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Archived Content Contenu Archivé ARCHIVED - Archiving Content ARCHIVÉE - Contenu archivé Archived Content Contenu archivé Information identified as archived is provided for L’information dont il est indiqué qu’elle est archivée reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It est fournie à des fins de référence, de recherche is not subject to the Government of Canada Web ou de tenue de documents. Elle n’est pas Standards and has not been altered or updated assujettie aux normes Web du gouvernement du since it was archived. Please contact us to request Canada et elle n’a pas été modifiée ou mise à jour a format other than those available. depuis son archivage. Pour obtenir cette information dans un autre format, veuillez communiquer avec nous. This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. Groupe de recherche en \ GÉOLOGIE DE L'INGÉNIEUR RAPPORT GGL-90--02 Contract no. 64SS 57111-7-A117 Supply and Services Canada DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION MAPPING APPLICABLE TO THE URBAN AREAS OF CANADA FINAL REPORT Submitted to Emergency preparedness Canada by Jean-Yves CHAGNON and François D. GILBERT JANUARY 1990 elmuninlinn UNIVERSITÉ DÉPARTEMENT DE GÉOLOGIE QE Faculté des sciences et de génie 539.2 LAVAL Cité universitaire .S34 Québec G1 K 7P4 C49 1990 E Groupe de recherche en GÉOLOGIE DE L'INGÉNIEUR RAPPORT GGL-90-02 Contract no. 64SS 57111-7-A117 Supply and Services Canada DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION MAPPING APPLICABLE TO THE URBAN AREAS OF CANADA FINAL REPORT Submitted to Emergency preparedness Canada by Jean-Yves CHAGNON and François D. GILBERT UNIVERSITÉ DÉPARTEMENT DE GÉOLOGIE Faculté des sciences et de génie efs LAVAL, Cité universitaire Québec G1K 7P4 RAPPORT GGL 90-02 Contract No.: 64SS 57111-7-A117 Supply and Services Canada DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION MAPPING APPLICABLE TO THE URBAN AREAS OF CANADA FINAL REPORT by CHAGNON., Jean-Yves and GILBERT, François, D. submitted to EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CANADA JANUARY 1990 SU/IMARY The major objective of this project is the development of a methodology for seismic microzonation mapping applicable to the urban areas of Canada. The method should be simple and relatively inexpensive to implement and the resulting seismic microzonation map(s) should provide a sound basis for land- use planning and emergency planning on a regional scale. A review of the literature indicates that much work has been devoted to this topic in the last two decades. Seismic microzonation maps usually include three elements of risk which are: soil liquefaction, slope stability and intensity amplification. Many methods have been published on the precise evaluation of each of these elements. None is really simple and the cost of such evaluations is anything but inexpensive. A detailed and precise map prepared with the use of these elaborate methods would cost more than most planning authorities would be willing to invest. Few works have been published on methods of seismic microzonation based on simple procedures using already available information. A methodology has been developed in this project which allows the preparation of seismic microzonation maps on the ' basis of data commonly available in any urban area. The cost involved is relatively low, most of it being applied to the collection of the data. The resulting microzonation map includes the regional evaluation of the three elements usually considered. This evaluation is not precise and cannot be used on a site- specific basis. It is a first and necessary step in the process of obtaining a complete and precise determination of the risks associated with seismic activity. Many cities in Canada, both large and small, are within seismic zones and can suffer damages from a moderate to major earthquake. Others are outside seismic zones but are close enough to sustain damages from major events. The preparation of preliminary seismic microzonation maps for these areas should provide a basis for identifying sectors which are susceptible to the common risk elements and for the implemen- tation of damage mitigation measures. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUIDLARY ...................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................ii FOREWORD .................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................3 1.1 Definition of the work .......................... 3 1.1.1 Objectives ................................3 1.1.2 Basic concepts on earthquakes and d^-namic loads .................................5 1.1.3 Seismic zoning ( earthquake probability maps) vs. microzonation maps .......... 8 2. THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUARES .......................... 