Michigan Entomologist

The MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 1, No.10 March 1969 CONTENTS

Rearing and Description @f the Early Stages of the Nearctic Species of Peridea, with Special Reference to P. basitriens (Lepidoptera : Notodontidae) J. Charles E. Riotte ...... 351

Culture Techniques for Rearing Soil Arthropods Richard J. Snider; James H. Shaddy and James W. Butcher...... 357

Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) R.V. Connin and O.K.Jantz ...... 363

Three New Species of Hyperaspis from Eastern North America (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) W.Y. Watson ...... 366

P~l~katiannabatchi: A New Species for North America (Collembola: Smin- thuridae) Richard J. Snider ...... -371

Reviews of Recent Literature...... 375

COVER PHOTO

Larva, pupa, and adult of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Lin- naeus). Photographs by Philip G. Coleman, Experiment Station Photographer, Michigan State University. See article beginning on page 363.

This is the last number of Volume I of The Michigan Entomologist. Further publication will be on a quarterly basis; Volume I1 will be dated Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter 1969. An index for Volume I will be mailed withVolumeI1, No. 1. ***

Volume I, No. 9 of The .Michigan Entomologist was mailed on 11 December THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1968-1969 OFFICERS President T. Wayne Porter President-Elect Louis F. Wilson Executive Secretary M. C. Nielsen

The Michigan Entomological Society traces its origins to the old Detroit Ento- mological Society and was organized on 4 November 1954 to ". . . promote the science of entomology in all its branches and by all feasible means, and to ad- vance cooperation and good fellowship among persons interested in entomology." The Society attempts to facilitate the exchange of ideas and information in both amateur and professional circles, and encourages the study of insects by youth. Membership in the Society, which serves the North Central States and adjacent Canada, is open to all persons interested in entomology. There are three paying classes of membership:

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REARING AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EARLY STAGES OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF PERIDEA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO P. BASITRIE'VS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE)

J. Charles E. Riotte, Research Associate

Department of Entomology and Invertebrate Zoology Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

