Editorial Dear Readers, I wish you all “A Very Happy, Prosperous & Knowledgeable New Year” on behalf of ARAI. Engineering colleges & Universities have been springing up like wild mushrooms in India. Their number has gone up from a not too modest 1,511 colleges in 2006-07 to an astoundingly high 3,345 in 2014-15. India’s Higher Education System contributes about 1.5 million engineers and 2.5 million university graduates annually to our workforce. The automotive industry faces a major challenge of finding employable resources. According to the Automotive Mission Plan 2026, the Indian auto industry will be among the top three in the world in terms of engineering, manufacturing and export of vehicles as well as auto components. This will be in line with global standards growing in value to over 12% of India’s GDP and generating an additional 65 million jobs. The Indian automotive industry and academic institutes has work hard to improve quality of students graduating every year. The industry needs to interact more with the academia in order to groom students as prospective employees. Highlighting this issues Autocar Professional, with support from ARAI, organised a day-long seminar on the theme of ‘Industry-Academia Collaboration and India’s Growth’ on 1st December 2015 at ARAI, Pune Campus. The seminar brought together over 100 participants, faculty from various institutions, business people, engineering experts and ongoing & outgoing students from a number of institutions. The seminar featured three presentations followed by panel discussion centered on the barriers to successful industry-academia collaboration, and the critical ingredients of success stories.

Seminar Speakers / Panelist Participants interacting with Panelist Ever increasing demand of moving people and goods is a part of rapid economic growth in emerging economies. The increase in mobility and economic growth has triggered the boom in the number and use of motor vehicles, Motor vehicles are emerging as major source of urban air pollution. The extent of automotive emission has the attention of all stake holders such as vehicle & component manufacturers, regulators, NGOs and end users due to its impact on environment and business. ARAI conducted a PIP on “Evolution of Emission Control in India: From BS I to BS VI”on 4th December 2015, which discussed on new draft regulations and current pathways available to mitigate the automotive emission. This programme also covered the evolution of emission norms and associated technological changes in India covering the categories of two, three and four Wheelers. At the technology front, the following Proficiency Improvement Programmes (PIPs) are scheduled atARAI, Pune: l 5 Day PIP on “Engine Electronics & Management System” from 11th to 15th January 2016 at ARAI, Pune l 5 Day PIP on “Engine Emission & Control” from 18th to 22nd January 2016 at ARAI, Pune in association with ECMA l 5 Day PIP on “Automotive Functional Safety” from 15th to 19th February 2016 at ARAI, Pune l 3 Day PIP on “Electrochemistry Simulation for Automotive” from 23rd to 25th February 2016 at ARAI, Pune in association with COMSOL & SAEINDIA Western Section. l 5 Day PIP on “Advanced Material and Processing” from 7th to 11th March 2016 at ARAI-FID, Chakan. l 5 Day PIP on “Hybrid Drives, Traction & Controls” from 4th to 8th April 2016 at ARAI, Pune. l 5 Day PIP on “Engine Design & Development” from 25th to 29th April 2016 at ARAI, Pune. For more details of programmes, visit ARAI website www.araiindia.com. Please feel free to contact me with your valuable suggestions at [email protected]. Dr. K. C. Vora Sr. Deputy Director & Head, ARAI Academy, Vice President, SAEINDIA

Knowledge­ Centre 1 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 ISSN 0970-7115 Regn. No. 31362/75 Vol. 42, No. 1 January 2016

Printed and Published Monthly Computational Fluid Dynamics...... 05 by Knowledge Centre, Driver Assistance Systems...... 05 The Automotive Research Association of India. DriveTrain...... 07 Electric & Hybrid Vehicles...... 07 Gives abstracts of articles Electronics and Instrumentation...... 09 published in National and International periodicals Engine Mounts...... 10 covering worldwide literature Finite Element Analysis...... 10 on automotive subjects. Intellegent Transport System...... 11 Enquiries may be addressed to - Noise Vibration and Harshness...... 11 Knowledge Centre Safety...... 12 The Automotive Research Suspension Systems...... 15 Association of India Tyre...... 16 Post Box No. 832, Pune 411 004, India Vehicle Design and Analysis...... 16 Vehicle Dynamics...... 16 Annual Subscription : Technoscan ...... 21 In-land : Rs.2500/- for print + e-version Autonews ...... 24 Overseas : US $ 90 for e-version IPR Scan ...... 28 Demand Draft / Cheques are to Book Review ...... 30 be drawn in favour of: Forthcoming Events ...... 31 The Automotive Research Knowledge Centre Membership Details (Option 1) ...... 38 Association of India Knowledge Centre Membership Details (Option 2)...... 38 Knowledge Centre Membership Form (Option 1) ...... 39 Disclaimer: Application form for Deposit Account Scheme ...... 39 This publication has been published for providing updates on the latest events and Automotive Abstracts Subscription form...... 40 happenings in the automotive industry and Feedback Form for Automotive Abstracts ...... 40 the patent applications being filed in this regard. However, it is clarified that details Editor : Dr. K. C. Vora, Sr. Deputy Director & Head, ARAI Academy w.r.t. the patent applications are derived Published by : Mrs. Rashmi Urdhwareshe, Director, ARAI from the public domain. ARAI does not Regd. Office : Survey No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off. Paud Road, Kothrud, have any right, title or interest in the said Pune - 411 038. India Tel.: +91 - 020 - 30231111, Fax : 020 - 30231104 patent, unless specified. This publication E-mail : [email protected] is for academic and educational purpose [email protected] only. ARAI does not intend to derive any Declaration No. : PHM/SR/95/2000 dt. 13-04-2000 commercial benefit from this. Visit us at http://www.araiindia.com

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Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 2 ­Knowledge Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

ARAI ACADEMY ARAI ACADEMY

5 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme 5 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme Engine Emission Automotive Functional & Control Safety

SAVE THE DATE New Training SAVE THE DATE New Training Programme Programme 18th - 22nd January 2016 15th - 19th Feb 2015 ARAI, Pune ARAI, Pune

In today’s competitive world, the automotive industries have faced inevitable challenge of vehicles to confirm strict emission norms. For this, research institutes like ARAI, Emission Software and microelectronics have become key Control Experts, After Treatment Device Manufacturers and differentiating factor in today’s automobile design & OEMs have done extensive work for controlling emissions. In development. With the rising role of electronics in multiple order to confirm the strict emission norms, engineers should systems & subsystems within an automobile, functional be updated with the latest technologies for engine emission safety has increasingly become a critical aspect of overall control. automobile product design & development. The standard This programme has been designed for the automotive ISO 26262 “Road Vehicles- Functional Safety” is expected to professional, to understand crucial role of powertrain, play a crucial role in the automotive value chain. emission control devices and optimization in emission control. Please join us to understand & apply Automotive Functional Safety. This programme is open for: This programme is open for: n Industry professionals n Teaching professionals n Industry professionals n Teaching professionals n Engineering students n Engineering students

Registration fees Total Fees including Registration fees Total Fees including Category (Rs) Per Participant Tax of 14% per Category (Rs) Per Participant Tax of 14% per Participant Participant Engineers & Professionals 25,000 28,625 Engineers & Professionals 25,000 28,625 Teaching Faculty 15,000 17,175 Teaching Faculty 15,000 17,175 Students 10,000 11,450 Students 10,000 11,450

Contact for More Details & Registration Contact for More Details & Registration Mrs. Deepali Morgaonkar on 020-30231248/1239/1245 Mrs. Deepali Morgaonkar on 020-30231248/1239/1245 Email ID: [email protected] Email ID: [email protected]

Knowledge­ Centre 3 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS ILLUSTRATION ARAI ACADEMY Following is an example of 5 Day Proficiency Improvement Programme how to Read the abstract

Advanced Materials & Subject Title Computational Fluid Dynamics

Processing Abstract No. 2016 A 01

SAVE THE DATE Title Study of Air-cushion System Modelling th th New Training for Semi-track Air-cushion Vehicle 07 – 11 March 2016 Programme Body Attitude Control ARAI, FID-Chakan, Pune Author Dong Xie et al

Source International Journal of Vehicle Design Vol.66, No.1, 2014 p1 (19 P, 6 Figs)

Abstract To investigate the body attitude control for a semi-track air-cushion vehicle (STACV), a multi-air-cushions design scheme is adopted. Based on the experimental The aim of the module is to elaborate Automotive Materials study of the developed single air-cushion with particular emphasis on weight, costs and performance. (1-AC) STACV prototype along with its There are number of advances being made in the design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) manufacturing and implementation of advanced materials like polymers, plastics, composites, ceramics, carbon simulation, a two air-cushions (2-AC) fiber, rubber, elastomers, aluminium, magnesium, titanium, configuration with controllable orifice compacted graphite iron, chilled cast iron, micro alloyed steel valves is mainly examined for the pitch and other alloys. These modules will consider both currently control of the STACV in this paper. Firstly, used and emerging material types and their applications. the relationships among the input air total The current automotive industry faces numerous challenges, pressure, the air-cushion forces, and air- including increased global competition, more stringent cushion system related parameters are environmental & safety requirements, the need for higher performance & cost effectiveness. The materials used and its obtained according to the relevant testing manufacturing processes plays key role in addressing these and CFD simulations from the 1-AC issues. system. Then, the relationships among Automotive materials are one of the effective measures the controllable orifice valve diameters, to reduce fuel consumption and emission by reducing fan rotational speed and generated air- automobile weight by use of high strength and low density cushion pressures of the 2-AC system are materials. acquired using CFD simulations. Finally, This programme is open for: n Industry professionals n Teaching professionals the forward and reverse air-cushion n Engineering students system models are established by neural

Registration fees Total Fees including network. This method can be used as a Category (Rs) Per Participant Tax of 14% per reference in future body attitude control of Participant Abstracted By the STACV with more air-cushions (AUTH) Engineers & Professionals 25,000 28,625 Keywords Keywords: STACV; semi-track air Teaching Faculty 15,000 17,175 cushion vehicles; air Students 10,000 11,450 cushion system modelling; Contact for More Details & Registration CFD; computational fluid Mr. N. A. Deshmukh / Mr. N. A. Sakle on 02135-679 961 / 62 dynamics; neural networks; Email ID : [email protected]; nadeshmukh.fid@ Claims for “Non-Receipt” of issues should be sent within three months of araiindia.com; [email protected] the issue date to [email protected] & [email protected].

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 4 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Computational Fluid Dynamics presents the development and implementation of a rear- end collision avoidance system which consists of novel 2016 A 01 linear threat assessment, projected escape path planning with non-zero initial condition, reference generation Study of Air-cushion System Modelling for Semi- and linear path control by an electric steering actuator track Air-cushion Vehicle Body Attitude Control using dynamic inversion. The linear threat assessment Dong Xie et al continuously calculates threat metrics associated with collision avoidance by either steering or braking. The International Journal of Vehicle Design escape path planner continuously estimates a path Vol.66, No.1, 2014 p1 with constraints on the peak lateral acceleration and (19 P, 6 Figs) the required lateral deviation. The reference generator To investigate the body attitude control for a semi- then estimates the states for avoidance according to track air-cushion vehicle (STACV), a multi-air-cushions the available friction. Linear state feedback control is design scheme is adopted. Based on the experimental applied for path following to avoid a collision in both study of the developed single air-cushion (1-AC) straight-road scenarios and curved-road scenarios. The STACV prototype along with its computational fluid proposed approach is evaluated in simulations, and in dynamics (CFD) simulation, a two air-cushions (2-AC) practice on a C-segment Ford vehicle. A user-related configuration with controllable orifice valves is mainly assessment about the usefulness and satisfaction is examined for the pitch control of the STACV in this included to conclude the paper (AUTH) paper. Firstly, the relationships among the input air Keywords: Collision avoidance, vehicle control, path total pressure, the air-cushion forces, and air-cushion planning, threat assessment, autonomous system related parameters are obtained according to vehicle the relevant testing and CFD simulations from the 1-AC system. Then, the relationships among the controllable 2016 A 03 orifice valve diameters, fan rotational speed and Comparative Study of Autonomous Path-following generated air-cushion pressures of the 2-AC system are Vehicle Control via Model Predictive Control and acquired using CFD simulations. Finally, the forward and Linear Quadratic Control reverse air-cushion system models are established by neural network. This method can be used as a reference Fitri Yakub and Yasuchika Mori in future body attitude control of the STACV with more Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering air-cushions (AUTH) Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1695 Keywords: STACV; semi-track air cushion vehicles; (20 P, 18 Figs, 6 Tables) air cushion system modelling; CFD; computational fluid dynamics; neural This paper describes a comparative study of steering and networks; vehicle body attitude control; yaw moment control manoeuvres in the model predictive simulation. control and linear quadratic control approaches for path-following control of an autonomous vehicle. We Driver Assistance Systems present the effectiveness of the model predictive control and linear quadratic control approaches for stability 2016 A 02 control of the vehicle’s lateral position and yaw angle for Autonomous Rear-end Collision Avoidance using different control manoeuvres: two-wheel steering, four- an Electric Power Steering System wheel steering and direct yaw moment control. We then propose model predictive control with a feedforward Jitendra Shah et al controller to minimize the tracking errors of the lateral Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering position and the yaw angle in an active front steering Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1638 manoeuvre, and these are compared with the results from (18 P, 21 Figs, 4 Tables) linear quadratic control that has a feedforward controller. Model predictive control is designed on the basis of the A step towards fully autonomous vehicles can be simple yaw–lateral motions of a single-track vehicle with achieved by autonomous collision avoidance. This paper a linear tyre model (i.e. a bicycle model), which is an

