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Case Study Tomboyism of Bacha Posh in Afghanistan Made Fitri Maya Padmi

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Case Study Tomboyism of Bacha Posh in Afghanistan Made Fitri Maya Padmi Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 1 No. 1 | Juni 2018 E ISSN 2621-735X Female Masculinity and Power Relation in Patriarchic System: Case Study Tomboyism of Bacha Posh in Afghanistan Made Fitri Maya Padmi International Relations Department, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta – Indonesia Email: [email protected] Submitted: 23 Maret 2018, Accepted: 17 Mei 2018 Abstract The biological/essentialist theory of gender assumes that biological sexes determine the behavior patterns and roles of males and associates them with masculinity and females and associates them with femininity. However, there is debate to determine whether genders are biological or socially and culturally constructed. Feminist critique of the power relation between masculinity and femininity defined as the power to give privilege to the position of masculinity and men, and acknowledge the subordination of femininity and women. People also guided to conform to gender norms in society as identity. Female masculinity emerged as part of a resistance to the gender norms where females should adopt and perform feminine values and ways of life. This paper analyze the position of female masculinity, which is distinct from masculinity in patriarchic systems. This paper also analyze the early stage of female masculinity, tomboyism called Bacha Posh as experienced by many girls in Afghanistan. This paper showed to us that the phenomena of Bacha Posh reflect the gender trait was not flexible. It was decided by the need to fulfill patriarchy system in Afghan society. Keywords: Gender Relations, Female, Masculinity, Bacha Posh, Patriarchy, Tomboyisme. Abstrak Konsepsi biologis/esensialis mengenai gender menyatakan bahwa jenis kelamin biologis manusia menentukan pola perilaku manusia, dan peran laki-laki yang dikaitkan dengan maskulinitas dan perempuan dengan femininitas. Akan tetapi, terdapat perdebatan mengenai apakah gender adalah sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan aspek biologis manusia atau merupakan hasil dari konstruksi sosial budaya. Kritik dari kaum feminis mengenai hubungan kekuasaan antara maskulinitas dan femininitas adalah dominasi hak khusus bagi kaum laki-laki dan sifat maskulin, dan pengakuan atas posisi perempuan dan sifat feminin yang lebih rendah dari laki-laki. Perempuan dengan sifat maskulin atau female masculinity dilihat sebagai bentuk perlawanan terhadap norma gender yang ada di masyarakat dimana perempuan harus mengadopsi dan bersikap berdasarkan sifat-sifat feminin sebagai jalan hidu Tulisan ini bermaksud menganalisis posisi perempuan yang bersifat maskulin atau yang biasa disebut female masculinity yang dibedakan dari bentuk maskulinitas lainnya dalam sistem patriarki. Tulisan ini juga menganalisis tahap awal dari female masculinity yakni tomboyisme yang dialami oleh anak-anak perempuan di Afghanistan yang disebut Bacha Posh. Fenomena ini mengindikasikan kekuasaan yang dimiliki sifat maskulin dalam membentuk identitas gender di masyarakat, dimana female masculinity diposisikan di luar dari sistem maskulinitas dalam hal kekuasaan, legitimasi dan peran dalam masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Relasi Gender, Female, Masculinity, Bacha Posh, Patriarchy, Tomboyisme. INTRODUCTION Traditional conceptions of to the biological aspect of humans. gender assumed that gender attached The biological/essentialist theory of 45 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 1 No. 1 | Juni 2018 E ISSN 2621-735X gender assumes that biological sexes status, heterosexuality and determine the behavior patterns and homosexuality), whether it is another roles of males and associates them form of femininity, or is a third gender with masculinity and females and category in a patriarchic social system. associates them with femininity The term “masculinities” (Diamond, 2000). Conversely, social represents the power, legitimacy and constructionists argued that gender is privilege that constructed in society. a process of identity construction This paper will analyze the position of related to how people experience female masculinity, which is distinct gender within social interactions. from masculinity in patriarchic Gender performances are greater than systems. Although the gender just the biological bodies of humans, performance of female masculinity which presume males can perform in tends to have more masculine values feminine ways and females can than feminine values, females perform in masculine ways. exhibiting these traits do not have Female masculinity is a result of privilege or power in patriarchic gender performativity. It also society and viewed differently from challenges the