10 2.1. General ........................................10 2.2. Soil dynamics (behavior of soils under cyclic loading) ....................................... 11 2.3. Strong ground motions ..........................13 2.3.1 Measurement of the dynamic parameters ....15 2.3.2 Attenuation relations ....................16 2.4. Evaluation and prediction of the displacements .17 2.4.1. Regional seismic hazard ................. 17 2.5. Soil liquefaction - settlement - failure ....... 17 2.6. Surface tectonics .............................. 21 3. SEISMIC MICROZONATION ............................... 22 3.1. General - Bibliographic research - Literature review .........................................22 3.2. Elements of microzonation . ..................... 2 3.2.1. Liquefaction potential .................. 24 3.2.1.1. Definition ......................24 3.2.1.2. Causes ................. 25 3.2.1.3. Behavior of liquefiable soils ...26 3.2.1.4. Modeling ................. .....27 3.2.1.5. Evaluation of the liquefaction potential .......................29 3.2.1.5.1 Geologic conditions ....... 31 3.2.1.5.2. Measurement of shear wave velocity .............. 32 3.2.1.5.2.1. at the surface ...33 3.2.1.5.2.2. in boreholes .....34 3.2.1.5.3. SPT Test .........+........36 3.2.1.5.4. Piezocone - cone penetra- tion test (CPT) ....... 42 3.2.1.5.5. Other methods ............. 45 iii 3.2.1.6. Observation and mapping of the liquefaction potential 46 3.2.1.7. Improvement of liquefiable soils 48 3.2.2. Slope stability - landslides 49 3.2.3. Settlement and subsidence 50 3.3. The amplification of seismic intensity (site effects) 51 3.3.1. General - theory 51 3.3.2. Effects related to the nature of the soil 58 3.3.3. Effects related to the geometry (bedrock and surface topography - structure - thickness of the deposits) 59 3.3.4. The determination and mapping of the site effects 62 3.4. Microzonation methods 64 4. THE MICROZONATION OF THE QUEBEC CITY AREA 7 9 4.1. Seismic activity in eastern Canada 7 9 4.1.1. The Charlevoix seismic zone 72 4.1.2. The Quebec area - Limits of the Quebec Urban Community (Q.U.C.) 75 4.2. The Geological conditions - bedrock occurrences - surficial deposits 76 4.3. Compilation of geotechnical data (boreholes, soil investigations) 79 4.4. Evaluation of the liquefaction potential 81 4.5. Slope stability 88 4.6. Amplification of seismic intensity 91 4.6.1. General considerations 91 4.6.2. Damages in previous earthquakes in the Quebec area 92 4.7. Regional seismic hazard map 95 5. DISCUSSION 97 5.1. General relations 97 5.2. The limitations of the method 97 6. GENERAL METHODOLOGY PROPOSED 99 7- URBAN AREAS IN CANADA WHERE MICROZONATION IS REQUIRED 104 8. CONCLUSIONS 106 9. REFERENCES 107 ANNEX I - BIBLIOGRAPHY 118 FINAL REPORT SEISMIC MICROZONATION - QUEBEC CITY AREA by J.Y. Chagnon and F.D. Gilbert FOREWORD The november 25, 1988 Saguenay earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 on the Richter scale was a reminder that Eastern Canada is an earthquake prone area. Fortunately this earthquake was just below the threshold of major damage and no large-scale destruction occurred. Many buildings in the Chicoutimi area, 30 km north of the epicenter, and in the Quebec city area, .150 km south of the epicenter, were damaged. In all cases there was no structural damage but only architectural damage. In the Quebec city area the degree of perception of the earthquake and the distribution of the damage were uneven. On the Quebec promontory, in upper town, most of the buildings are built directly on bedrock and the earthquake was felt by most people for only a few seconds (3 to 15). The damage was limited to minor cracking of concrete basements and plaster walls. Of course those who lived on the upper floors of high-rise buildings were disturbed by the large swaying movement and they felt the earthquake more than those who live closer to the ground. In lower town, near the St.Charles River, the bedrock is covered by a thick layer of soft silts and clays and the bedrock topography shows a wide z and deep northeast trending valley underneath the thick sediments. The earthquake was strongly felt in this area and most of the damage was concentrated there. The duration of the shaking, according to the witnesses was on the order of 50-60 seconds. Chimneys were felled, brickwalls collapsed, store shelves spilled their contents on the floors and cracking of walls was common. In this part of the city there was a power failure and there were scenes of panic in a large downtown shopping center. This earthquake pointed out the necessity of being able to predict the behavior of the soils and structures in an urban area during an earthquake in order to include paraseis- mic provisions in the land-use planning schemes and in order to plan the emergency measures so as to maximize their efficiency.
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