The genus Periden Stephens, according to Forbes (19481, is composed of two subgenera; Lophodonta Packard and Peridea. To the former belong the two species, angulosa (J.E. Smith, 1797) and jerruginea Packard, 1864; to the latter only one species, basitriens (Walker, 1855). The foodplant of nngulosa is given by Forbes (1948) as "oak," that of jerruginea as "birch." The larva of basitriens has never been described, while the larvae of the other two species have been det scribed and figured in color by Packard (1895). Efforts to fill this gap in our knowledge have been made by several lepidopter- ists, but there has been no report of successful rearing of basitriens. The most recent investigator to publish a detailed report about the failure to rear basitriens was Ferguson (1963). Efforts to rear basitriens were also made at the Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., but without success; on the report sheet is the interesting remark that the little caterpillars "dried" after hatching from the eggs. As part of the Museum's program to build a collection of associated caterpillars, we attempted to rear basitriens during our summer field work in 1963 and 1964 at the Queen's University Biological Station, Chaffeys Locks, Ont., where the species is of commonoccurrence.A wide assortment of native plants from trees to weeds and even water lilies was tried without success. The young larvae dried in a web at the inner edge of the petri dish (plastic, 145 mm diameter). Additional unsuccessful attempts were also made in 1965 during our field work in Rondeau Provincial Park, Ont. The first step to success in rearing these caterpillars came through the realiza- tion that the young larvae of all three species of Peridea were subject to very high mortality in rearing. This suggested that the difficulty lay not only in provid- ing the right foodplant, but also in duplicating the appropriate microclimatic conditions. Itseemed probable that the caterpillars of all three species normally lived high in treetops, where, it was suggested, there would be a more humid microclimatic environment. Therefore, in 1966 at the Queen's University Biological Station we tried transferring the young larvae of Peridea spp., after they hatched from eggs in a petri dish, to tightly sealed 3 oz. jars with various kinds of leaves. Our intention was to give the young larvae increased humidity. But even then the mortality was high, and in the case of basitriens, 100 per cent. When the last larvae of basitriens were transferred from the petri dish, where they had hatched from the eggs laid there by the female moth, into the jar with sugar maple and Ostrya leaves, three unhatched eggs were also transferred. The caterpillars hatching from these three eggs readily accepted and fed upon leaves of sugar maple. The surprise was not so much that the larvae were eating maple, but that they were eating at all. It had been more or less clear that a com- 352 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10 mon tree should be the foodplant, as the moth is, as already remarked, one of the most common notodontids at that locality. In the first instar the larvae chafe the leaves in the same way as most first instar notodontid larvae do; from the second instar on they eat the whole leaf, proceeding along one of the veins and resting inconspicuously on the uneaten portion of the vein. The experience with the transferred eggs and the larvae hatching directly in the small jar prompted us to try this again, but not to handle the small caterpillars at all. There were no more basitriens eggs available, but we had some eggs of angulosu, the larvae of which had previously survived in the ratio of only about 1:30. About 15 eggs were distributed to each of several firmly-capped 3 oz. jars containing cut oak leaves. There was almost no mortality immediately following hatching. When, however, the 3 oz. jars were overcrowded, the survival rate was very low indeed. In one experiment, 100 eggs of P. .ferruginea were placed in a single 3 oz. jar. Instead of beginning to feed, many of the newly hatched larvae went to the top of the jar, spun a web, and dried up as they had done previously in the petri dish. Rearing experiments with all three species were repeated in 1967 in Kendal, Ont. About 12-15 eggs were placed in each 3 oz. jar. Hatching occurred without difficulty, but about 50% of the young larvae died around the first moulting, a mortality which is by no means unusual at this stage. But after the first moult all three species were easily reared to pupation. After a week in the 3 oz. jars the larvae of ar~gulosaand ferruginea were transferred to petri dishes, where they developed almost without loss. Our experience indicates that the caterpillars of hasitriens are best retained in the 3 oz. jars until pupation, possibly because they do not like to be put in a plane position, but prefer to rest upright on a leaf where they attach themselves by a silk thread even in the last instar. It follows then, that all three species of the genus Peridecl can be reared, provided the precautions described above are observed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PERIDE.4 BASITRZE.VS