Knowledge­ Centre 5 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS approximation of the more realistic model of a vehicle driver. The developed control strategies are evaluated with double-track yaw–roll motion with a non-linear tyre using computer simulations and driving simulator model (i.e. the Pacejka model). The linear quadratic experiments. The results indicate that the designed controller is designed on the basis of the same approach control strategy modifications provide the expected as adopted for the model predictive controller to achieve functions both in simulations and in experiments, and a fair comparison. On the basis of a given trajectory, we the sliding-mode controller successfully regulates simulate the manoeuvre of the vehicle at a low speed, the inter-vehicle range under unknown disturbances. a middle speed and a high speed because load transfer Experiments with the driving simulator also show that effects will influence the roll dynamics especially ata alert drivers accept the design modifications with fewer high speed. We also perform simulations on low-road- instants of gas pedal intervention and do not interfere friction surfaces in a double-lane-change scenario with with the brake control during stopping (AUTH) the aim of following the desired trajectory as closely Keywords: DOACC; driver-oriented ACC; adaptive as possible while maintaining the vehicle stability. The cruise control; driving simulator; vehicle simulation results show that model predictive control longitudinal control; vehicle control; vehicle through two-wheel steering and four-wheel steering with design; driver drowsy index; online driver direct yaw moment control performed better in terms of monitoring; online monitoring; sliding mode trajectory tracking at a high forward speed and low road control; SMC; vehicle dynamics; driver surface variation. The proposed model predictive control fatigue; vehicle safety; simulation. with a feedforward controller is shown to be effective in minimizing the trajectory tracking errors. For all control 2016 A 05 manoeuvres, model predictive control gives a better Probabilistic Lane Detection and Lane Tracking for tracking performance than linear quadratic control does. Autonomous Vehicles using a Cascade Particle In addition, when the roll dynamics are considered, Filter model predictive control significantly improves the vehicle stability and the trajectory along the desired path Minchae Lee et al (AUTH) Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Keywords: Autonomous vehicle, model predictive Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1656 control, linear quadratic control, path- (16 P, 17 Figs, 2 Tables) following control, feedforward controller, manoeuvre control This paper proposes a robust lane detection algorithm with a cascade particle filter that incorporates a model 2016 A 04 decomposition approach. Despite the sophisticated tracking mechanism of a particle filter, the conventional Investigation of a Driver-oriented Adaptive Cruise particle-filter-based lane detection system suffers Control System from an estimation accuracy problem and a high Liang-kuang Chen et al computational load. In order to improve the robustness International Journal of Vehicle Design and the computation time for lane detection systems, Vol.66, No.1, 2014 p20 the proposed cascade particle filter decomposes a lane (22 P, 16 Figs, 1 Table) model into two submodels: a straight model and a curve model. By dividing the lane model, not only can the The driver-oriented adaptive cruise control (DOACC) computation time be decreased, but also the accuracy is developed using the driver drowsy index assessed of the lane state estimation system can be increased. by an online driver monitoring system. The longitudinal The proposed lane detection algorithm and the cascade control of the adaptive cruise control (ACC) functions is particle filter were evaluated on various roads and designed using the sliding-mode control technique to environmental conditions with the autonomous vehicle address the unknown disturbance force in the vehicle A1, which was the winner of the 2010 and 2012 longitudinal dynamics. The ACC system parameters are Autonomous Vehicle Competition in the Republic of modified according to the instant driver drowsy index to Korea organized by the Hyundai motor group. The allow safer vehicle range keeping for a more fatigued proposed algorithm proved to be sufficiently robust and driver, and a less conservative control for a less fatigued fast to be applied to autonomous vehicles as well as

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 6 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS to intelligent vehicles for improving the vehicle safety This paper presents a novel analytic method for (AUTH) determining the optimal battery capacity for plug-in Keywords: Lane detection, cascade particle filtering, hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) from an economical tracking, autonomous vehicle point of view. Owing to its analytic structure, this generic approach allows a fast parametrisation and evaluation DriveTrain of different influences on the optimal battery capacity. It is shown how this approach can be parametrised 2016 A 06 and the sensitivity of the optimal battery capacity to Analytical and Experimental Study on the Sliding different influences is evaluated (battery and energy Contact of the Sealing Ring in the Wet Clutch prices, battery degradation, cabin climatisation, engine efficiency and usable waste heat). The results and the Ran Gong et al presented adaption of this approach to an ecological Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering optimisation of the battery capacity in terms of life cycle Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1628 carbon dioxide emissions illustrate the potential of this (10 P, 8 Figs, 1 Table) novel approach (AUTH) Keywords: PHEVs, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, Sealing rings in the wet clutch of heavy vehicles are REEVs, range extended electric vehicles, vulnerable and weak. A key issue in designing and battery sizing, climatisation demand, applying sealing rings is predicting the state of the seal battery degradation, life cycle carbon contact quickly and accurately. A mixed-lubrication emissions, CO2, carbon dioxide, user model of the sealing ring is developed on the basis behaviour, power demand, optimal battery of the load-sharing concept. A theoretical model is capacity, vehicle cabin climatisation, proposed to estimate the hydrodynamic and asperity engine efficiency, usable waste heat reuse, contact behaviour of the sealing ring. The friction vehicle emissions. coefficients are calculated and compared under different operating conditions. The results cover the entire 2016 A 08 lubrication regime, i ncluding full-film lubrication, mixed Effect of the Unbalanced Vertical force of a Switched lubrication and boundary lubrication. Experiments are Reluctance Motor on the Stability and the Comfort conducted on a special test rig for sealing rings. General of an In-wheel Motor Electric Vehicle agreement is observed between the experiments and the simulations. The proposed method is simple Yan-yang Wang et al but realistic and significantly improves the simulation Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering efficiency. Designing the sealing ring quickly and Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1569 accurately benefits the transmission system of heavy (16 P, 17 Figs, 6 Tables) vehicles (AUTH) Keywords: Wet clutch, sealing ring, mixed lubrication, Switched reluctance motors are well suited to in- rough surface, sliding contact wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles because of their numerous advantages, such as a high torque density, Electric & Hybrid Vehicles a high operating efficiency and excellent power– speed characteristics. However, these advantages 2016 A 07 are overshadowed by their inherent high torque ripple Economical Approach for Sizing a Battery in Plug-in and vibrations. The unbalanced radial force of the Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Statistical User switched reluctance motor is one of the main reasons Behaviour and Power Demand for Climatisation for vibrations of the switched reluctance motor but has attracted less attention for in-wheel motor applications Jörg Gissing et al according to previous research. In this paper, the vertical International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles component of the residual unbalanced radial force of the Vol.7, No.1, 2015, p62 switched reluctance motor, i.e. the vertical force of the (20 P, 13 Figs, 3 Tables) switched reluctance motor, is taken into account in the

Knowledge­ Centre 7 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS stability and comfort analysis for in-wheel-motor-driven range still remains the main disadvantage, followed by electric vehicles. The results in this paper indicate that the high purchase price. Surprisingly, consumers with a the vertical force of the switched reluctance motor has more positive attitude attached more importance to the a great effect on the lateral and anti-rollover stabilities higher purchase price. The willingness to purchase an of the vehicle. The direct cause of this phenomenon is EV is in some way related to someone’s attitude: the that the vertical force of the switched reluctance motor more positive, the sooner one is willing to purchase an is directly applied on the wheels, which will result in a EV (AUTH) significant variation in the tyre load, and the tyre can Keywords: Electric vehicles, living lab, consumer easily jump off the ground. Furthermore, the frequency attitudes, consumer perceptions, purchase of the vertical force of the switched reluctance motor intention, vehicle purchasing, electric covers a wide bandwidth which involves the resonance mobility, willingness to buy. frequencies of the vehicle body’s vibrations and the wheel bounce. As a result, the comfort of the vehicle is 2016 A 10 greatly harmed. Therefore, the effect of the vertical force Fuzzy Controlled Evaporative Battery Thermal of the switched reluctance motor on the the comfort Management System for EV/HEV of the vehicle is also considerable in some resonance situations. The conclusion is that the vertical force of the Ataur Rahman et al switched reluctance motor not only causes the stability International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles of the vehicle to deteriorate but also has a considerable Vol.7, No.1, 2015, p22 effect on the the comfort of the vehicle, and an (17 P, 8 Figs, 1 Table) appropriate control method for the switched reluctance motor is desired (AUTH) Electrical car battery voltage changes significantly to Keywords: Electric vehicle, stability, switch reluctance meet the power demands while the car is in acceleration motor, in-wheel drive system, residual and at the time of momentary peak load. The peak load unbalanced radial force periods generate powerful electrical currents, causing significant warming of the Li-ion cells owing to internal 2016 A 09 resistance. At a battery operating temperature of 40°C Electric Vehicle Attitudes and Purchase Intention: a and above, the battery life span is reduced. The rationale Flemish Case Study of this study is to develop an innovative evaporative battery cooling thermal management system (EC- S Heyvaert et al BThMS) to control the battery temperature in the range International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles of 20-40°C to increase the battery life span. The EC- Vol.7, No.1, 2015, p83 BThMS is able to control the battery temperature in the (17 P, 8 Figs, 3 Tables) range of 20-40°C both in charging and discharging mode. The experimental EC-BThMS has been constructed and Why are electric vehicles not yet visible in our streets? compared with air cooling battery thermal management Several studies focus on the consumer and his systems (AC-BThMS) by using Proton Saga EV. Result perception. It is only recently researchers are taking into shows that that the EV with EC-BThMS can save 17.69% account whether the consumer actually drove an EV. A more energy than with AC-BThM1 and 23% more than living lab forms the ideal environment to question test with AC-BThMS2 (AUTH) users about their perception after a 10 weeks EV testing Keywords: HEVs, EVs, hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid trial. Overall, the respondents had a moderate positive vehicles, battery thermal management, attitude towards electric mobility. They confirm that the low fuzzy control, battery cells, battery voltage cost per kilometre, environmental friendliness and home changes, battery lifetime, evaporative charging are important advantages. Consumers with cooling, battery cooling, battery a more positive attitude experience the environmental temperature. character as a bigger advantage. The limited electric

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 8 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

2016 A 11 Battery electric vehicles are crucial to the reduction in the dependence on fossil fuels and for moving towards Investigation of the Energy Management and a zero-emission transport system. Although battery Powertrain Systems Effects on Hybrid Vehicle electric vehicle technology has been rapidly improving, Performance the limited driving range and the high cost are significant Morteza Montazeri-Gh and Mehdi Mahmoodi-k impediments to the popularity of electric vehicles. The battery is the main element which affects the range and International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles the cost of the vehicle. The batteries can provide either Vol.7, No.1, 2015, p40 high power or high energy but not both. Hybridisation of (21 P, 8 Figs, 2 Tables) the energy source is one of the methods to improve the

energy efficiency of the vehicle, which involves combining Reduction of greenhouse gas emission and fuel a high-energy battery with a high-power source. High- consumption is one of the main goals of automotive speed flywheels have attractive properties and low- industry leading to the development of hybrid vehicles. cost potential which makes them excellent secondary Energy management, energy storage and transmission energy storage devices to be used in hybrid and electric systems are the significant factors that affect hybrid vehicles. They are utilised to load the battery to a level vehicle performance. In this paper different powertrain so as to protect it from peak loads and to enhance its system component combinations effects are investigated capacity and life. The flywheel is coupled to the drive line on fuel consumption, air pollution and performance of with a continuously variable transmission. This paper hybrid vehicles in various driving cycles. Results are presents the optimal energy management strategy for compared in different traffic conditions, such as a newly a mechanically connected flywheel-assisted battery established Teh-car, NEDC and FTP driving cycles. electric vehicle powertrain. The optimisation problem is Hybrid vehicle simulation results are compared for complex because of factors such as the small storage various transmission and energy storage systems by capacity of the flywheel, the kinematic constraints using ADVISOR. Results indicate the effectiveness of and the slipping of clutches. Dynamic programming is proposed controller over real world driving cycles. Also, used to calculate the optimal control strategy for torque the optimal powertrain configuration which improves fuel distribution during operation in real-world driving cycles. and emissions efficiency is proposed for each driving The results show significant potential for reduction in the condition. Finally, the effects of batteries’ initial state of energy consumption in extra-urban and highway cycles, charge are investigated on hybrid vehicle performance while reducing the peak battery loads during all cycles. to evaluate fuel consumption and emissions (AUTH) The results give a benchmark of the energy-saving Keywords: Hybrid vehicles, energy management, potential for such a powertrain and insights into how a powertrain systems, hybrid electric vehicles, real suboptimal controller can be designed (AUTH) HEVs, vehicle transmission, energy storage system, fuzzy logic controllers, Keywords: Flywheel, battery electric vehicle, energy FLCs, fuzzy control, fuel consumption, management, dynamic programming, vehicle emissions, greenhouse gases, hybrid vehicle GHG emissions, air pollution, vehicle Electronics and Instrumentation performance, simulation, initial SoC, battery state of charge. 2016 A 13

2016 A 12 Design and Optimization of a Self-decoupled Six- axis Wheel force Transducer for a Heavy Truck Optimal Energy Management for a Flywheel-assisted Battery Electric Vehicle Lihang Feng et al Aditya Dhand and Keith Pullen Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1585 Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering (26 P, 19 Figs, 8 Tables) Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1672 (11 P, 8 Figs, 1 Table) A wheel force transducer is a vital instrument in the vehicle- testing field which provides a means for determining