dichotomy of gender traditional forms of masculinity. This and sex representations in society. paper will also analyze the early stage Masculinity often considered as an of female masculinity, tomboyism actions that stereotypically related to called Bacha Posh as experienced by men or boys. However, the existence many girls in Afghanistan. This form of female masculinity brought new of tomboyism created by a society perspectives that masculinity where the girls told to dress and act as performed by the outside of the male boys. The society and family body. There has been a debate constructed masculine identity and regarding whether female masculinity performativity with these girls, but is part of masculinities (e.g. when they enter puberty, social masculinities within race, economic pressure will push them to transform 46 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 1 No. 1 | Juni 2018 E ISSN 2621-735X into feminine girls. This phenomenon to recognize that perceptions of suggests that masculinity possesses gender and masculinities are not fixed, power in society and shapes gender thus it is not suitable to limit them by identity, while female masculinity identifying their existence to the placed outside the masculine world in biological bodies of males only. Judith terms of power, legitimacy and Butler (1990) made an important privilege in society (Claire & Alderson, statement as a strong basis for 2013; Nordberg, 2010). contemporary gender perception in which gender and even the sexes Female Masculinity Construction constructed through the cultural Traditional views of masculinity means and culturally unmediated construction narrowed into sex roles bodies. The construction of and the male body, particularly as masculinities from a social aspect related to the aesthetic appearance of captures different essences of muscular body shape and functional masculinities. The conceptions of aspect of strength, endurance and masculinities include activeness, risk- capability (Wickman, 2010). However, taking, responsibility, irresponsibility, masculinity itself constructed in aggression, protection, and social everyday life and within economic and reproduction (Connell, 2005). institutional structures where different The gender binary between types of masculinities are produced masculinity and femininity is (Connell, 2005). Different social inherently relational; as Connell stated, conditions construct different types of “Masculinity does not exist except in masculinities, such as the aggressive contrast with femininity” (Connell, masculinity commonly seen in military 2005, 68). Connell analyzed institutions, masculinity in sports, masculinity and found it to be the economic-based or working-class polar opposite of femininity. The masculinity, racial masculinity, and dichotomy of masculine and feminine homosexual masculinity. It is essential are related to the use of language, 47 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 1 No. 1 | Juni 2018 E ISSN 2621-735X where language not only creates acknowledge the subordination of opposite definitions for each notion, femininity and women (Hooper, but also puts value into them (Butler, 2001). The power structure, which 1990; Hooper, 2001). Some opposite privileges the position, function, and pairs that can describe the relation role of men in society recognized as a between masculine and feminine are patriarchic system. Edley and hard/soft, rational/irrational, Wetherell (1996) explained how men active/passive, dominant/submissive, have dominated women with the competitive/caring, public/private, power embedded within them through aggressor/victim, war/peace, and the patriarchic system: self/other (Hooper, 2001). “Men have dominated over women, by and large, because they have manage to When it is said that gender is gain a stranglehold on meaning. What it culturally constructed, it can be means to be a man, what it means to be a woman; what jobs constitute men’s work defined according to different culture and what jobs constitute women’s work. norms and thus may result in different It is through the ability to control the ways in which society thinks about these types of gender formations. According things that have provided men with the to Foucault, language has the power to basis of their power” (Wetherell, 1996, 107). shape gender identity and its position The language of gender as a cultural norm (Buttler, 1990). The dichotomy attempts to normalize the continuity of language usages reality by establishing gender constructs the normalization of segregation, imposing stereotypes and language as a fix notion. Language also overshadowing the complexity of constitutes a power relation within the social phenomena. People guided to gender binary that seems to be conform to gender norms in society as asymmetrical. Feminist critique of the identity. Female masculinity
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