EGG: The color is very light pastel yellowish, while the eggs of ungulosn are more whitish and those of ferruginen greenish. LARVA: This belongs to the group of noctuiform notodontid caterpillars, and so clearly separates basitriens from the genus AVorodontawhere it was in- cluded by previous authors, like McDunnough (1938). By all indications it belongs to the genus Peridea where Forbes (1948) put it even without knowing the caterpillar. A close relationship exists between the genera Periden and Hyl~rraes- chra Butler. First instur: after ca. three days 5mm long; head light yellowish brown; body uniformly light green. The first instar larva of angulosn has a faint yellow lateral stripe and its head is light brown. The first instar larva of .ferruginea at this stage already has all the markings characteristic of the mature larva and its head is uniformly black. Second instar: after ca. four days 7mm long: head light yellowish-brown; body uniformly light green. The second instar larva of nngulosc~has a yellow lateral stripe which is more strongly developed than in the first instar. On the yellowish- brown head appear dark lateral stripes which are not present in the second instar 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 353 larva of basitriens. The second instar larva of ferruginea has a dark olive green head with blackish-brown borders and stripes of the same color on each side of the frontal suture; there is also a yellowish stripe proceeding posteriorly from the mouth. The dorsal and subdorsal lines are yellowish and slightly interrupted at the intersegmental junctions. The two dorsal lines are each twice as wide as the subdorsal line. A wavy spiracular line is present. Third instar: after ca. six days 10 to 12mm long; head yellowish-brown with a blackish-purple lateral stripe; body light green with three broken sulfur-yellow dorsal and subdorsal lines on each side, the third of which is irregularly wavy. The third instar larva of angulosa has the same three lines, and in addition a fourth, the spiracular line, which begins at the sides of the yellowish-brown head as a yellow stripe bordered dorsally by reddish-brown. Some of the same red coloring extends faintly as bordering of the spiracular line along the few first few abdominal segments. The third instar larva of ferruginea is closely similar to the second instar larva except that the head is light yellowish green like the body, and the yellowish stripe posteriorly from the mouth is morepronounced. Fourth instar: after ca. six days 16mm long; head yellowish-brown with a pastel greenish tinge and with a black lateral stripe bordered weakly dorsally by some purplish-red; body light green. The purplish-red color extends from the head over the first two thoracic segments along a fourth yellow, the spiracular line, which appears for the first time in this instar, in addition to the three lines of the third instar. The spiracular line is visibly interrupted at the intersegmental divisions. The spiracles are purplish-red. The fourth instar caterpillar of angulosa has the third,supraspiracular, line of wavy yellowish dots, the spiracular line edged with bright red along its whole length. Some red also shows on the abdomen, and in the mid dorsum on the last segment. Head pastel green; the stripe on both sides bright red and bordered with yellow. First thoracic spiracle white with black bordering, the abdominal spiracles inconspicuous. The fourth instar larva of ferruginm shows no change from that of the third instar except added reddish coloring to the yellowish stripe posteriorly from the mouth, also pinkish - (reddish-) brown background coloring interiorly between the subdorsal lines. Fifth instar (Fig. 1): after ca. nine days 20 mm long and after another ca. eight to 10 days 35mm long; head light pastel green with a black lateral stripe bordered by purplish-red and a bit of yellow; the red extends to the first and second thoracic segments and tapers out over the third thoracic and first abdominal segments; body a bit darker; spiracles yellow, reddish-purplish ringed; dorsal line white, subdorsal also white but weaker, the supraspiracular and spiracular pastel yellow lines broken up into dots, some of them conspicuous, both lines wavy. The main dorsal lines are faintly prolonged onto the head. The fifth instar larva of angulosa has three color phases; it may be medium pastel green, pinkish, or of an intermediate color. The green form seems to be predominant. All color phases occur among sibling larvae. Head of same color as body. Dorsal line white; subdorsal line broken up in dots but straight, white; supraspiracular line of whitish-yellowish dots on each segment, wavy; spiracular line strong yellow, the length of the body, with red "smears" along the whole length. Body below the supraspiracular line more distinctly colored. The stripe on the head is like that in the fourth instar larva, as are the spiracles. -354 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10

Figure 1. Fifth instar larva of Peridea basitriens, 1966, Chaffeys Locks, Ont. Photo: Neg. NO. 66 ENT 24, Photon. Dept.-R.O.M.(L. Warren).

The fifth instar larva of ferruginea has the dorsal lines more whitish than yellowish; between them is the light pastel green color of the body; the inner border of the lines has a pinkish tinge. On the anal segment the posterior half is dorsally pinkish in color, while on the thoracic segments there is little pinkish. The dorsal whitish lines in this species are very visibly continued on to the head. Laterally of these lines are two transverse stripes, whitish and overlaid with dark brown; on the genae there is a yellowish-reddish stripe with dark brown border; this stripe is continued posteriorly in mauve-reddish over yellowish-orange pastel color over thoracic segments 1 and 2 without the dark brown border. Spiracle on first thoracic segment all black: spiracles on abdominal segments yellowish- with pinkish peritreme. The supraspiracular and spiracular lines of pastel yellow dots occur from the third thoracic segment to the last abdominal one. The subdorsal whitish line is very faint and interrupted. The feature which most clearly distinguishes the mature basitriens larva from those of the two other species is the light pastel yellowish sur-coloring laterally on the intersegmental joints, especially of the abdominal segments. PUPA: For the three species, these are very similar. Pupation occurs in the ground in a thin cocoon. The rather plump pupae are dark mahogany brown. The cremaster, usually with a variety of hooks in the notodontids, lacks these in Peridea, leaving the end of the pupa round and blunt, and in ungulosu with a little bump at the end. The pupa of basitriens is about 19.5 to 20mm long, the darkest in color of the three and not quite so plump. The pupa of ferruginea cannot be distinguished from that of basitriens by characters now available, except for color and that it is perhaps a little bit more plump. The pupa of angtc- losa is about 21mm long and the lightest in color of the three. 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 355

P. ferruginea P. basitriens P. angulosa

Figure 2. Frontal and dorsal views of the heads of Perideo spp. larvae.