Knowledge­ Centre 9 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS experimentally the forces and the moments transmitted to a vehicle through the tyre contact patch. However, Engine Mounts existing wheel force transducers are almost commercial 2016 A 14 products. They are expensive and, for business reasons, technical information is not made public. This slows Advanced Semi-active Engine and Transmission down the development of the wheel force transducer Mounts: Tools for Modelling, Analysis, Design, and itself to a certain extent. Moreover, research studies on Tuning the wheel force transducer mainly focus on utilization Farjoud Alireza et al of this tool for vehicle simulations, traction control and anti-lock braking evaluation as it provides information on Vehicle System Dynamics the characteristics, the performance and the limitations Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p218 of the vehicle. From the perspective of the sensor itself, (26 P, 29 Figs, 1 Table) although improvement in the transducer accuracy and This paper is focused on modelling, design, and testing information extraction using signal-processing methods of semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) engine and have been successfully developed in the literature, few transmission mounts used in the automotive industry. investigations on the design of the wheel force transducer The purpose is to develop a complete analysis, have been reported yet. Accordingly, a general synthesis, design, and tuning tool that reduces the need design and optimization procedure for the wheel force for expensive and time-consuming laboratory and field transducer with a practical case study will be of great tests. A detailed mathematical model of such devices significance. Since technical difficulties, admittedly, are is developed using multi-physics modelling techniques primarily about the issues of how to design and optimize for physical systems with various energy domains. the transducer, in this paper a new self-decoupled six- The model includes all major features of an MR mount axis wheel force transducer for a heavy truck is designed including fluid dynamics, fluid track, elastic components, and fabricated. An easy-to-understand design procedure decoupler, rate-dip, gas-charged chamber, MR fluid is highlighted mainly including the conceptual design rheology, magnetic circuit, electronic driver, and control with the aims of a universal-purpose self-decoupled algorithm. Conventional passive hydraulic mounts can transducer with an eight-spoke structure, an optimization also be studied using the same mathematical model. design which depends on the proposed comprehensive The model is validated using standard experimental performance criteria in the computer-aided procedure, procedures. It is used for design and parametric study and a collectivity design focus on the mechatronics of mounts; effects of various geometric and material assembly for a heavy-truck application. Finally, the parameters on dynamic response of mounts can be wheel force transducer is manufactured, calibrated and studied. Additionally, this model can be used to test tested. The results show that the mean errors of the various control strategies to obtain best vibration six-axis forces are about 3% of the full scale with 1% isolation performance by tuning control parameters. non-linearity, 0.5% repeatability and 1% hysteresis for Another benefit of this work is that nonlinear interactions the sensor only, that there are increased mean values between sub-components of the mount can be observed of about 2% non-linearity, 1% repeatability and 1.4% for and investigated. This is not possible by using simplified a certain tyre assembly and that the observed dynamic linear models currently available (AUTH) response is about 2.5–3.5?ms. Both the self-decoupled characteristics and the sensor performance are verified Keywords: Multi-physics modelling, noise vibration to meet the design and optimization, and the transducer and harshness, semi-active systems, smart with a real-time wheel force output is also confirmed by and intelligent materials, vehicle handling, vehicle suspension road tests (AUTH) Keywords: Wheel force transducer, multi-axis force Finite Element Analysis sensors, self-decoupled transducer, vehicle wheels, vehicle tyres, heavy-duty 2016 A 15 vehicles Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Investigations of the Back Case of a Transmission with a Central Brake

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 10 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Yuanlong Wang and Liangmo Wang noise test (HINT) using a jury of 30 participants in a driving simulation created by Samardzic et al. (2012). Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Different configurations of the talker and the listener and Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1611 vehicle operating conditions were also considered. The (17 P, 25 Figs, 8 Tables) SII values evaluated at the sSRT and the associated statistical variability presented in this study provide a Because of limitations in the vehicle layout, a central benchmark for future evaluation of in-vehicle speech brake system was installed directly on the transmission’s intelligibility (AUTH) back case of a certain type of medium-size truck. Under the condition of emergency braking, the back Keywords: in-vehicle speech intelligibility; speech case easily fails because of the large braking torque. intelligibility evaluation; speech intelligibility In this paper, a method of structure improvement, finite index; SII; statistical variability; normal element analysis and experimental investigations of the listeners; hearing impaired listeners; multi- transmission’s back case was proposed. Two improved sensory perception; hearing impairment; speech signals; simulation. designs of the back case are discussed. The finite element analysis results indicated that the improved 2016 A 17 back case was capable of bearing the maximum braking torque, which was also verified by vehicle road tests and An Electro-Mobility System for Freight Service in torque tests. The modal analysis results implied that the Urban Areas lowest free modal frequency of the improved back case Rezia Molfino et al was increased and far away from the engine excitation frequency. In addition, the first-order constrained modal International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles frequency was also greater than the gear meshing Vol.7, No.1, 2015, p1 frequency. The overall results implied that the improved (20 P, 16 Figs, 5 Tables) design of the transmission’s back case was applicable under normal conditions, and the proposed method was The paper introduces the problem of reducing impact sufficiently accurate for wide use (AUTH) of freight service trips in urban areas and presents the main design objectives, requirements, and steps of Keywords: Transmission’s back case, central brake, a new fully electric vehicle able to autonomously load finite element analysis, modal analysis and unload palletised or boxed freights. The subject Intellegent Transport System is described under a multidisciplinary point of view integrating the mechatronic design, the efficient power 2016 A 16 supply system, the intelligent mobility control modules, the strategy for freight delivery planning, through a fleet A Novel Method for In-vehicle Speech Intelligibility of these vehicles, based on economic and behavioural Evaluation and Statistical Variability Analysis modelling (AUTH) Nikolina Samardzic and Colin Novak Keywords: Electric vehicles, sustainable freight International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration services, service trips, freight delivery Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015, p114 planning, urban areas, intelligent mobility (19 P, 6 Figs, 1 Table) control, electro-mobility systems, boxed freight, palletised freight, freight loading, freight unloading, mechatronic design, A novel method for evaluating in-vehicle speech behavioural modelling, economic intelligibility is proposed using the speech intelligibility modelling. index (SII) based on measured speech signal, evaluated at the sentence speech reception threshold (sSRT) in a Noise Vibration and Harshness simulated driving environment. The statistical variability was quantified by considering the hearing ability of 2016 A 18 normal hearing individuals and the influence of multi- Influence of Postures and Vibration Magnitude on sensory perception on the in-vehicle speech intelligibility. Seat-to-head Transmissibility during Uniaxial Whole The sSRT values were obtained from the hearing in Body Vibration Exposure

Knowledge­ Centre 11 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Vikas Kumar and V H Saran conditions. The test stand is equipped with three dynamometers; the input dynamometer serves as internal International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration combustion engine, the output dynamometers introduce Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015, p149 the load on the flanges of output joint shafts. The pitting (16 P, 11 Figs, 1 Table) defect is manufactured on the one tooth side of the fifth speed pinion on the output shaft. The procedures are Prior understanding of the dynamic behaviour of illustrated with the experimental vibration data of real the human body in the vibrating environment is very vehicle gearbox. The results show the effectiveness of important for the vehicle system design. Majority of the autocorrelation analysis for detection and diagnosis of past studies have paid attention to the vertical vibration the gear condition under different operating conditions exposure and human body in seated postures without (AUTH) backrest support. In the present work, the seat-to- head transmissibility was studied for the test subjects Keywords: gear fault diagnosis; gear pitting; vehicle in four seated postures under the Gaussian random gearboxes; vibration measurement; vehicle vibration exposure in the three independent translational vibration; autocorrelation analysis; pitting directions. The experiments were performed on ten defects; fault detection. healthy male subjects by exposing them to 0.5, 1.0, and Safety 1.5 m/s2 rms vibration magnitude of random vibration in the 0.5-20 Hz frequency range. The vertical backrest 2016 A 20 support increases the seat-to-head transmissibility during the vertical and fore-and-aft vibration exposure Application of Viability Theory for Road Vehicle at all levels of vibration magnitude. The nonlinear effects Active Safety during Cornering Manoeuvres of vibration magnitude on seat-to-head transmissibility Vandanjon P O et al are found during the vertical and fore-and-aft vibration exposure (AUTH) Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p244 Keywords: whole body vibration; biodynamics; (17 P, 7 Figs, 3 Tables) vehicle backrests; fore-and-aft vibration; lateral vibration; vertical vibration; vehicle Viability theory proposes geometric metaphors in vibration; posture; vibration magnitude; addition to classical ordinary differential equation seat-to-head transmissibility; vibration analysis. In this paper, advantages of applying viability exposure; seated postures. theory to road safety domain are presented. The exact issue is to determine if, from an initial state of a 2016 A 19 vehicle/road/driver system, a soft controls strategy is Value of Autocorrelation Analysis in Vehicle Gearbox compatible with a safe driving sequence. The case of Fault Diagnosis a car negotiating a curve is considered. The application of the viability theory to this issue offers the advantage Mohamed El Morsy and Gabriela Achtenová to avoid classical full computing of the system. Instead International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration of that, it consists on verifying that the states and the Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015, p165 controls belong to a subset called the viability kernel. (20 P, 10 Figs, 3 Tables) The construction and the use of the viability kernel for a vehicle system dynamic is proposed by using support This article presents value of autocorrelation analysis vector machines algorithm. Then, the applicability of this in vehicle gearbox fault diagnosis. Autocorrelation theory is demonstrated through experimental tests. This algorithm is a mathematical tool for finding repetitive innovative application of the viability theory to vehicle patterns, such as finding the presence of a periodic dynamics with road safety concerns could benefit to signal which has been buried under noise or identifying robust embedded warning systems (AUTH) the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied Keywords: Calm driving, dynamic model, experimental by its harmonic frequencies. The paper intends to apply tests, road safety, smooth control, viability the autocorrelation analysis for detection of an artificial theory pitting defect in vehicle gearbox at different operation

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 12 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

2016 A 21 2016 A 22 Estimating the Crash Responses of a Vehicle from Evaluation of the Vehicle/Safety Barrier/Sign the other size Vehicle Tested Support Interaction by means of FEM Simulations Man-Gi Koa et al Francesca La Torrea et al International Journal of Crashworthiness International Journal of Crashworthiness Vol 20, No 2, 2015, p165 Vol 20, No 2, 2015, p123 (12 P, 8 Figs, 4 Tables) (11 P, 11 Figs, 2 Tables) In the evaluation of crashworthiness of roadside safety This paper deals with the evaluation of the interaction features, full-scale impact tests are generally required between a safety barrier and a variable message sign according to the established test protocols. Since the (VMS) that is placed very close to the carriageways tests are expensive, it is useful to predict the crash in order to reduce the length of the arm above the responses of a vehicle from the other size test vehicles. carriageways. The two issues addressed are the This concept was used in the Manual for Assessing structural response of the VMS, in order to ensure that Safety Hardware (MASH) of American Association of the structure will not fail under the impact of a heavy State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) goods vehicle (HGV), and the effects of the secondary to decide whether mid-size vehicle tests are necessary impact that occurs when the barrier or the vehicle hits for an attenuator system design in addition to the small the VMS structure. These issues have been analysed car and pickup truck tests. The general applicability of both in terms of overall performance of the barrier and this procedure in the estimation of impact responses of the resulting effects on the HGV itself. As a result, of one vehicle from the tested vehicle is studied using the minimum distance between the front of the barrier the crash test data of 11 crash cushions tested by the and the VMS support structure that will enable to have Korea Expressway Corporation Research Institute a performance fully compatible with the requirements of (KECRI). Each of the 11 crash cushions has two sets EN1317-2:2010 has been defined for a specific barrier/ of test data from 1.3 and 0.9 ton vehicles tested with VMS system (AUTH) an impact speed of 80 or 100 km/h depending on the Keywords: FEM simulations, crash test, interaction class of each system. Using the procedure, for each of between safety barriers and fixed structures the 11 systems, 1.3 ton crash data were transformed into the 0.9 ton crash data, then the estimated 0.9 ton 2016 A 23 crash data were compared with the 0.9 ton test data. It was found that the crash data predictions deviated from Gabions: Evaluation of Potential as Low-Cost the test data, leading to overly conservative estimation Roadside Barriers of safety risk factors. The procedure was also found Giuseppina Amatoa et al inapplicable in estimating crash data of a large vehicle International Journal of Crashworthiness (1.3 ton) from the test data of a small vehicle (0.9 ton). Vol 20, No 1, 2015, p12 New procedure to estimate the crash data of a vehicle (15 P, 16 Figs, 4 Tables) from the test vehicle regardless of their relative mass size was developed and the method was validated using This paper evaluates the potential of gabions as the crash test data of 11 different crash cushions. In the roadside safety barriers. Gabions have the capacity new procedure developed, pivoting the velocity trace of to blend into natural landscape, suggesting that they test vehicle was utilised. The new procedure showed could be used as a safety barrier for low-volume road in favourable results in estimating the crash data of a scenic environments. In fact, gabions have already been small vehicle (0.9 ton) from the crash data of a large used for this purpose in Nepal, but the impact response test vehicle (1.3 ton). It can also be applied in reverse was not evaluated. This paper reports on numerical case estimation where the predicting vehicle (1.3 ton) and experimental investigations performed on a new was larger than the test vehicle (0.9 ton) (AUTH) gabion barrier prototype. To assess the potential use Keywords: Roadside safety features, impact, vehicle as a roadside barrier, the optimal gabion unit size and responses, crash cushion mass were investigated using multibody analysis and four sets of 1:4 scaled crash tests were carried out to

