolo, Sulo 129 Editorial Board Eliseo R. Mercado Jr., OMI Editor-in-Chief Institute for Autonomy and Governance Dr. Peter Koeppinger Country Representative Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Prof. Rommel Banlaoi Executive Director Philippine Institute for Peace, Violence and Terrorism Research Prof. Sheila Algabre Vice President for Mission and Identity Notre Dame University Amina Rasul Convenor Philippine Council for Islam and Democracy Alber Husin Professor Ateneo de Zamboanga University Ramie Toledo Communications Specialist Institute for Autonomy and Governance Omar Vicente D. Tadeja Layout Artist Institute for Autonomy and Governance EDITORIAL ELISEO “JUN” MERCADO,OMI The issue of safety in highly urbanized areas in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or ARMM has been the focus of the study-research undertaken by the Notre Dame University Research Center and the Institute for Autonomy and Governance (IAG) under a research grant given by UN Habitat. There are five urbanized areas included in the said study. They are the following: Cotabato City, Marawi City, Zamboanga City, Isabela City and Jolo. Though Cotabato City, Zamboanga City and Isabela City are NOT ‘officially’ components of the ARMM, they are at the very hearts of the movements of peoples and commerce within the said region. The study on urban safety for the stated places was based on the primary and secondary data available to the NDU researchers. After the first draft was submitted to IAG, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) composed mainly of stakeholders were conducted to validate the findings of the study. The inputs from the FGDs were incorporated into the second draft that was subsequently subjected to an Experts’ Group Discussion (EDG). The study suggests that there is a need for a long-term urban development programming to effectively improve the living environment for all on a sustainable basis by providing appropriate interventions on the basic needs of the informal sectors- IDPs. It intends to reintegrate displaced persons in urban planning that will incorporate plans for better housing facilities, improved delivery of basic social services, clean and potable water, affordable health services and better educational facilities. Also, among the findings of the study is the urgent need to create programs that are the sustainable and regular sources of livelihood for adult displaced persons and the families of the informal sectors. They should include the conduct of livelihood feasibility studies and a one-time grant funding to set up operations and capitalize a revolving credit enhancement fund to support livelihood initiatives of the informal sectors. It shall include initiatives that promote resource development and institutional capacity building for the viable livelihood management with the end view of improving the economy of the host urban areas. The reading of the study will indicate the imperative to develop and enhance the capacity of local chief executives to manage threats to human security, particularly in the context of its five elements: food security, economic security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. Local authorities are in the front line of services. They are closer to the people and so they know the ground situation better than any agencies of the national government. Thus, building their capacity to promote human security is necessary. Introduction The safety of urban communities is increasingly becoming a very serious concern in Mindanao. Mindanao, the proverbial “promise land”, has been beleaguered by almost four centuries of armed violence. The chronic phenomenon of contemporary armed conflicts in the Southern Philippines has unleashed complex urban safety challenges not only among the affected but also to host communities, particularly in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). These challenges include panoply of complex and interrelated issues like the following: (a) Handling of cases of displaced persons by local, national or international agencies for the effective provision of their basic needs and rehabilitation; (b) Coordination for returns to their places of origin and provisions for resettlements for those who opted to stay in the host communities; (c) Readiness and ability of local government units (LGUs) to respond to displacements either for short-term or long term accommodations; and (d) Dealing with the many consequences brought about by the seemingly inevitable influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the host communities in terms of security and safety of both the original local residents and the “new residents” from the IDPs. The interplay of socio-economic- political factors explains why armed conflicts generally occur in rural municipalities of the ARMM covered in this study. The difficulties of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) to reach a comprehensive negotiated agreement for just and lasting peace in Mindanao and the concomitant problems of the IDPs exacerbate the complexities of these myriad of factors. Until a final settlement is reached, the situation continues to pose enormous urban safety challenges to local, national, and international planners and policy makers concerned on the prospects of peace and development in Mindanao. Concerned with the security and safety of the people in Mindanao, particularly the sad plight of the displaced persons caught by the continuing armed conflicts in the area, the United Nations Habitat commissioned the Institute for Autonomy in Governance (IAG), in collaboration with Notre Dame University, to conduct a study on “Urban Safety Situation in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao with focus on urban violence, crime and safety for the most vulnerable groups (specially IDPs) through City Profiling”. The profiling of five urban areas1 was conducted in Cotabato City, Zamboanga City, Marawi City, Isabela City, and Jolo. Except for Zamboanga City, these urban study areas are found in the ARMM provinces. The findings of this study revealed the following: 1. Major armed conflicts2 between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the MILF occurred in the years 2000, 2003, and 2008. IDPs sought refuge in nearest urban areas for their safety and security. A big number of the IDPs evacuated to Marawi City, Cotabato City, Isabela City, and Jolo. The influx of IDPs as a result of armed conflicts exacerbates the socio-economic burden confronted by the host communities in these urban areas. 2. IDPs apparent presence3 is indicated by the sudden increase in the overall population growth, population density, and poverty incidence in urban areas accommodating the IDPs. Compared to 2000, the host communities registered in 2007 an increased in population growth, population density and poverty incidence when IDPs evacuated to the urban areas included in this study. High increase in the annual population growth rate, population density, and poverty incidence is evident in Cotabato City, Jolo, and Marawi City. In terms of housing arrangements among the IDPs in these urban areas, many opted to stay with their relatives and clan members and were therefore classified as “house-based displaced persons” (HBDPs)4. Some IDPs temporarily built their shanties outside of the evacuation sites while others settled “permanently” in vacant public or private lots, in river banks, roadside pavements, and creeks. These two groups of IDPs eventually ended up as “squatters” or informal settlers, which are considered vulnerable groups. 3. This study also observed crime rate increase in the urban areas covered by this report. Results of focused group discussions also revealed other threats to human security experienced by the people in the community. These are natural hazards (tidal surge, flooding, silting of rivers and waterways); kidnapping, car-napping, illegal drug trading, bombing, proliferation of loose firearms, and clan conflict, more known in Mindanao as rido. 4. Due to limited access to employment in formal sectors, most adult IDPs found their livelihood in the informal sector doing a variety of subsistence income- generating activities such as vending, and motorcycle or trisikad driving. 5. Other problems confronting the poor host urban areas are the following: (a) Limited capacity of the business sector to accommodate the growing demands for employment among members of the labor force (including the permanent displaced persons); (b) Weak capacity of the local government to manage human resource particularly in responding to the needs of the IDPs for sources of livelihood; (c) Non-provision of housing among IDPs; and (d) Lack of specific programs to meet the health and sanitation needs of the IDPs. The findings marked and considered the five cities to be among the most vulnerable and unsafe urban centers in Mindanao if not in the country. The study, specifically, aims to enable to: 1. Appraise the general condition as basis for
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