DIAGNOSTIC TABLE FOR THE LIVING MATURE LARVAE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PERZDEA

P. ferruglnea P. angulosa P. basltriens

HEAD CAPSULE with distinct dorsal almost no dorsal pattern, no dorsal pattern, markings of dark dots only indistinct dark dots, lateral stripes on and light-colored lateral stripes on genae genae black, bordered stripes; lateral stripes bright red, bordered with by purplish red on genae yellowish- yellow and a hit of yellow reddish, bordered with dark brown

BASE COLOR pastel green pastel green or pinkish or pastel green, overlaid intermediate with pastel yellow laterally at the joints of the abdominal segments

DORSAL LINES very clearly extended prolonged on to the head faintly prolonged on on to the head to the head

LATERAL LINES mauve-reddish over yel- strong yellow spiracular purplish-red on T I ON THORAX AND lowish-orange pastel on line with longitudinal and 11, tapering off ABDOMEN T I and I1 red smears over T 111 and A 1

COLOR OF SPI- thoracic-black; thoracic - white, black thoracic and ahdom. RACLES abdom. - yellowish, ringed; ahdom. - incon- yellow, reddish-purple pinkish ringed spicuous ringed

SPIRACULAR LINES irregular yellow dots, compact yellow line irregular yellow waving with added red dots, waving 356 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. I., No. 10

KEY TO THE MATURE LARVAE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PERZDEA

1. Epicranium with a distinct dorsal pattern of dark dots and light stripes (Fig. 2) ...... P. ferruginea Epicranium without a distinct dorsal pattern...... 2

2. Head capsule in frontal view with lateral margins rounded, distinctly narrower dorsally than orally, dorsomzdian depression absent, posterior margin of head capsule in dorsal view not much rounded and forming medially a sharp angle (Fig. 2) ...... P. angulosa

Head capsule in frontal view with lateral margins in the oral half with two perceptible angles, not much narrower dorsally than orally, dorso-median depression present, posterior margin of head capsule in dorsal view strongly rounded and forming medially a rounded angle (Fig. 2) ...... P. basitriens

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to the Head of the Department of Entomology and Invertebrate Zoology at the R.O.M., G. B. Wiggins, who critically read this paper and made valuable suggestions, and to A. Odum, Artist of the Department, who made the drawings.

LITERATURE CITED

Ferguson, D. C. 1963. Immature stages of four nearctic Notodontidae (Lepidop- tera). Can. Entomol. 95: 948953. Forbes, W. T. M. 1948. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Part 11. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mern. 274. McDunnough, J. 1938. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part I. Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sc. Vol. 1,1938. Packard, A. S. 1895. Monograph of the bombycine moths of America north of Mexico. Part I. Notodontidae. Nat. Acad. Sci. Mem. 1, Vol. 7. .- .- THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 357

CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR REARING SOIL ARTHROPODS*

Richard J. Snider, James H. Shaddy and James W. Butcher Department of Entomology, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48823

