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A Stylistic Analysis of Manto's Urdu Short Stories and Their English A Stylistic Analysis of Manto’s Urdu Short Stories and their English Translations Muhammad Salman Riaz Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Languages, Cultures, and Societies October 2018 - ii - The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Muhammad Salman Riaz to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2018 The University of Leeds and Muhammad Salman Riaz - iii - Acknowledgements I am thankful to Allah the Merciful for His countless blessings and for making this happen. I am also thankful to my parents for their support and prayers all through my life, and whatever I am today owes much to them. My heartfelt thank goes to my respected supervisor Dr Jeremy Munday for his persistent guidance, invaluable feedback, and patience. He has been a guiding star in every step of my research journey, and I would not have reached my destination without his matchless guidance and selfless help. I would also like to thank Charles Wallace Trust Pakistan whose bursary lessened the financial burden on me, and I was able to concentrate better on my research. I cannot thank my wife Tayyaba Salman enough for standing by me in every thick and thin and motivating me in hours of darkness. Her constant support has kept me going all these years, and I would not have been able to achieve this milestone if she were not there. Thank you very much for everything! Thank you Noor Fatima and Faria for all your love and prayers and making my life complete. Words cannot express my love for you. - iv - Abstract The study conducts an SFL-based stylistic analysis of Urdu short stories written by Manto – an icon in Urdu short story writing – and their corresponding English translations by Tahira Naqvi, Jai Ratan, and Khalid Hasan. Specifically speaking, stylistic profiles are made for the selected literary texts and their English translations, based on which a comparative analysis is drawn to (1) describe how and how successfully the translators render the source text style, and (2) compare the translations with each other to assess the relative success of each translation (i.e. the success of each translation in comparison to other translations) based on the similarities and differences in the translators‘ approaches towards reproducing the source text style. For this evaluative study, SFL, especially the register analysis, is used as an analytical model. Under this approach, the context of culture is explored by conducting a field-and-habitus- based exploration of Manto and his style and the selected short stories, as well as that of the translators and their translations, as far as possible. Results show that, overall, Naqvi follows the ST style closely, whereas Ratan demonstrates a mixed approach by sometimes deviating and sometimes following the ST style and Hasan deviates it from a great extent. Owing to these reasons, we can call Naqvi‘s translation comparatively most successful, Ratan‘s translation less successful than that of Naqvi, and Hasan‘s translation least successful. - v - Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................. ..iii Abstract ....................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................ ixii Abbreviations .......................................................................................... xiiv Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Significance of the Study ................................................................ 3 1.2 Research Questions………….……………………………….………..4 1.3 A Brief Introduction to Next Chapters………………………………….5 Chapter 2 Manto and Translators in Socio-cultural Context ............... ....7 2.1 Theoretical Basis of the Section ..................................................... 7 2.2 Manto in Socio-cultural Context ................................................... 11 2.2.1 Biographical Sketch and Influences .................................. 11 2.2.1.1 Influences as a Child ........................................... 11 2.2.1.2 Later Life Influences………………………………...16 2.2.2 Socio-political and Literary Influences…………………….....18 2.2.2.1 A Brief Look at Manto’s Literary Career…………...18 2.2.2.2 Major Political and Literary Movements….………..20 2.2.3 Manto's Style of Writing according to His Critics…………...26 2.2.3.1 Simple, Conversational Language…………….…..28 2.2.3.2 Brevity (Economy of Words)…………………….