Knowledge­ Centre 13 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS study the local vehicle–barrier interaction. The barrier 2016 A 25 prototype was then finalised and subjected to a TB31 Modelling a 32-Seat Bus and Virtual Testing for R66 crash test according to the European EN1317 standard Compliance for N1 safety barriers. The test resulted in a failure due to the rollover of the vehicle and tearing of the gabion E C Chirwaab et al mesh yielding a large working width. It was found that International Journal of Crashworthiness although the system potentially has the necessary mass Vol 20, No 2, 2015, p200 to contain a vehicle, the barrier front face does not have (10 P, 13 Figs, 1 Table) the necessary stiffness and strength to contain the gabion stone filling and hence redirect the vehicle. In the A 32-seat bus finite element (FE) model was developed EN1317 test, the gabion barrier acted as a ramp for the based on AutoCAD files and technical notes of the impacting vehicle, causing rollover (AUTH) structure supplied by Woodall Nicholson Ltd., the Keywords: crash test, safety barriers, gabions manufacturer of the Mellor bus. The resulting model was used for rollover computational mechanics studies 2016 A 24 underpinned by UN-CE R66 Standards test. The paper describes the bus lateral characteristics through the Increasing Automobile Crash Response Metamodel acceleration threshold limit that defines the transverse Accuracy through Adjusted Cross Validation Error acceleration from which rollover process is initiated. The Based on Outlier Analysis paper also assesses the bus superstructure strength Erdem Acara and energy absorption capability validated through International Journal of Crashworthiness experimental testing of important structural components. Vol 20, No 2, 2015, p107 In the process, occupants are protected from MAIS 3+ (16 P, 6 Figs, 4 Tables) injuries that may lead to fatality. Overall results show that closed rings, proper joint design at roof, waistrail Automakers spread on effort to maintain the and floor level assemblies have significant effects on the crashworthiness of vehicle structures while aiming to rollover crashworthiness capability (AUTH) reduce their weight. Substantial weight savings can Keywords: UN-ECE R66, bus, rollover, LS-DYNA, be obtained by vehicle redesign through optimisation. numerical modelling, crashworthiness, 32 Finite element based crashworthiness simulation seat models have contributed greatly to the optimisation of vehicle structures. These high-fidelity crash simulations 2016 A 26 may be performed many times during optimisation, Simulating Occupant Injury in Rollover Crashes. Part thereby making optimisation studies computationally 1: A Numerical Comparison of Design Procedures intractable. Metamodels (surrogate models) that can for Vehicle Roof Strength Assessment mimic the behaviour of the crash simulation models emerge as a solution to the computational burden. Anderson de Limaa and Rogério José Marczaka Prediction capability in metamodelling can be improved International Journal of Crashworthiness by combining many different metamodels in the form Vol 20, No 1, 2015, p78 of an ensemble model. In this paper, approaches (17 P, 23 Figs, 2 Tables) based on outlier analysis of cross validation errors are proposed to increase the accuracy of ensemble models Among all types of vehicle accidents, rollover crashes are constructed for crash response predictions. Full frontal the most complex and least understood. During the last and offset frontal crash response predictions of a c-class decades, a constant increase in the number of studies passenger car is used for demonstration, and it is found involving rollover crashes and injuries associated with it that the proposed approach reduces the metamodelling can be observed. The existing experimental standards errors up to 12% and on average by about 4.5% (AUTH) and procedures to test rollover crashworthiness are still Keywords: Automobile, crash, cross validation, not suitable for direct computer simulation because of metamodel, outlier, surrogate model the huge computational effort required, and the need of faithful/overly complex representation of the aspects

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 14 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS involved in actual crashes. Yet, numerical simulation distance change; screw theory; geometry; plays a key role in keeping the design cost low and in torsional stiffness; bending stiffness; delivering reliable structural predictions. The objective shear stiffness; 3-RRR linkage; alignment of the present work is to show a numerical methodology parameters. adapted to simulate three different procedures commonly used to assess vehicle roof strength. The models refer 2016 A 28 to commercial versions of a compact car and a sport Global Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic System utility vehicle. Results for roof crushing, normal ground Parameters to Hydraulically Interconnected force as well as other variables are compared, and Suspension Dynamic Response the advantages/disadvantages of each standard are discussed and criticised. It was verified that one of the Bing Zhou et al most used design procedures is not representative of International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration realistic rollover phenomena, further supporting a recent Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015, p185 change in it (AUTH) (13 P, 6 Figs, 4 Tables) Keywords: Crashworthiness, vehicle simulation, rollover crash, roof strength, car safety, This paper aims to provide the parameter sensitivities occupant injury of a half-car fitted with a hydraulically interconnected suspension system using a global sensitivity analysis Suspension Systems method. The impedance matrix of hydraulic subsystem and mechanical and hydraulic coupled system dynamic 2016 A 27 equations are derived in the frequency domain. The Design of a Rectilinear Suspension with Automatic frequency response functions and a road surface Length Compensation Branches model are set up to achieve response such as bounce acceleration power spectrum density and roll Jing-Shan Zhao et al acceleration power spectrum density. By using Sobol International Journal of Vehicle Design global sensitivity analysis method, the level of sensitivity Vol.66, No.1, 2014 p43 of hydraulic parameter to bounce response and roll (23 P, 8 Figs, 3 Tables) response is calculated. The obtained results indicate that valves connected to hydraulic chambers have a large This paper proposes an independent suspension impact on bounce vibration model and accumulator and whose alignment parameters are theoretically invariable the valves connected to it make a large impact on roll during jounce and rebound. Each kinematic chain of vibration model. All this work provides a theoretical basis the suspension consists of a 3-RRR linkage that could for car ride estimate and further parameter optimisation automatically compensate for the axial distance change. of the hydraulically interconnected suspension (AUTH) The motions of the 3-RRR linkages and the knuckle are Keywords: hydraulically interconnected suspension; investigated from the viewpoints of screw theory and HIS; acceleration PSD; power spectrum geometry. The equivalent torsional stiffness, bending density; global sensitivity analysis; vehicle stiffness and shear stiffness of a 3-RRR linkage are suspension; dynamic response; bounce investigated to demonstrate the feasibility of engineering vibration; roll vibration; vehicle vibration; applications. Research results show that this complex modelling. linkage has better mechanical properties than those of a prismatic joint when used as a passive connection. 2016 A 29 As a result, the 3-RRR linkage has accurate alignment Switched Control of Vehicle Suspension based on ability on the one hand and could keep the compact Motion-Mode Detection space in design while having the required strength and compliance on the other hand (AUTH) Du Haiping et al Keywords: passive length compensation; rectilinear Vehicle System Dynamics suspension; vehicle design; vehicle Vol. 52, No 1, January 2014, p142 suspension; kinematic chains; axial (24 P, 21 Figs, 1 Table)

Knowledge­ Centre 15 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

This paper presents a study on switched control of Keywords: discrete mass; tyre modelling; uneven vehicle suspension based on motion-mode detection. terrain; rigid terrain; ride dynamics; vehicle This control strategy can be potentially implemented dynamics; vehicle tyres; vertical tyre via the interconnected suspension such as hydraulically dynamics; multibody dynamics; parameter interconnected suspension by actively switching its identification; model validation; quarter car interconnection configuration in terms of the dominant models; simulation. vehicle body motion-mode. The design of the switched Vehicle Design and Analysis control law is developed focusing on three vehicle body motion-modes: bounce, pitch, and roll. At first, an H 2016 A 31 8 optimal controller will be designed for each motion- mode with the use of a common quadratic Lyapunov Development of a Higher-order Model for a Roll function, which guarantees the stability of the switched Simulator system under arbitrary switching functions. Then, a Scott B. Zagorski et al motion-mode detection method based on the calculation International Journal of Vehicle Design of the motion-mode energy is introduced. And then, the Vol.66, No.1, 2014 p69 possible implementation of the control system in practice (23 P, 16 Figs, 3 Tables) is discussed. Finally, numerical simulations are used to validate the proposed study (AUTH) A four degree-of-freedom model of a roll simulator Keywords: Active suspension, hydraulically is developed. The roll simulator consists of a sled- interconnected suspension, motion-mode, platform assembly, where a recreational off-highway switched control vehicle (ROV) is mounted to the platform which has Tyre the freedom to rotate up to 90 degrees. The purpose of the roll simulator is to re-create rollover manoeuvres 2016 A 30 ascertained from in-field vehicle dynamic experiments. Previous studies developed a two degree-of-freedom Discrete Mass Tyre Model for Ride Investigation model; one for translational and one for rotational Over Uneven Rigid Terrain motion. This study expands on that model and increases Corina Sandu and Anake Umsrithong the number of degrees-of-freedom to more closely emulate the roll simulator. The model incorporates non- International Journal of Vehicle Design linear stiffness models of the wire ropes and enables the Vol.66, No.1, 2014 p87 model to have three translational degrees-of-freedom (19 P, 12 Figs, 1 Table) and one rotational degree-of-freedom. The equations of

motion (EOM) are numerically simulated using Matlab’s The goal of this study is to develop a tyre model able Simulink. Comparisons are made with experimental to capture the vertical tyre dynamic behaviour while data derived from the roll simulator to validate the model traversing over an uneven rigid surface. The proposed (AUTH) tyre model takes advantage of modelling the wheel-tyre assembly as a multi body dynamic system in order to Keywords: roll simulator; Lagrange’s energy equation; investigate the tyre ride behaviour over such terrain. classical dynamics; vehicle rollover; wire Several experiments are conducted for the tyre model rope stiffness; ROVs; recreational off- highway vehicles; higher-order models; parameter identification and the tyre model validation modelling; numerical simulation; vehicle with an indoor quarter car tyre test rig and an outdoor dynamics; vehicle design; equations of portable tyre trailer test rig. The selected scenarios are motion. simulated by using the discrete mass tyre model with the tyre parameters obtained from the experiments. The simulation results of the selected scenarios are presented and compared with the experimental data (AUTH)

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between the left wheelbase and the right wheelbase Vehicle Dynamics may lead to a serious traffic accident. This paper develops a new method for dynamic detection, which 2016 A 32 is based on binocular stereo vision and is a non-contact A Hybrid EKF/KF State Estimator for a Skid-steered method that can reduce the equipment failure rate. ATV A real vehicle experiment is performed to verify the proposed method. The manual measurement method Javed Mohammad Azam et al and the photosensitive detection method are applied for Vehicle System Dynamics comparison. The experimental results demonstrate that Vol. 52, No 1, January 2014, p85 the proposed method is more stable than the manual (26 P, 14 Figs, 5 Tables) measurement method and the photosensitive detection This article presents a novel state estimation structure method, and the proposed method can also be extended developed for a skid-steered, six-wheeled, ARGO® all- to other vehicles. Thus, the proposed method is useful terrain vehicle (ATV). The ARGO ATV is a teleoperated for vehicle detection (AUTH) unmanned ground vehicle custom fitted with an inertial Keywords: Dynamic vehicle detection, non-contact measurement unit, wheel encoders and a Geographic method, left and right wheelbases, Positioning System (GPS). This paper offers the binocular stereo vision following contributions: (1) a hybrid extended Kalman filter/Kalman filter state estimation technique that 2016 A 34 estimates the motion, orientation and wheel slips for an ARGO and (2) a virtual GPS point generation algorithm A Variable Structure Extended Kalman filter for that can be used to adjust position estimates using a Vehicle Sideslip Angle Estimation on a Low Friction GPS sensor. Our field experiments reveal that the Road proposed estimation structure is able to estimate the Li Liang et al position, velocity, orientation and longitudinal slip of Vehicle System Dynamics the ARGO with a reasonable amount of accuracy. In Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p280 addition, the proposed estimation structure is well suited (29 P, 32 Figs, 2 Tables) for online applications and can also incorporate offline virtual GPS data to further improve the accuracy of the Sideslip angle plays an important role in vehicle stability position estimates. The proposed estimation structure is control. However, it is difficult to measure directly unless also capable of estimating the longitudinal slip for every some complex and expensive devices are employed. wheel of the ARGO (AUTH) Thus, sideslip angle estimated by vehicle states such Keywords: ATV, UGV, skid-steering, slip estimation, as lateral acceleration, yaw rate and so on is required in state estimation real-time vehicle stability control. A new variable structure extended Kalman filter integrated with the sideslip angle 2016 A 33 rate feedback algorithm and damping item is proposed A Non-contact Method to Measure the Difference in this paper. The main idea of the sideslip angle rate between the Left Wheelbase and the Right Wheelbase feedback algorithm is to compensate the model error for Dynamic Vehicle Detection caused by road friction estimation inaccuracy while that of the damping item is to suppress the error Libin Zhang et al accumulation. The estimated results are compared Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering with the real values obtained by the differential global Vol. 229, No. 12, October 2015 p1683 position system on a low friction road and it shows that (12 P, 12 Figs, 6 Tables) the proposed methodology can provide accurate sideslip angle to some extent for vehicle stability control (AUTH) The measurement of the difference between the Keywords: Extended Kalman filter, feedback algorithm, left wheelbase and the right wheelbase is the most sideslip angle estimation, vehicle stability important part of vehicle detection. A large difference control

Knowledge­ Centre 17 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

an automated steering strategy based on nonlinear 2016 A 35 model predictive control. A nonlinear longitudinal control strategy considering powertrain dynamics is also Analysis of the Nonlinear Dynamics of a 2–axle proposed to cope with the longitudinal speed tracking Freight Wagon in Curves problem. Finally, a simultaneous longitudinal and lateral Gialleonardo Egidio Di et al control strategy helps to improve the combined control Vehicle System Dynamics performance. This whole control strategy is tested Vol. 52, No 1, January 2014, p125 through simulations showing the effectiveness of the (17 P, 10 Figs, 3 Tables) present approach (AUTH) Keywords: Automated vehicle, automotive control, This paper deals with the study of the nonlinear dynamic longitudinal and lateral control, nonlinear behaviour of 2-axle freight wagons in curves, considering model predictive control, vehicle guidance the case of one single wagon (neglecting inter-car coupling forces) and of multiple wagons interacting 2016 A 37 through the buffers and the couplers. A multi-body Development and Validation of a Kalman filter-based model of a single wagon and of a three-car assembly is Model for Vehicle Slip Angle Estimation introduced, paying particular attention to the nonlinear and nonsmooth modelling of the suspensions and of Gadola M et al the inter-car coupling elements. Using this model, a Vehicle System Dynamics numerical analysis of the steady-state solution reached Vol. 52, No 1, January 2014, p68 after the negotiation of curve transition is presented and (17 P, 6 Figs, 3 Tables) bifurcations are identified for some particular values of It is well known that vehicle slip angle is one of the most the curve radius. For the single car case, it is shown that difficult parameters to measure on a vehicle during depending on the curve radius and the vehicle speed testing or racing activities. Moreover, the appropriate the carbody may experience severe periodic oscillations sensor is very expensive and it is often difficult to fit at speeds lying in the operating range of the vehicle. to a car, especially on race cars. We propose here a For the car-assembly case, it is shown that the coupling strategy to eliminate the need for this sensor by using forces exchanged by the wagons significantly affect their a mathematical tool which gives a good estimation of dynamics in a curve, reducing the amplitude of vibration the vehicle slip angle. A single-track car model, coupled (AUTH) with an extended Kalman filter, was used in order to Keywords: Bifurcation analysis, Curving performance, achieve the result. Moreover, a tuning procedure is Freight train proposed that takes into consideration both nonlinear and saturation characteristics typical of vehicle lateral 2016 A 36 dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Control for has been proven by both simulation results and real- Automated Vehicle Guidance world data (AUTH) Analytic model, extended Kalman filter, Attia Rachid et al Keywords: real-word validation, tyre modelling, vehicle Vehicle System Dynamics dynamics, vehicle slip angle Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p261 (19 P, 8 Figs) 2016 A 38 Investigation of a Passenger Car’s Dynamic This paper deals with the longitudinal and lateral Response due to a Flywheel-based Kinetic Energy control of an automotive vehicle within the framework Recovery System of fully automated guidance. The automotive vehicle is a complex system characterised by highly nonlinear Bischof Günter et al longitudinal and lateral coupled dynamics. Consequently, Vehicle System Dynamics automated guidance must be simultaneously performed Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p201 with longitudinal and lateral control. This work presents (17 P, 16 Figs, 1 Table)