Interest in soil biology has been prompted by recent investigations into the ac- tion of insecticides on plants and animals. Observations in the field must be supplemented by laboratory investigations conducted under controlled conditions. Consequently, it becomes necessary to rear and handle soil animals under artificial situations for bio-assay and life cycle studies. When large numbers of individuals are required, special problems in maintenance and manipuation arise. Relatively inexpensive and simple methods for such projects are essential and this paper describes some of those techniques which we have found expe- dient. Various rearing chambers have been suggested by authors in the past, and from them we developed our own particular method. Wharton (1946) used weighing bottles fitted with ground glass stoppers and a plaster-charcoal substrate, in which ratio of plaster to charcoal was 9 to 1. Rohde (1956) described the use of Lucite cylinders set into a plaster-bottomed container. A series of these small vessels can be observed under the dissecting microscope. Goto (1960) improved upon earlier culture methods by using a heat-resistant glass container with a plaster-charcoal base and sealed with a cork. He was able to heat-sterlize the jars, but fungi reinvaded his cultures. This problem was solved by adding a low concentration of Nipagin-M (methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate) solution to the plaster and/or the food. The food supply was yeast. For his isolation chambers, Hale (1964) used Goto's method with 2x314" tubes filled with 1/2" of the top with plaster-charcoal mixture. He sealed the top with a cover slip imbedded in vaseline. Vail (1965) used essentially the same technique with tubes imbedded in a plaster-charcoal base within a fingerbowl. He reviews some of the earlier culturing techniques by other authors. Abbatiello (1965) used a plastic container similar to one described in this paper with a wire cloth bent in the lid. More recently, Kyle and Long (1967) developed a method for rearing Collem- bola on filter paper suspended within vials containing sand set in a water reservbir. Algae were used as a food source in this method. The studies being conducted on Collembola and other arthropods in our laboratory required variable numbers of individuals and, therefore, large numbers of culture containers, For ease of repetition a standardized container was adopted. At first it consisted of a small glass jar (5% cm x 5 cm) fitted with a plastic screw cap (fig. 1). A 5:l plaster-charcoal mixture was poured into each jar to a depth of 2 centimeters. This container has the advantage of being air-tight, and water loss is held to a minimum. Brewers yeast in small amounts was supplied as food.

*This paper was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research grant CC00246, from the National Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga. Facilities were made possible by the Soil Biology Group, Michigan State University, and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, for which this is journal number 4583. 358 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10

Fig. 1. Glass jar with plaster-charcoal substrate. Fig. 2. Plastic jar with plaster-charcoal substrate.

When several hundred replications were made, the disadvantages of screw- cap jars became apparent. The constriction for the screw-cap forced the ob- server to tilt the jar under the microscope in order to make observations near the sidewall. Furthermore, it was necessary to remove the cap every time a check was to be made. Later, straight sided plastic containers (5 cm x 3 314 cm) were obtained for general culture use (fig. 2). They were kept in controlled temperature cabinets at 60, 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The same 5:l plaster-charcoal substrate was used, but while the mixture was still soft, a 15mm circular coverslip was pushed into the center of the surface to serve as a feeding station. The plastic containers had a clear snap-on top which allowed observations to be made without disturbing the culture. The tops were not always air-tight and some water vapor did escape. This was overcome by addition of water to the substrate once a week. A higher humidity and lower water loss could have been maintained in the cultures if a pan of water was placed in the bottom of the temperature cabinet. The reason for using a 5:l plaster-charcoal mixture was based on egg observations. When it is necessary to count, photograph or remove eggs, the black background afforded by the substrate accentuates most arthropod eggs which are white to hyaline in color (fig. 5). Brewer's yeast was used as a food to support the stock cultures. Most of the soil species of Collembola did very well on such a diet. It was added in small quantities along with a drop bf water. Provided the substrate was not too wet, fungal growth was kept at a minimum. Using these containers, various feeding experiments with Collembola and other arthropods were undertaken. Many soil species in culture were found to prefer dried corn leaf. It was a simple matter to collect a supply of corn leaves and store them in a freezer until needed. A cork borer was used to cut uniform discs from the leaves (fig. 3). The discs in turn were oven dried and then weighed. Once this was accomplished, the discs were placed on the coverslip feeding station within the culture containers. Various numbers of arthropods were introduced into the containers to ascertain how much 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 359