….29 2.2.3.3 Meaningless Words……………………………….…30 2.2.3.4 Repetition……………………………………………..30 2.2.3.5 Irony and Satire……………………………………....31 2.2.3.6 Third and First Person Pronouns…………………..31 2.2.3.7 Dialogue-based Stories…………………………......32 2.2.3.8 Free Association of Thought and Stream of Consciousness………………………………………….32 2.2.3.9 Symbolism…………………………………………….33 2.3 Translators in Socio-cultural Context............................................ 33 2.3.1 Jai Ratan ...................................................................... .....34 2.3.2 Khalid Hasan ................................................................ .....35 - vi - 2.3.3 Tahira Naqvi ................................................................. .....38 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework............................................................ 41 3.1 Defining Style......................................................................….…....41 3.2 Style as an Expression of Subject Matter or Central Idea.......…....43 3.3 Primary vs. Implied Meaning.....................................….…..............46 3.4 Study of Style in Translation Studies..................................….…....48 Chapter 4 Model of Analysis…………………………………………………..52 4.1 Model of Analysis Explained ..................................................... ...52 4.1.1 Ideational Meaning………………..…………………………...53 4.1.1.1 Overlapping and Indeterminacy of Processes.…….60 4.1.2 Interpersonal Meaning……………………………..………….63 4.1.2.1 Modal Verbs…………………….…………….……….66 4.1.2.2 Modal Adjuncts……………………………….……….66 4.1.2.3 Modality Comparison of Urdu and English…...…....68 4.1.3 Textual Meaning………………………………….…...…….....72 4.1.3.1 Thematic Structure…………………………………...73 4.1.3.2 The Theme-boundary Controversy…………..…..…76 4.1.3.3 Thematic Comparison of Urdu and English…….…78 4.1.3.3.1 Theme falling in a Postverbial Position.…80 4.1.3.3.2 A Null-theme Perspective…………….......82 4.1.3.3.3 The Case of Interrogative and Subject-less Clauses…………………………..……………...83 4.1.3.3.4 Pre-noun Position of an Interrogative.......83 4.1.3.3.5 Pre-verb Position of an Interrogative........85 4.1.3.3.6 Elision of the Subject………….………......86 4.1.3.4 Cohesion……………………………..……………......87 4.2 Operationalization.…………………………………………..………....90 Chapter 5 Analysis of Toba Tek Singh and Corresponding Translations ............................................................................................................ 93 5.1 Analysis of Toba Tek Singh .......................................................... 93 5.1.1 A Brief Introduction to the Story ......................................... 93 5.1.2 Ideational Metafunction and Transtivity Analysis…………...93 5.1.3 Interpersonal Metafunction…………………………………....97 5.1.3.1 Modality………………………………………………..98 - vii - 5.1.3.2 Formality/Informality…………………………….…..101 5.1.4 Textual Metafunction…………………………………………102 5.1.4.1 Cohesion……………………………………………..102 5.1.4.2 Thematic Structure………………………………….104 5.1.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………….105 5.2 Tahira Naqvi’s Translation of Toba Tek Singh…………………….106 5.2.1 Ideational Metafunction and Transitivity Analysis…………106 5.2.2 Interpersonal Metafunction…………………………………..107 5.2.2.1 Modality………………………………………………107 5.2.2.2 Formality/Informality………………………………...110 5.2.3 Textual Metafunction………………………………………....112 5.2.3.1 Cohesion……………………………………………..112 5.2.3.2 Thematic Structure………………………………….112 5.2.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………….114 5.3 Analysis of Jai Ratan’s Translation of Toba Tek Singh…………..115 5.3.1 Ideational Metafunction and Transitivity Analysis………...115 5.3.2 Interpersonal Metafunction…………………………………..117 5.3.2.1 Modality………………………………………………118 5.3.2.3 Formality/Informality…………………………….….121 5.3.3 Textual Metafunction………………………………………...122 5.3.3.1 Cohesion….…………………………….……………122 5.3.3.2 Thematic Structure…………………….……………122 5.3.4 Conclusion………………………………………………….…123 5.4 Analysis of Khalid Hasan’s Translation of Toba Tek Singh………124 5.4.1 Ideational Metafunction and Transitivity Analysis…………124 5.4.2 Interpersonal Metafunction………………………………….125 5.4.2.1 Modality………………………………………………125 5.4.2.3 Formality/Informality………………………………..129 5.4.3 Textual Metafunction………………………………………...130 5.4.3.1 Cohesion.…………………………………………….130 5.4.3.2 Thematic Structure………………………………….130 5.4.4 Conclusion……………………………………………….……131 Chapter 6 Analysis of Neya Qanoon and Corresponding Translations
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