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With the advent of flywheel-based kinetic energy 10 degree-of-freedom nonlinear full-car model with the recovery systems in automotive applications new safety magic-formula tyre model illustrate the effectiveness of issues arise as a consequence of the flywheel’s high the proposed MEM. The contribution of each motion- rotational speed. While the special structural safety mode to the vehicle’s dynamic behaviour is analysed requirements of the components are well discussed in under different excitation inputs from road irregularities, the literature, there is still little research on the influence directional manoeuvres and braking. With the of gyroscopic effects on vehicle dynamics. The aim of identified dominant motion-mode, novel cost-effective this paper is to investigate the influence of a typical high- suspension systems, such as active reconfigurable speed flywheel on the driving dynamics of an average hydraulically interconnected suspension, can possibly passenger car. To this end the equations of motion of be used to control full-car motions with reduced energy a gyroscope are derived, which relate the vehicle’s roll, consumption. Finally, discussion, conclusions and pitch and yaw rate with the transverse torque acting suggestions for future work are provided (AUTH) on the flywheel. These equations are implemented in a commercial vehicle dynamics simulation program in Keywords: Modal analysis, suspension control order to determine the reaction torques acting on the vehicle within a representative range of driving situations. 2016 A 40 Numerical simulations indicate that the gyroscopic Optimisation of Lateral Car Dynamics taking into effect can be considered insignificant in standard driving Account Parameter Uncertainties situations (AUTH) Busch Jochen and Bestle Dieter Flywheel, gyroscopic torque, kinetic energy Keywords: Vehicle System Dynamics recovery system, vehicle dynamics Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p166 (20 P, 14 Figs, 1 Table) 2016 A 39 Simulation studies on an active all-wheel-steering Motion-mode Energy Method for Vehicle Dynamics car show that disturbance of vehicle parameters have Analysis and Control high influence on lateral car dynamics. This motivates Zhang Nong et al the need of robust design against such parameter uncertainties. A specific parametrisation is established Vehicle System Dynamics combining deterministic, velocity-dependent steering Vol. 52, No 1, January 2014, p1 control parameters with partly uncertain, velocity- (25 P, 20 Figs, 3 Tables) independent vehicle parameters for simultaneous use in a numerical optimisation process. Model-based Vehicle motion and vibration control is a fundamental objectives are formulated and summarised in a multi- motivation for the development of advanced vehicle objective optimisation problem where especially the suspension systems. In a vehicle-fixed coordinate lateral steady-state behaviour is improved by an system, the relative motions of the vehicle between body adaption strategy based on measurable uncertainties. The normally distributed uncertainties are generated and wheel can be classified into several dynamic stages by optimal Latin hypercube sampling and a response based on energy intensity, and can be decomposed into surface based strategy helps to cut down time consuming sets of uncoupled motion-modes according to modal model evaluations which offers the possibility to use a parameters. Vehicle motions are coupled, but motion- genetic optimisation algorithm. Optimisation results are modes are orthogonal. By detecting and controlling the discussed in different criterion spaces and the achieved predominating vehicle motion-mode, the system cost improvements confirm the validity of the proposed and energy consumption of active suspensions could procedure (AUTH) be reduced. A motion-mode energy method (MEM) is Keywords: All-wheel-steering, modelling and presented in this paper to quantify the energy contribution simulation, optimal control, robust design, of each motion-mode to vehicle dynamics in real time. uncertain dynamics, vehicle dynamics and The control of motion-modes is prioritised according to control the level of motion-mode energy. Simulation results on a

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2016 A 41 than the self-stabilising angle which is 5.5° for operation on straight track, the coupler is stable no matter how The Stability and Mechanical Characteristics of great the longitudinal force is. The wheelset lateral Heavy Haul Couplers with Restoring Bumpstop forces are allowed at the coupler longitudinal force Yao Yuan et al of 2500 kN when the free angle is 6°. These studies Vehicle System Dynamics establish meaningful improvements for the stability of Vol. 52, No 1, January 2014, p26 couplers and match the heavy haul locomotive with its (19 P, 21 Figs, 5 Tables) suspension parameters (AUTH) To investigate the stability and mechanical characteristics Keywords: Bumpstop, coupler lateral force, derailment, of a type of heavy haul coupler with restoring bumpstop, heavy haul coupler, locomotive the geometry and force states of couplers were analysed at different yaw angles and the longitudinal forces. 2016 A 42 The structural characteristics of this coupler were Validation of Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Models summarised. To aid in the investigation, a multi-body – A Review dynamics model with four heavy haul locomotives and Kutluay Emir and Winner Hermann three detailed couplers was established to simulate the process of emergency braking. In addition, the coupler Vehicle System Dynamics yaw instability and lateral forces were tested in order Vol. 52, No 2, February 2014, p186 to investigate the effect of relevant parameters on the (15 P, 1 Table) locomotive’s wheelset lateral forces. The results show that only when the bumpstop force exceeds half of the In this work, a literature survey on the validation of vehicle coupler longitudinal compression force, can the follower dynamics simulation models is presented. Estimating the be rotated and the yaw angle of the coupler increase. dynamic responses of existing or proposed vehicles has The bumpstop preload is the most important stabilising a wide array of applications in the development of vehicle factor. The coupler lateral force is constant when the technologies, e.g. active suspensions, controller design, coupler longitudinal force is smaller than the critical driver assistance systems, etc. Although simulation values of 2000, 1400 and 1150 kN at coupler free angles environments, measurement tools and mathematical of 7°, 8° and 9°, respectively, for operation on straight theories on vehicle dynamics are well established, the track. The coupler free angle and the locomotive’s lateral methodical link between the experimental test data and clearance of the secondary stopper are important in validity analysis of the simulation model is still lacking. decreasing the wheelset lateral forces of the locomotive. This report presents different views on the definition of It is advised that a smaller locomotive’s secondary lateral validation, and its usage in vehicle dynamics simulation suspension stiffness, a free clearance of 35 mm and an models (AUTH) elastic clearance of 15 mm from the secondary lateral Keywords: Modelling, simulation, validation, vehicle stopper be selected. If the coupler’s free angle is less dynamics

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Technoscan

Recycling Opportunities for Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Lithium-ion Batteries (MOBILITY ENGINEERING, SEPTEMBER 2015, P 41) With limited reserves and strict environmental regulations, recyclers look to established extraction means to reuse, recycle, and dispose of the used batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred energy storage systems for electric vehicles due to their inherent advantages in energy and their power density characteristics. As more lithium batteries are generated, the topic of reuse, recycling, and disposal is critical to comply with the disposal norms of waste batteries. As lithium reserves are also limited, proper recycling methods would be off use to extract the same energy out of used batteries. Extractive metallurgy offers an excellent path’ for selective extraction and refining of a variety of metals from various sources, including naturally occurring ores, minerals, man-made products, etc. In a broader sense, it allows recyclers to selectively separate and refine the metals from various sources irrespective. of their nature. However, the extraction” process may vary with respect to the nature of metal source and aim of Separation. The subject of extractive metallurgy is multidisciplinary in nature and involves a complete understanding of metallurgy principles in terms of thermodynamics, kinetics, material and energy flow/balance, transport phenomena, reactor and reactor engineering, instrumentation and process control, environment, waste management, etc. to deal with the extraction and refining of metals from various sources. Pyro, hydro, and electrometallurgy are the three main branches of extractive metallurgy. Pyrometallurgy is carried out at high temperatures, hydrometallurgy is carried out at room temperature in aqueous media, and electrometallurgy involves electrolysis for separation of metals at room temperature. Depending on the aim of separation the processes are also classified into ‘ferrous extractive metallurgy (deals with the extraction and refining -of iron and steels) and nonferrous extractive metallurgy (deals with all other metals other than iron and steel-e.g., base metals, light metals, precious metals, rare earth, nuclear metals, etc.). The sequences followed during extraction and refining of metals from ferrous-based compounds might not be equal to the sequences followed during separation of nonferrous-based compounds; In that sense, extractive metallurgy allows recyclers to select their own sequences for extraction and refining of a particular metal irrespective of their source. Similarly, hybrid/electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries could also be recycled using existing technologies of extractive metallurgy irrespective of battery size, chemistry, etc., and the resultant (extracted) metals could be used as a raw material for various applications including production of batteries (see Figure 1) Currently, mobile phone and laptop batteries are widely recycled either by pyro or hydrometallurgical processes. In pyrometallurgy, the scrapped batteries are smelted at very high temperatures and are smelted at very high temperatures and hence requires a large amount of energy to produce metallic fraction, slag, and gaseous products. It is a dry process. Here the subsequences like alkali fusion, calcination, roasting, reduction and chlorine metallurgy are used to separate metals from its various sources. Hydrometallurgy involves treatments on aqueous solution using suitable solvents to take the metals into-solution hence it is a wet process. Metals get extracted out of solution with highest purity with the help of sub-sequences like leaching, precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, electron winning techniques, etc. It is not mandatory-that the above-mentioned subsequences (under hydro and pyrometallurgy) should strictly be followed during extraction process. Depending on the aim of separation, addition and deletion of sequences are also allowed in extractive metallurgy due to the difference in chemical reactions-’required for separation of different metals from source material. Similarly it is not mandatory that either pyro or hydrometallurgy must always be used alone for separation process, the combination’ of both is also allowed depending on the aim of separation. For instance, the maior recyclers like Recupy uses hydrometallurgy for the extraction of lithium and cobalt. Similarly Umicore uses a pyrometallurgical process followed by hydro metallurgical for extraction of nickel, cobalt, and lithium from waste battery scrap.

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Automobile lithium-ion batteries are different ‘from other small batteries of similar chemistries used in portable devices in terms of their size, design, application, etc. cell, is the same for all types of batteries. Figure 2 explains the cell to pack level construction of hybrid/electric vehicle Li-ion batteries and the reversal of the same results in separation of unit cell from battery pack. During this reversal (dismantling) process, use of high-voltage personal protective equipment (PPE) and insulated .tools are highly recommended due to the presence of high voltage shock hazards. Hence, currently available recycling technologies of mobile phones and laptop batteries could also be used for the recycling of automotive lithium-ion batteries. However, to facilitate this process, a dedicated dismantling process is required to de-energize the battery pack from pack to cell level and to reduce the size and electric hazard of the vehicle battery pack. As the laws of the Pollution Control Board govern collection, storage, transportation, and disposal of lithium-ion batteries, safe disposal/recycling of lithium-ion batteries is the sole responsibility of electric/hybrid electric vehicle manufacturers. However, to comply with the norms, both vehicle manufacturers and recyclers must have a valid authorization for said activities in accordance with central/state regulations. If the unit cell chemistry of an automotive lithium-ion battery is the same as laptop and mobile phone batteries, it could be recycled using existing technologies for laptop and mobile phone batteries. If the unit cell chemistry is different, the recycler could design their own subsequences under the branches of extractive metallurgy to extract the required metals from battery scrap. This is because this technique is nothing but an extraction of metals and minerals from its ores and here the difference is a material source, which is a retired/used battery pack instead of a naturally occurring ore.