Fig. 3. Corn leaf discs cut with a cork borer, ready to be weighed and placed in the culture jars. plant material a species could consume. At the end of a given period of time the remains of the corn leaf disc were removed, dried and weighed (fig. 4). Other experiments were then conducted by treating the discs with insecticides. The results of such experiments will be presented elsewhere. However we men- tion them as an example of what can be done with these relatively simple containers. Early in our studies, manipulation of small arthropods was accomplished after anesthetizing them with ethyl ether. A hole was cut in the lid of a plastic petri dish, and a cotton plug inserted (figs. 6 & 7). Ether was dropped on the cotton and a cap was placed over the area. The cotton plug was centered over the culture container and after a short exposure, the individuals or eggs could be transferred with a camel's hair brush. Later carbon dioxide gas was used in place of the ether, and the procedure was modified accordingly. A simple glass funnel was attached to the cylinder by means of a plastic hose. The culture was then placed under the funnel and the gas introduced (fig. 8). C02 has very little long-range effect on most species and has the advantage of being safer to use in the laboratory. The method described in this paper enabled us to rear the following species of Collembola: Protophorura armatus (Tullberg), Folsomia fimetaria (L. ), Proisotoma minuta (Tullberg), Zsotoma albella Packard, Hypogastrura armatus 360 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10

Fig. 4. Corn leaf disc after one week exposure to Folsornia fimetaria (L.) in a culture jar. The remains can be removed and weighed.

(Nicolet), Tomoeerccs Jbvescens (Tullherg), Lepidocyrtus violaceous (Geof- froy), Orehesella hexhsciata Harvey, Pseudosinella violenta (Folsom), and Neanrara rnuscorurn Templeton. Other arthmpds maintained were Entotrophi, Pseradoscorpmns, Isopoda, and Dichpoda. The techniq~~sinvolved with these o~dersvaried somewhat fnnn those used for Cd-la. The Enbkophi lived adequately in the containers with f!he adtlition of yeast, as well as some fragments of leaves for shelter. Cod temperatures (around 70 F.) seem to be adequate to maintain the cuItttres. The impads and diplopods are best kept i~n moist containers with corn ieaves ada small quantity of chak scrapings. Two species of ID pods were ~ssfublycuitured though their life cycles; Cylisticus convexus (DeGeer) and TmBecnrhcus ralhki (Ekandt). When their juveniles first hatcked, yeast was added as a dietary supplement. The Pseudoscorpions were easily reared by the addition of Collembola to their containers. These provided an adequate diet. Further modificatiotts of the above techniques are presently under way and the numbers of species in culture are being increased. 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 361

Fig. 5. Folsomia eggs photographed on the plaster-charcoal substrate.

Fig. 6. Petri dish placed over culture jar ready to receive ether. Fig. 7. Cap in place after ether has been put on cotton wad. THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10

Fig. 8. C02 technique with culture jar in place.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbatiello, M. J. 1965. A culture chamber for rearing soil mites. Turtox News 43: 162-163. Goto, H. E. 1960, Simple techniques for the rearing of Collembola and a note on the use of a fungistatic substrate in the cultures. Ent. Month. Mag. 96:138-140. Hale, W. G. 1964. Experimental studies on the taxonomic status of some members of the Onychiurus armatus species group. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 1:501- 510. Kyle, M. L. and W. H. Long. 1967. A simple technique for rearing Collembola in the laboratory. J. Econ. Entomol. 60:882-883. Rohde, C. J. 1956. A modification of the plaster-charcoal technique for the rearing of mites and other small arthropods. Ecology 37:843-844. Vail, P. V. 1965. Colonization of Hypogastrura manubrialis (Collembola: Poduri- dae), with notes on its biology. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58:555-561. Wharton, G. W. 1946. Observations on Ascoschorigastia indica (Hirst, 1915) (Acarinida: Trombiculidae). Ecol. Mongr. 16:151-184. 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 363

SOME EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND COLD STORAGE ON OVIPOSITION OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)'

R. V. Connin and 0. K. Jantz

Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, East Lansing, Michigan 48823