The Advent of Stop-Start Technology (MOBILITY ENGINEERING, SEPTEMBER 2015, P 39) As environmental concerns grow for R&D teams, OEMs look to bring the strategy further into the mainstream Environmental issues have become a primary concern for research and; development teams globally. Euro VI, mandated in all new .cars sold in the European Union from September 2014, is stricter than even Bharat Stage. IV, a prevalent emissions standard in NCR and 13 major cities in India, is proposed to be replaced by Stage V in 2017 nationwide. In fact, the deplorable air quality in Indian metropolitan cities has driven the Ministry of Environment and Forests to file an affidavit in the supreme court urging to leapfrog to Stage Vl by 2020. The European Automobile Manufacturers Association, which accounts, for roughly 85% of all cars sold in the European Union, has voluntarily agreed to limit their average CO2 emissions to 95 g/km by 2020. To put things in perspective, the average CO2 emissions for the passenger fleet was about 125 g/km in Europe in 2013. There is currently no regulation on CO2 emissions in India, but that is soon to change. All of this pressure has gotten the major Indian OEMs frantically searching for solutions, resulting in several “prototype- only” innovations trickling down to mainstream applications. One such ‘technology is the stop-start system. Drivers often stop several times while driving in the city due to unavoidable road conditions such as a red light, slow traffic, a herd of buffalos trying to ‘cross the road, etc., while the engine keeps running idly. If the driver would switch off the engine during a halt of 8 s or longer (this figure is lesser in newer engines), that would save fuel. A stop-start system in modern cars does it for a driver; it automatically shuts the engine down whenever the car halts and the driver puts the car to neutral. As soon the driver releases the brake and depresses clutch the engine-automatically roars to life. Recent reports suggest that in normal city traffic, a car equipped with a stop-start, system may benefit 10- 15% in fuel economy. A more robust and advanced version of this micro-hybrid technology extends the auto stop-start function of engines to “coasting” or “gliding” as well. The engine need not run when the driver has released the accelerator pedal and the vehicle is coasting, but as soon as the driver depresses the pedal (say, for a quick overtaking), the engine restarts. Bosch’s second-gen system is still in the testing phase and is slated to reach the European market in 2016 and the U.S. market in 2017. Bosch claims that with stop-start coasting functionality, fuel economy in real-world driving may increase 20-25%;

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This added functionality is not just an extra microchip with an intelligent-algorithm controlling the starter motor and engine cut-off switch, as under the hood there are several changes to the hardware. A normal car cranks roughly 50,000 times on average during its lifetime. This increases ten-fold in a hybrid, something that a conventional starter cannot bear; BMW uses an enhanced starter that can withstand a higher number of engine starts in-its lifetime. Another widely adopted approach is replacing the starter and alternator with the integrated starter/generator (ISG). This high-capacity reversible electric device works as a rapid, starter during cranking and as a generator (alternator) when the engine is running to recharge the battery system. A “mild-hybrid” system (a step above micro-hybrid, but not fully hybrid as it has electric-assist but no electric-only propulsion) also uses the ISG to recover energy during braking in a kinetic energy recovery system and works as a power assist to the engine during heavy load/instant accelerations. Just like any other new technology making its way into industry, stop-start is also not without its share of technical shortcomings. One natural concern is-the transition period while switching. We have seen that during switching, the lights flicker and all electrical equipment momentarily stops before restarting. This happens because, while the engine is running, the auxiliaries run on power generated by the alternator (which is coupled to the engine). Whereas when the engine is not running, the only electrical source is the battery. Therefore, whenever there is a switching, there is a change in the power source. In a stop-start enabled can all electrical accessories are prone to damage due to frequent restarts. Moreoven the air-conditioner runs only when the engine is running. An auto-stop-restart must be unobtrusive to the driven BMW employs a simple strategy to tackle this issue, decoupling all electrical devices from the alternator and maintaining a single power source, i.e. the battery, while the alternator only recharges the battery when required. However, this leads to irregular charge/discharge cycles and frequent deep discharges, and hence reduces the life of the battery. The conventional lead-acid battery may take up to 10 minutes to recover from a single cranking, which is a grave impediment to multiple stop starts in slow moving traffic. Advanced lead-acid batteries such as the absorbent glass mat (AGM) solves the problem to some extent, while lithium-ion technology is still too costly for mass application. Volvo resolves this issue by including a secondary battery just for engine cranking to make the transition as seamless as possible. Another major cause of concern is the limited battery technology to support frequent stop-starts. ‘The engine should successfully start at all times without fail, which requires not only a good battery, but also fool-proof monitoring technologies. A lead-acid battery does not recharge very quickly, and hence might need some engine-on time after about 15 back-to-back stop-starts in a very slow traffic, before it resumes normal functioning. Furthermore, the charge-level of the battery is also related to external conditions like temperature and humidity. An airtight monitoring system must be able to accurately determine the current battery capacity and also synchronize with the stop-start module to prevent the engine from shutting down when the battery is not enough charged. What if these constraints are bypassed and the battery is retained as a failsafe for emergencies only? Enter Flybrid technology. Flybrid, or Flywheel-Hybrid, is a smart technology wherein energy is stored in the form of kinetic ‘energy in a rotating disc called the flywheel instead of chemical energy in battery. A negligible amount of parasitic energy from the engine is used to keep the flywheel in high-speed rotation (up to 60,000 rpm), which can later be recovered to start the engine or even provide mechanical assist during acceleration. Mechanical energy storage theoretically overcomes all the challenges faced in electrical storage systems. A flywheel can spool to full capacity within seconds and can perform an infinite number of cycles, while a bate tery deteriorates with every discharge-recharge. A Flybrid system would weigh and cost significantly less than an equivalent electric hybrid system. Volvo has been testing the system in its S60 sedan on public roads, and is seeing promising boosts to the economy and performance parameters. Lux Research had projected that by the end of this year, the stop-start technology would capture 37% of the global new vehicle market. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration predicted that micro-hybrids will account for 42% of global sales of new passenger vehicles by 2016. We have been seeing optional micro-hybrid versions of Mahindra Scorpio and XUV5OO for many years and recently several international manufacturers like Hyundai have started providing this as an option. From the looks of it, stop-start technology is already rooted in the market and is growing with further improvements.

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autonews

Technology for Automated Cars will be Available in about Two Years: Jen-Hsun Huang, Nvidia By Jayadevan PK, ET Bureau | 19 Oct, 2015, 06.16AM IST (Source: The Economic Times)

BENGALURU: Cars that drive themselves are closer to becoming a reality than it appears. Ask Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive and cofounder of chipmaker Nvidia, how long it could take for autonomous vehicles to ply on the streets and the answer is: about two years. “Every car company in the world will have to invest in autonomous driving or they will become the Nokia of phones,” said Huang, an engineer who founded Nvidia in 1993. The $4.68 billion company, which manufactures graphics processing units and chips for mobile phones, also supplies high speed processors to major automakers like Audi and Tesla. “In the next couple of years, depending on country and regulations, the technology for autonomous cars will be available,” he said. Indeed, Tesla Motors recently announced addition of many self driving features to one of its cars. Although Tesla’s cars aren’t completely autonomous, the latest Model X is designed to reduce human intervention. For instance, at the charging station, the charger automatically identifies the car’s input and plugs into it by its own. Its doors open on their own when a human approaches and it can switch lane, auto pilot or park itself. However, fully automated vehicles are still some time away. For instance, it is tough to predict human behaviour on the road and autonomous vehicles could get confused. “There is a lot of development that needs to go into autonomous vehicles. But there is no question in my mind that this is going to save lives,” said Huang. Countries like the Netherlands, Japan and Singapore are already ahead of others when it comes to making use of autonomous vehicles, he pointed out. Like automakers, companies like Nvidia are also forced to change themselves to guard against technology disruption. Nvidia, for instance, is moving away from being a pure play component company to a company that offers solutions on the cloud. “The future of computing is moving to the cloud,” said Huang. “Our Tesla processors are already in the cloud. It works on the cloud computing platform of Amazon, IBM and Microsoft, so startups can start using one of these three and applications can be fast and magical,” he said. Huang, who visits India twice every year, and recently inaugurated a larger facility for the company in Pune, said India can expect wide scale changes if some infrastructure issues were fixed. “India needs more than anything affordable and available broadband. If all regulations and policy makers can at least do that, it will be the beginning of a lot of great things,” he said. Nvidia employs nearly 2,000 people in India and nearly 9,000 people worldwide. Huang, who also met Indian startups on this trip, said the ecosystem has matured in two years with more venture capital and rich talent pool. “Startups are cropping out of the wood works. This may be India’s decade,” he said.

For Safety, Two-Wheelers to Come with Auto-Headlamps By Dipak Kumar Dash, TNN | 18 Oct, 2015, 10.20AM IST (Source: The Economic Times)

Bikes and scooters will need to have the automatic headlamp on (AHO) like that of Daytime Running Lamps in cars, from April 2017. NEW DELHI: Two-wheelers and all other types of vehicles are set to get two new safety features to reduce fatalities. Bikes and scooters will need to have the automatic headlamp on (AHO) like that of Daytime Running Lamps in cars, from April 2017. The road transport ministry is also working on a plan to fit a sound device that can alert the passerby and people around the site where any accident takes place. Once the new two-wheelers have the AHO feature, these would have their headlights on as soon as the engine is started and these vehicles won’t have a switch for a rider to turn the headlight off. After consulting bike-makers, the road transport ministry has finalized the norm with the objective to reduce crashes. Sources said the Automotive Research Association of India ( ARAI) recently made a detailed presentation to transport minister Nitin Gadkari after the proposal was cleared by the panel which sets vehicle standards. They said the Supreme Court-appointed committee on road safety had also pushed the proposal considering the fact that AHO has been found

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 24 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS beneficial in reducing crashes involving two-wheelers in many parts of the world. This has been a feature in European countries since 2003. According to government data, two-wheelers as a single category of vehicles accounted for the highest number of fatal road crashes. Last year, 32,524 people were killed in crashes involving two-wheelers and another 1,27,452 people were suffered injuries. Experts on automobile safety said AHO has improved conspicuity of two-wheelers during day and at dawn and dusk. “It can be enhanced by optimizing the lamp’s colour, luminosity and intensity,” said an expert. Transport ministry officials said they are now working on setting a new standard to have a feature in all vehicles, which can catch attention of people and traffic police so that they can come to rescue in case of any crash. “In several cases, people trapped in vehicles in remote areas or off the main road don’t get help quickly. Unlike in other countries where the horn automatically starts when a vehicle meets with an accident and works as an alert. But here we need to have a different mechanism since automatic blowing of horn won’t sound abnormal to commuters or even traffic police,” said an official.

Bharat Stage-V Emission Norms for Vehicles Across India from 2019 By Sanjeev Choudhary, ET Bureau | 28 Oct, 2015, 06.13AM IST (Source: The Economic Times)

NEW DELHI: India will implement the Bharat Stage-V, or BS-V, emission norms for vehicles across the country from 2019, the government said in a statement. This ends the debate around the oil ministry’s push to directly progress from the current BS-IV to BS-VI norms to speed up the green initiative. “It has also been decided that BS-V fuel quality and emission norms will be implemented in the entire country from 2019 and BSVI emission norms for four-wheelers shall be implemented from 2023,” according to a statement uploaded on the oil ministry website. Refiners were more or less in sync with the oil ministry’s idea to upgrade directly to the BS-VI stage as the investments needed to upgrade to stage V or VI were similar and by first upgrading to V and then to VI would have meant additional cost. But carmakers were staunchly opposed to it, citing heavy investments in a shorter timeframe. This is why the road transport and heavy industries ministries have been opposing skipping the stage-V norms. Bharat stage norms, based on European regulations, are emission standards decided by the government to regulate the amount of air pollutants from vehicles. Following a rapid rise in air pollution that’s choking cities and fuelling green activism, there has been pressure on the government to speed up efforts at improving the fuel quality. The emission of Sulphur, a key pollutant, from BS-V fuel is just a fifth of that in BS-IV. According to the roadmap laid in the Auto Fuel Vision and Policy 2025, released last year, the BS-V norms were to be implemented between April 2020 and March 2021 for all four-wheelers. The BS-VI was to be rolled out from April 2024. The auto fuel policy also estimated the capital cost for refiners across the country to upgrade to BS-V norms at Rs 80,000 crore. The penetration of BS-IV motor spirit or petrol in the domestic market was 24% and that for BS-IV grade diesel was 16% in 2014, according to auto fuel policy report. India introduced BS-IV auto fuel in 13 cities in 2010 and has decided to extend it across the country by April 1, 2017, in phases, according to the government statement. State fuel retailers are already powering 2,140 petrol pumps by solar energy and plan to raise it to 7,200 by March 2017, the government statement said.

From ‘Talking Car’ to ‘Thinking Car’ By: Vikram Chaudhary | December 7, 2015 12:17 AM (Source: The Financial Express) Few years ago a Mercedes-Benz used to talk back, as did an Audi and a BMW. Today, a Ford talks back, as does a Mahindra, a Tata and even the humble Maruti. Increasingly, in-car communication technologies are percolating into entry-level car models in India. Consider compact sedan Ford Figo Aspire (see below story), which not only changes a song at your voice command, but also calls an emergency number in the unfortunate event of an accident. The technology is called SYNC, which has been developed in association with Microsoft. However, there is more to in-car technologies than simply voice command or emergency assistance. How about a car keeping its headlights switched on after you exit, illuminating the pathway to your home? The technology is called follow-me-home headlamps. Among other entry-level cars, Mahindra TUV300 has it. How about a car clearing the wind-shield at the first drop of a rain? The technology is called rain-sensing wipers. Maruti Suzuki S-Cross has it. How about a car switching on the headlights as

Knowledge­ Centre 25 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS it senses it’s getting darker outside?The technology is called automatic headlamps. Hyundai i20 Active has it. You aren’t confident parking in tight spaces? Use the park assist system that detects obstructions while reversing with the help of a proximity sensing buzzer. Hyundai Grand i10 has it. You don’t want to fiddle with the car keys. No worries. Smart key is the answer. Approach the car with the smart key in your pocket, press a tiny black button on the door handle to open the door, fire the engine by pressing a button on the dashboard, stop the engine using the same button, step out, and lock the car by pressing the tiny black button again. Almost every second entry-level car today comes with this feature. The smart key doesn’t look like a key, but like a compact plastic remote control. The fact of the matter is that entry-level cars in India are increasingly getting intelligent systems that were earlier found only in luxury marques. The latest to get several such smart features is the Tata Zica hatchback, which will be launched early next year. Among other features, the Zica raises the volume of the music as you increase speed. It also gets the Turn-by-Turn Navi app, which, when connected to a smartphone via Bluetooth, not only navigates you to your destination but also tells you the estimated time you will take to reach there. However, not many people know that such technologies, in the so-called affordable cars segment, were first introduced by Mahindra & Mahindra, with the Scorpio. In 2003, Mahindra Scorpio must have surprised its occupants when it asked them to wear seatbelts for a safe drive, thus becoming the first ‘talking car’ of India! By 2007, it already had technologies such as letting the driver know the tyre pressure, automatic headlamps, rain-sensing wipers and cruise control. And by 2009, the Scorpio had become intelligent enough to switch off the engine by itself as the car comes to a stop at a traffic intersection, to save fuel. Needless to say, today’s Scorpio even has a few technologies that are found only in some upper-end luxury cars. Clearly, in today’s always-on world, carmakers and technology companies are working in tandem to deploy powerful new tools into their latest models. Driving is only going to get more convenient in the times to come. First Published on December 07, 2015 12:17 am

Government to Aoon Allow Automakers to Make Ethanol-Fuelled Vehicles By PTI | 16 Dec, 2015, 12.53PM IST (Source: The Economic Times) NEW DELHI: To curb pollution, the government next month will announce a policy to allow automakers to manufacture flexible-fuel vehicles in the country, Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari today said. The minister called upon the sugar industry to ramp up ethanol production as demand for it is likely to go up once flexi-fuel vehicles are introduced in India. “We are working on a policy on flexi-fuel vehicles. These vehicles can run entirely on ethanol, but also have option for petrol. I will make this announcement before January 26,” Gadkari said at the annual general meeting of the Indian Sugar Mills Association. Not much research or study is required to finalise the policy as countries like the US and Brazil are already implementing it, he said. “This will not only cut crude oil imports, but help in addressing the problem of pollution. Ethanol emits over 80 per cent of carbon dioxide,” Gadkari said. The minister has asked Germany’s biggest car maker, Volkswagen, to make flexi-fuel vehicles for India. Gadkari also emphasised on the need to boost ethanol production in the country to meet demand once the flexi-fuel system is in place. “I understand the sugar sector is facing problems. There is no point in manufacturing sugar. This is the time the sector should focus on increasing ethanol production instead of sugar for survival,” he said. ISMA Director General AbinashVerma said, “This is the future... The ethanol producing industry will react once there is demand.” Verma added: “It is not a problem for automakers to make flexi-fuel cars for India. But there has to be a policy, demand and infrastructure to supply 100 per cent ethanol for blending with petrol.” Last year, the country achieved 2.5 per cent ethanol blending with petrol. “We supplied 66 crore litres of ethanol last year. This year, we expect to achieve 5 per cent ethanol blending. We have already contracted for 104 crore litres,” he said. Positive about introducing the flexi-fuel vehicles policy in India, Gadkari said, “I have told automobile makers that it will be good if they come on board with us on the issue. Even if they don’t, then we will make efforts to bring them on board. This will happen for sure.” On purported lack of focus of the Petroleum Ministry on biofuels, he said, “The Petroleum ministry is not keen on biofuels and protect farmers. I don’t want to say more than this. But we will take everyone along with us.” So far, there is less than 5 per cent ethanol blending with petrol in the country, he said. “To increase ethanol blending to the 100 per cent level, sugar mills need to raise production capacity from the current level,” Gadkari said. Currently, 130 out of 500 sugar mills are manufacturing ethanol in India. There is a need to convert all mills towards ethanol production, he stressed. “The more you produce sugar, the more your problems will aggravate. This is not the time to focus on sugar. Produce sugar when prices are high. Now, focus on ethanol for the next 4-5 years,” he said. New technologies should be adopted to manufacture ethanol from sugarbeat, sweet shorghum and corn, he suggested. Gadkari also made it clear that there are no immediate solutions the government can offer to the sugar industry despite being fully aware of the problems. He also added that an electric bus will be donated to Parliament later

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 26 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS this month. Outlining the hurdles in boosting ethanol supplies, ISMA President A Vellayan said, “Most impediments are because of controls exercised by states. Some of the state governments levy export and import duties on inter-state movement of ethanol, which in some cases are up to even 8 per cent of the final price realisation.” Since the fixed price for ethanol includes taxes and duties on account of suppliers, the net realisation to suppliers comes down and therefore, discourages them to participate in supplies to these states, he explained while addressing the AGM of ISMA. That apart, he said, there is a requirement of obtaining excise permissions for moving ethanol from a distillery to oil depots. “The problem becomes acute when permissions have to be obtained from two states when there is a movement of ethanol between states. The delays in excise permissions sometimes is to the extent of 30-40 days also,” he said, adding that there are some states like Tamil Nadu that do not give permission to make ethanol at all. Highlighting that these issues need to be addressed to boost ethanol supplies, he said ethanol blending this year is expected to be five per cent this year as against 2.5 per cent in 2014-15 season (October-September).

Riding Hybrid Vehicles, Heavy Industries Eyes its ‘FAME’ By PTI | 29 Dec, 2015, 01.29PM IST (Source: The Economic Times) NEW DELHI: After hogging limelight in 2015 with clampdown on German auto giant Volkswagen, ‘FAME’ is high on the New Year agenda of the Heavy Industries Ministry with a big push for greater adoption of hybrid and electric vehicles. The Ministry has launched ‘FAME India - Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles in India’ as part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan. It aims to help save Rs 60,000 crore annually in the country’s oil import bill by 2020. Besides, the Ministry will also look to put in place in 2016 a new Capital Goods policy with a long-term, stable and rationalised tax and duty structure to promote the sector, which is one of the most critical segments in the ambitious ‘Make in India’ programme. Besides, progress is also expected in the New Year on closure of some sick public sector units including three units of HMT and Hindustan Cables. The year passing-by saw the Ministry launching the ‘FAME India’ scheme offering incentives on electric and hybrid vehicles of up to Rs 29,000 for bikes and Rs 1.38 lakh for cars, aiming to promote use of eco-friendly vehicles. The first phase of the scheme is being implemented over a two-year period in 2015-16 and 2016-17 with an approved outlay of Rs 795 crore, out of which Rs 500 crore will be spent on demand incentives. As per the scheme, depending on technology, battery operated scooters and motorcycles will be eligible for incentives in the range of Rs 1,800 to Rs 29,000, while for three-wheelers, it is between Rs 3,300 and Rs 61,000. For four-wheelers, the incentives range from Rs 13,000 to Rs 1.38 lakh, while in light commercial vehicles it ranges from Rs 17,000 to Rs 1.87 lakh, and for buses it is Rs 34 lakh to Rs 66 lakh. The year also witnessed the unravelling of a global emissions scandal involving Volkswagen, and questions began to be raised over whether vehicles sold in India by the German auto maker too were affected. This prompted the Heavy Industries Ministry to order a probe by testing agency ARAI to ascertain whether the Indian emission norms were manipulated. The investigation found that engines of VW vehicles sold in India were fitted with a software designed to cheat emission norms, leading to discrepancies in emission levels recorded on-road and in laboratory conditions. The findings led to a showcause notice being issued by the Government to Volkswagen, and the subsequent recall of 3.23 lakh vehicles by the auto major in India. The probe findings also led to all diesel passenger vehicles in India coming under the scanner, with the Heavy Industries Ministry asking the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) to start testing all on-road diesel vehicles in India to check if they too are flouting emission norms. The capital goods policy, expected to be unveiled in 2016, aims to increase domestic employment from the current 15 lakh to at least 50 lakh by 2025 thus providing additional employment to over 35 lakh people. The policy is formulated with the vision to increase the share of capital goods contribution from present 12 per cent to 20 per cent of total manufacturing activity by 2025. Stressing on creation of an ecosystem for globally competitive capital goods sector, it proposes uniform customs duty on imports of all capital goods related products. It also proposes allowing up to 50 per cent CENVAT credit to manufacturers using such products as raw material or intermediates for further processing or using such goods in the @manufacturing of finished goods. It pitches for adoption of uniform Goods and Services Tax regime ensuring effective GST rate across all capital goods sub-sectors competitive with import duty after set-off with a view to ensure level playing field. In 2016, the Government may decide to close down four sick units under the Heavy Industry Ministry, including HMT Watches, HMT Chinar Watches, HMT Bearings and Hindustan Cables. The Cabinet had earlier given in-principle approval for shutting down these four units along with Tungabhadra Steel. The Heavy Industry Ministry has firmed up individual proposals entailing their closure formalities like VRS package, etc., while the individual proposal related to closure of Tungabhadra Steel is said to have already secured a Cabinet nod recently.

Knowledge­ Centre 27 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

IPR Scan (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Particle Trajectory Analysis System and Method for Vehicle Design Publication Number : US6263300 B1 Publication Type : Grant Application Number : US 09/175,091 Publication Date : 17 Jul 2001 Filing Date : 19 Oct 1998 Priority Date : 19 Oct 1998 Inventors : Gary Steven Strumolo, Viswanathan Babu Original Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, Inc.

The method and system for aiding in the design of an automotive vehicle enables dynamic placement of particle injection points into a flow domain to permit visual observation and alteration of resulting particle trajectories with respect to a computer aided design model representative of the vehicle. Various particle trajectories, representing windshield washer spray, water droplets along the vehicle surface, and the like can be simulated relative to the vehicle surface with or without the influence of a flow field around the vehicle surface to evaluate a vehicle design, compare alternate designs and compare results from physical aerodynamic tests to predicted results.

Method and System for Providing a Virtual Wind Tunnel Publication Number : US6088521 A Publication Type : Grant Application Number : US 09/072,347 Publication Date : 11 Jul 2000 Filing Date : 4 May 1998 Priority Date : 4 May 1998 Also published as : DE19919891A1, DE19919891B4 Inventors : Gary Steven Strumolo, Viswanathan Babu Original Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, Inc.

The present invention provides a method and system which allows evaluation of vehicle designs both aerodynamically and aeroaccoustically in a virtual environment. Starting with a computer aided design (CAD) description of the vehicle, a CFD simulation can be constructed and executed. This information can be used to provide an estimate of interior sound due to wind noise, which can then be played through speakers for A-to-B comparisons of alternate vehicle designs. The method generates predicted wind noise within a passenger compartment of an automotive vehicle from a computer aided design (CAD) model representative of the vehicle without use of a physical wind tunnel. A CAD model of a desired portion of the vehicle is prepared and a computational mesh of the desired portion of the vehicle design is created from the CAD model. A transient flow over the desired portion of the vehicle is then computed using the computational mesh, and a set of aerodynamic data from at least one predetermined area of the desired portion of the CAD model from the transient flow is extracted from the transient flow. A virtual representation of wind noise at a predetermined location with respect to the CAD model based upon the set of aerodynamic data is then generated, and an acoustic representation of the virtual representation of wind noise is produced.

Particle Impact and Soil Deposition Analysis System and Method for Vehicle Design Publication Number : US6529860 B1 Publication Type : Grant Application Number : US 09/176,268 Publication Date : 4 Mar 2003 Filing Date : 19 Oct 1998 Priority Date: 19 Oct 1998 Inventors : Gary Steven Strumolo, Viswanathan Babu Original Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, Inc.

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 28 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

A method and system for aiding in the design of an automotive vehicle enables dynamic placement of particle injection points relative to a computer aided design model representative of the vehicle to permit visual observation and alteration of resulting particle trajectories with respect to the model. Various particle trajectories, representing stones ejected from a tire toward the vehicle surface, soil deposition patterns, and the like can be simulated relative to the vehicle surface to evaluate a vehicle design, compare alternate designs and compare results from physical aerodynamic tests to predicted results.

Method for Designing a Vehicle Thermal Management System Publication Number : US6209794 B1 Publication Type : Grant Application Number : US 09/376,101 Publication Date : 3 Apr 2001 Filing Date : 17 Aug 1999 Priority Date : 17 Aug 1999 Also published as : EP1077416A2, EP1077416A3 Inventors : Bruce Eugene Webster, Thomas Paul Glelda Original Assignee : Visteon Global Technologies, Inc.

A method for designing a thermal management system on a vehicle includes the steps of determining a parametric solid model of a vehicle and determining an exterior thermal output of the vehicle from the parametric solid model of the vehicle. The method also includes the steps of determining a parametric solid model of an interior thermal management system on the vehicle and determining an interior thermal output within the vehicle, from the parametric solid model of the interior thermal management system and the external thermal output of the vehicle.

Method of Integrating Product Information Management with Vehicle Design Publication Number : US7158923 B1 Publication Type : Grant Application Number : US 09/537,659 Publication Date : 2 Jan 2007 Filing Date : 29 Mar 2000 Priority Date : 29 Mar 2000 Inventors : Krishna Murthy, Michael E. Stoeckle, Devang Desai Original Assignee : Ford Global Technologies, Llc

A method of integrating product information management with vehicle design includes the steps of selecting a vehicle program requirement from a library stored in a memory of a computer system, wherein the library is accessed through an information portal on the computer system. The method also includes the steps of selecting an information database containing information related to the design of the vehicle from the library, wherein the information database is accessed through the information portal, and determining if the information from the information database correlates with the program requirement. The method further includes the steps of using the information from the information database in the design of the vehicle, if the information from the information database correlates with the program requirement.

Knowledge­ Centre 29 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Book review

Title : Autonomous Technologies: Applications that Matter Book Author : William C. Messner Publisher : SAE International Available in Knowledge Publication Date : 2014 Pages : xvi, 193 Centre ISBN : 978-0-7680-7718-6

Over the years, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Challenges in the United States have galvanized interest in autonomous cars, making them a real possibility in the mind of the public, but autonomous and unmanned vehicles have been increasingly employed in many roles on land, in the water, and in the air. Military applications have received a great deal of attention, with weaponized unmanned aircraft (drones) being the most prominent. However, unmanned vehicles with varying degrees of autonomy already have many civilian applications. Some of these are quite familiar (such as the Roomba autonomous vacuum cleaner), while others remain largely out of the public eye (such as autonomous farm equipment). Additional applications and more capable vehicles are rapidly coming to the markets in the years ahead. This book examines a number of economically important areas in which unmanned and autonomous vehicles, also understood here as autonomous technologies, are already used or soon will be.

Title : Unwinding Electric Motors: Strategic Perspectives and Insights for Automotive Powertrain Applications

Author : Timothy George Thoppil Publisher : SAE International Book Publication Date : 2014 Pages : xiv, 99 Available in ISBN : 978-0-7680-8014-8 Knowledge Centre Unwinding Electric Motors: Strategic Perspectives and Insights for Automotive Powertrain Applications provides an in-depth assessment of the most important technology, manufacturing, and supply chain aspects of the fast-paced world of electric motors. A joint effort that brings together the technology and product strategy experience of the P3 Group and the focused reach of SAE International, Unwinding Electric Motors: Strategic Perspectives and Insights for Automotive Powertrain Applications lends clarity combined with solid data to those interested in understanding the fundamental factors shaping this industry in the next five years. Authored by Timothy G. Thoppil, from the P3 Group, this market study draws on extensive industry experience and is supported by surveys and interviews with industry professionals from OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers, research institutions, and universities. Unwinding Electric Motors: Strategic Perspectives and Insights for Automotive Powertrain Applications offers reliable market intelligence and discernment to the technical and business professionals in search of valuable input to support good decision making.