An expanded program of research on the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), in various north-central states has made it necessary to develop methods of rearing all stages of the beetle for laboratory use. Because the insect survives diapause in the adult state (Castro, 1964 and Connin, etal., 1968) it must presently be stored 10-12 weeks at 38" F before consistent oviposition is obtained. Hoopingarner, et al. '(1965) indicated that, while males are sexually mature in the prediapause condition, the female was unwilling to mate until after diapause and was not mature sexually until after mating. More recent work by Bowers and Blickenstaff (1966) and Connin et al. (1967) indicated the possibility of breaking or eliminating diapause with chemicals. However, photoperiod also seemed influential in terminating diapause after vary- ing periods of cold storage. The present paper reports observations on the photo- periodic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of storage and lightperiod on oviposition offemale cereal leaf beetles Diapausing laboratory-reared adults refrigerated for 0, 4, 8, 16, or 20 weeks at 38" F. were removed from storage and 15 virgin males and 15 virgin females from each storage period were confined together under lantern globe cages over 3%-inch-diameter pots of Hudson barley seedlings about 5 inches tall. The caged beetles were then exposed to an 8-, 16-, or 24-hour light period. The pots of plants were changed every two days and counts were made of the number of eggs present. Each test was repeated 3 times. All tests were conducted in rearing chambers maintained at 75' F and 50 % R. H. Light intensity at plant height was 300 foot-candles. Since the purpose of the tests was to determine the optimum period of storage and photoperiod to induce oviposition, the tests were terminated after 30 days, even though mating and oviposition were still occurring. (Since diapausing adults caged under lantern globes will lay some eggs after 30-40 days without storage, oviposition would presently ha've occurred in all cages. )

Effects of storage and light period on the oviposition of unmated female cereal leaf beetles Unmated laboratory-reared adults were removed from cold storage at 38" F after 12 or 16 weeks and virgin females were caged separately and with males

Journal No. 4370, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Part of a cooperative project between the Entomology Research Division and Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Uept. of Agriculture, and the Departments of Entomology and Crop Science, Michigan State IJniver- sity. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of J. C. Arnsman, D. L. Cobb, and G. Lawson in conducting these experiments. Present address: Bioproducts Division, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48640. 364 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10 in lantern globe cages over 3%-inch-diameter pots of seedling Hudson barley and exposed to a 16- or 24hour light period. Rearing conditions were as before. The pots of plants were cbanged every 2 days, and counts were made of eggs. Also, eggs were held for hatching. Each test was replicated 3 times and continued for 30 days.

Table 1. Effects of photoperiod on the oviposition of laboratory-reared cereal leaf beetles after various periods of cold storage.

Weeks in Hours of No. of storage at light daily Day of insects/ 38O F before during 30. first ovi- Avg. no. Xegg test test dav test oosition eeeslQ hatch

Table 2. Effects of photoperiod on the oviposition of virgin cereal leaf beetle females after various periods of cold storage.

Weeks in Hours of No. of storage at light daily Day of insectsf 3a0 F before during 30. first ovi- Avg. no. %egg test test day test position eggs/ 9 hatch 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 365

Table 3. Effects of photoperiod on ovarian development of virgin cereal leaf beetle females after 20 weeks of cold storage.

No. of Hours of light Day of insects/ daily during first ovi- Avg. no. X 9 with test 30-day test position eggs/ 9 ha%? dev. ovaries 1599 16 8 11 0 80 8 998~~16 11 61 59 100 1599 24 -- 0 0 7 8 99 8 cfcf 24 -- 0 0 0

In another test laboratory-reared adults were removed from storage at 38' F after 20 weeks and virgin females were caged alone and with males under lantern globe cages over 3l/z-inch-diameter posts of seedling Hudson barley. The caged beetles were then exposed to 16- or 24-hour light periods. Rearing conditions were as before. The pots of plants were changed every 2 days, and-counts were made of eggs. All eggs were held for hatching. Each test was repeated 3 times and continued for 30 days. At the end of the test, all females were dis- sected and observed for ovarian development.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As indicated in Table 1, the duration of cold storage and the daily light period to which beetles were exposed after storage markedly affected the duration of diapause and subsequent wiposition of the female. Oviposition occurred after as little as 4 weeks of cold storage when the beetles were subsequently exposed to 16 hours of light daily; with other photoperiods, as much as 16 weeks of storage were required. Oviposition began earlier, and more eggs were laid per female, as the time m storage increased. Tables 2 and 3 indicate that virgin females are capable of ovarian development and oviposition after diapause and before mating when they are exposed to a 16- hour daily light period. 80 fO of the females held in storage at 38O F. for 20 weeks and subsequently exposed to a 16hwr daMy tight period completed ovarian development. However, tk numter of eggs oviposited was small, and none was viable. 'Females exposed to a 24-hour light period had slight ovarian development, and ao eggs were wipsited. Phs, nmated females are capable of ovi- po&ion but the eggs are not via&. The passibility will influence investigations of induced sterility. In future studies d orvipgsiion, bth the storage inkma1 and the light exposure after stwage must be &&&. Such conditions would be particularly critical in studies irwolving indaced sterility in which conclusions should apparently be based on egg hatch instead of total egg production.

LITERATURE CITED

Castro, T. R. 1964. Natural history of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), and its behavior under controlled environmental conditions. Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University. 366 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 10

Bowers, W. S., and C. C. Blickenstaff. 1966. Hormonal termination of diapause in the alfalfa weevil. Science 154: 1673-4. Connin, R. V., D. L. Cobb, J. C. Arnsman, and G. Lawson. 1968. Mass rearing the cereal leaf beetle in the laboratory. ARS 33-125. Connin, R. V., 0. K. Jantz, and W. S. Bowers. 1967. Termination of diapause in the cereal leaf beetle by hormones. J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 1752-53. Hoopingarner, R. A,, S. Kumararaj, and A. L. French. 1965. Gametogenesis and radiation effects in the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopa. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58:777-81.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF HI'PERASPIS FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

W. Y. Watson

Department of Biology, Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

A number of apparently related species, including the three which are newly described in this paper, belong to the large binotata group of Dobzhansky (1941). It has been found necessary to re-examine this group and to divide it into smaller, more homogeneous species clusters. These new species clusters may indicate more clearly the relationships of the species involved. Specimens which have formed the basis for the new species were located in the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) and Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). To the custodians of these collections I extend my thanks.

Key to separate some of the species of Hyperaspis in Eastern North America

1. Elytra with never more than one pair of reddish spots placed near the middle of the elytra ...... 2 Elytra with two pairs of reddish spots, a larger pair on disc, a smaller pair nearapex ...... 3

2. Prosternal lines converging to an anterior point ...... 4 Prosternal lines parallel (Figs. 3, 4; Watson, 1960)...... paspalis Watson

3. Sides of abdomen testace~us,disc black; aedeagus asymmetrical but without triangular tooth (Fig. 118, Dobzhansky, 1941)...... signata (Say) Abdomen wholly black beneath or with a greyish cast; aedeagus with one side having a distinct triangular tooth (Fig. 3)...... congeminnta n. sp.

1 Contribution No. 1, Department of Biology. Laurentian Un~versity.Sudbury, Canada 1969 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 367

4. Ventral surface of abdomen wholly black ...... 5 Ventral surface of abdomen black with testaceous margin ...... 6

5. Anterior border of pronotum of male black or narrowly yellow; aedeagus long, narrow, apex truncate (Fig. 6, Watson, 1960)...... binotata (Say) Anterior border of pronotum of male broadly yellow (Fig. 4) ; aedeagus short, apex rounded, one side with triangular tooth (Fig. 1)... concavus n. sp.

6. Elytral spots large; aedeagus shorter than paramera, one side undulate (Fig. 3)...... pistillata n. sp. Elytral spots small; aedeagus as long as paramera; one side with a low rounded projection (Fig. 2, Watson 1960) ...... congressis Watson

Descriptions of New Species

Hyperaspis concavus n. Sp. (Figs. l,4) Length 2.6 mm., width 2.2 mm. Body round, slightly depressed. Head yellow in male, black in female. Pronotum in male with wide lateral borders yellow,

Figures 18. Figs. 1-3, apex of male genitalia, excluding sipho. 1, H. concauus n. sp. (type); 2. H. con- geminota n. s~.(type); 3. H. pisrillata n. sp. (type). Figs. 4-6, adult males (types); 4, H. concauus; 5, H. mngemimra; 6, H. pistillato.