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 30 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

forthcoming events

JANUARY Advanced Tire Technology Summit International Automobile Electronics Date : 25 to 27 January, 2016 Consumer Telematics Conference and Show Technology Expo Venue : Charleston, USA Date : 5th January, 2016 Date : 13 to 15 January, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/advanced-tire- Venue : Las Vegas, USA Venue : Tokyo Big Sight, Tokyo, Japan technology Website : http://10times.com/consumer- Website : http://10times.com/ telematics internationalautomobile-electronics- ARRMA-2016 — Conference on Advances in technology-expo Refractory and Reactive Metals and Alloys 2016 SAE Connect2Car Date : 27 to 29 January, 2016 Date : 6th January, 2016 European 3D Summit Venue : Mumbai, India Venue : Las Vegas, Nevada, USA Date : 18 to 20 January, 2016 Website : http://www.arrma2016.com Email : [email protected] Venue : Grenoble, France Website : http://www.sae.org/events/ces/ Website :http://10times.com/european-d-summit Intelligent Automotive Lighting (IAL Conference) 5 Day PIP on “Engine Electronics & 5 Day PIP on “Engine Emission & Control” Date : 27 to 29 January, 2016 Management System” Date : 18 to 22 January, 2016 Venue : Dusseldorf, Germany Date : 11 to 15 January, 2016 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Website : http://10times.com/ial-conference Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Email : [email protected] Wireless Experience Summit Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 31st January, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Venue : Atlantic City, USA SAE 2016 Government/Industry Meeting Website : http://10times.com/wireless- International Colloquium Tribology Date : 20 to 22 January, 2016 experience-summit Date : 12 to 14 January, 2016 Venue : Washington, District of Columbia, USA Venue : Technical Academy Esslingen eV, 5 Day PIP on “Engine Electronics & Stuttgart, Germany Motor & Drive Systems Conference Management System” Website : http://10times.com/ Date : 21 to 22 January, 2016 Date : 11–15 January, 2016 internationalcolloquium-tribology Venue : Hyatt Regency Jacksonville Riverfront, Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Jacksonville, USA Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Industrial and Automotive Lubrication — Website : http://10times.com/motor-drive Email : [email protected] 20th International Colloquium Tribology Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 12 to 16 January, 2016 Automotive Interiors India Conference Venue : Esslingen, Germany Date : 20th January, 2016 SAE 2016 Government/Industry Meeting Email : [email protected] Venue : Pune, India Date : 20-22 January, 2016 Website : http://www.tae.de/tribology Website : http://10times.com/automotive- Venue : Washington, District of Columbia, interiors-india USA International Conference on Mechanical, Production and Automobile Engineering SAE 2016 Government/Industry Meeting Motor & Drive Systems Conference (ICMPAE) Date : 20 to 22 January, 2016 Date : 21-22 January 2016 Date : 12 to 13 January, 2016 Venue : Washington, District of Columbia, USA Venue : Hyatt Regency Jacksonville Venue : Dubai, UAE Email : [email protected] Riverfront, Jacksonville, USA Website : http://10times.com/production- Website : http://www.sae.org/events/gim/ Website : http://10times.com/motor-drive automobile-engineering Motor & Drive Systems Conference Wireless Experience Summit Industrial and Automotive Lubrication — Date : 21 to 22 January, 2016 Date : 31 January 2016 20th International Colloquium Tribology Venue : Jacksonville, USA Venue : Borgata Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, USA Date : 12 to 14 January, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/motor-drive Website : http://10times.com/wireless- Venue : Esslingen, Germany experience-summit Email : [email protected] Technical Fuel Systems Conference (Fuel Website : http://www.tae.de/tribology and Urea Systems) Date : 21 to 22 January, 2016 FEBRUARY International Conference on Mechanical and Venue : Pune, India Automobile Engineering (Mechanical and Website : http://10times.com/fuel-and-urea- International Conference on Intelligent Automobile Engineering Conference) systems Mechatronics and Automation (ICIMA) Date : 13 to 14 January, 2016 40th International Conference and Expo on Date : 1 to 3 February, 2016 Venue : Dubai, UAE Advanced Ceramics and Composites Venue : Cape Town, South Africa Website : http://10times.com/mechanical-and- Date : 24 to 29 January, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/icima-capetown automobile-engineering-conference Venue : Daytona Beach,Florida, United States Website : http://ceramics.org/meetings/acers- meetings

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Automotive Ethernet Congress EUROFORUM Conference Electronic 3 Day PIP on “Electrochemistry Simulation Date : 3 to 4 February, 2016 Systems in the Automobile (EUROFORUM for Automotive” Venue : Munich, Germany Annual Conference) Date : 23 to 25 February, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/automotive- Date : 10 to 12 February, 2016 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud ethernet-congress Venue : Munich, Germany Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Website : http://10times.com/euroforum-annual- Email : [email protected] International Conference on Automation conference Website : http://www.araiindia.com Sciences (ICOAS) Date : 2 to 3 February, 2016 The European Motor Insurance Summit Autonomous Cars Venue : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Date : 11 to 12 February, 2016 Date : 24 to 26 February, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/icoas-kualalumpur Venue : Rome, Italy Venue : San Francisco, USA Website : http://10times.com/motor-insurance- Website : http://10times.com/autonomous-cars- IC TIME 2016 — International Conference summit-rome sanfrancisco on Trends in Industrial and Mechanical Engineering TMS2016 — TMS 2016 Annual Meeting & BAJA SAEINDIA 2016 Date : 4 to 6 February, 2016 Exhibition Date : 24 to 28 February, 2016 Venue : BHOPAL, India Date : 14 to 18 February, 2016 Venue : Vijay Nagar, Indore-452010(M.P) Website : http://ictime.weebly.com Venue : Nashville, United States India Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected]; saeindia_ 13th Auto Expo: Components Website : http://www.tms.org/meetings/ [email protected] Date : 4 to 7 February, 2016 annual-16/AM16home.aspx Website : http://www.bajasaeindia.org/ Venue : Pragati Maidan New Delhi, India Email : [email protected] 5 Day PIP on “Automotive Functional Safety” International Conference on Economics and Website : http://www.autoexpo.in/components- Date : 15 to 19 February, 2016 Financial Engineering (ICEFE) show-2014/index.html Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Date : 25 to 26 February, 2016 Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Venue : Kaohsiung, Taiwan Auto Expo: The Motor Show Email : [email protected] Website : http://10times.com/icefe-taiwan Date : 5 to 6 February, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Venue : India Expo Mart, Greater Noida, Delhi International Conference on Mechanical and NCR, India Tire Technology Expo 2016 Mechatronics Engineering (ICMME) Email : [email protected] Date : 16 to 18 February, 2016 Date : 25 to 26 February, 2016 Website : http://autoexpo-themotorshow.in Venue : Deutsche Messe, Hanover, Germany Venue : Kaohsiung, Taiwan Email : [email protected] Website : http://10times.com/icmme-kaohsiung SAEINDIA International Mobility Conference Website : http://www.tiretechnology-expo.com/ Date : 8 to 10 February, 2016 The 12th China International Automotive Venue : India Habitat Center, New Delhi, India 7 Basic QC Tools Aftermarket Industry & Tuning (Shenzhen) Email : [email protected] Date : 22-23 February 2016 Trade Fair Website : http://www.saenis.org/ArticalView. Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Tal. Date : 26 to 28 February, 2016 aspx?id=7 Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Venue : Gaborone / Colorado / China Maharashtra, INDIA. Website : http://www.aaitf.org/en/ Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies Email : [email protected] Symposium Website : http://www.araiindia.com International Conference on Mechanical and Date : 9 to 11 February, 2016 Automotive Engineering (ICMA) Venue : Anaheim, USA International Engine Congress Date : 26 to 27 February, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/hybrid-and- Date : 23 to 24 February, 2016 Venue : Penang, Malaysia electric-vehicle-technologies- Venue : Baden-Baden, Germany Website : http://10times.com/icma-penang symposium Website : http://10times.com/international- engine-congress International Conference on Intelligent and SAE 2016 Hybrid and Vehicle Technologies Automation Systems (ICIAS) Symposium International Conference for Commercial Date : 26 to 28 February, 2016 Date : 9 to 11 February, 2016 Vehicle Engines Venue : Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Venue : Anaheim, California, USA Date : 23 to 24 February, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/icias- Venue : Baden-Baden, Germany hochiminhcity SAE 2016 Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Website : http://10times.com/commercial- Technologies Symposium vehicle-engines Velo-city Global 2016 Conference Date : 9 to 11 February, 2016 Date : 27 February to 1 March, 2016 Venue : Anaheim, California, USA Assembly Engineering Venue : Taipei / Taiwan Email : [email protected] Date : 23 to 24 February, 2016 Website : http://www.velo-city2016.com/index. Website : http://www.sae.org/events/hybridev/ Venue : Bad Nauheim, Germany php/en/ Website : http://10times.com/assembly- engineering

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 32 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

SAE 2016 On-Board Diagnostics Symposium Ever Monaco - Europe Stuttgart International Symposium on Date : 6 to 8 April, 2016 Date : 29 to 2 February-March, 2016 Automotive and Engine Technology Venue : Monte Carlo, Monaco Venue : Stuttgart, Germany Date : 15 to 16 March, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/ever- Email : [email protected] Venue : Stuttgart, Germany monaco-2015 Website : http://www.sae.org/events/obd-eu/ Website : http://10times.com/automotive- engine-technology Annual Rocky Mountain Bioengineering MARCH Symposium Car Conference Date : 8 to 10 April, 2016 The Green Truck Summit Date : 16 to 17 March, 2016 Venue : Denver, USA Date : 1 to 3 March, 2016 Venue : Las Vegas, USA Website : http://10times.com/annual-rocky- Venue : Indianapolis, USA Website : http://10times.com/car-conference mountain-bioengineering-symposium Website : http://10times.com/the-green-truck Fuel Economy Detroit by Automotive SAE 2016 High Efficiency IC Engine Advanced Exhaust After-Treatment & Megatrends Symposium Simulation Date : 17th March, 2016 Date : 10 to 11 April, 2016 Date : 3-4 March 2016 Venue : The Henry, Fairlane Plaza, 300 Town Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Center Drive, Dearborn, Michigan Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 48126, USA SAE 2016 World Congress & Exhibition Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Date : 12 to 14 April, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://fueleconomydetroit.com/ Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA Email : [email protected] Iptex 2016 - 4th International Power International Conference on Automotive, Website : http://www.sae.org/congress/ Transmission Expo Mechanical and Materials Engineering Date : 3 to 5 March, 2016 (ICAMME) 5 Day PIP on “Hybrid Drives, Traction & Venue : Mumbai, India Date : 17 to 18 March, 2016 Controls” Website : http://www.iptexpo.com/ Venue : Abu Dhabi, UAE Date : 18 to 22 April, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/iclct Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Industrial Safety (blended with e-module) Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 4–5 March 2016 Automotive Cyber Security Summit Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Date : 21 to 23 March, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Venue : Detroit, USA Maharashtra, INDIA. Website : http://10times.com/automotive-cyber- VEHITS 2016 — the 2nd International Email : [email protected] security-summit Conference on Vehicle Technology and Website : http://www.araiindia.com Intelligent Transport Systems SMS Korea 2016 — 2nd Edition Smart Date : 23 to 24 April, 2016 Advanced Material and Processing Materials & Surfaces Conference SMS Venue : Rome, Italy Date : 7–11 March 2016 KOREA 2016 Website : http://www.vehits.org/ Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Date : 23 to 25 March, 2016 Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Venue : Seoul, South Korea Metallurgy for Non-Metallurgist Maharashtra, INDIA. Email : [email protected] Date : 25–27 April 2016 Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.setcor.org/conferences/ Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Tal. Website : http://www.araiindia.com SMS-KOREA-2016 Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Maharashtra, INDIA. IFK — 10. Internationales Fluidtechnisches JD Power Automotive Summit Email : [email protected] Kolloquium Date : 31st March, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 8 to 10 March, 2016 Venue : Las Vegas, USA Venue : Dresden, Germany Website : http://10times.com/automotive- Website : http://www.ifk2016.com summit ICMCTF’16 - International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings & Thin Films International Congress Plastic in Automotive APRIL Date : 25 to 29 April, 2016 Engineering Venue : San Diego, United States Date : 9 to 10 March, 2016 Website : http://www2.avs.org/conferences/ International Conference on Emerging icmctf/ Venue : Mannheim, Germany Trends in Scientific Research Website : http://10times.com/plastic-in- Date : 2 to 3 April, 2016 5 Day PIP on “Engine Design & Development” automotive Venue : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Date : 25 to 29 April, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/emergingtrends Connected Car Detroit by Automotive Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Megatrends Sensoren im Automobil Email : [email protected] Date : 15th March, 2016 Date : 5 to 6 April, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Venue : The Henry, Fairlane Plaza, 300 Town Venue : Munich, Germany Center Drive, Dearborn, Michigan Website : http://www.sensoren-im-automobil. 48126, USA de/ Email : [email protected] Website : http://connectedcardetroit.com/

Knowledge­ Centre 33 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Automotive Steering Technology Conference International Conference on Automation, Electric & Electronic Systems in Hybrid Date : 28 to 29 April, 2016 Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR) and Electric Vehicles and Electrical Energy Venue : Berlin, Germany Date : 19 to 21 May, 2016 Management Website : http://10times.com/automotive- Venue : Cluj-Napoca, Romania Date : 8-9 June 2016 steering-technology Website : http://10times.com/aqtr Venue : Wiesloch, Germany Email : [email protected] MAY ALTA 2016 — ALTA 2016 Nickel-Cobalt- Website : http://www.eehe.de/ Copper, Uranium-REE and Gold-Precious WMM16 — 7th International Conference 5 Day PIP on “Engine Control System” Metals Conference & Exhibition Date : 2 to 6 May, 2016 Date : 21 to 28 May, 2016 Magnetism and Metallurgy Date : 13 to 15 June, 2016 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Venue : Perth, Australia Venue : Rome, Italy Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.altamet.com.au/ Website : http://www.c-s-m.it/en/events_and_ Website : http://www.araiindia.com conferences/ courses/wmm16.html E-MRS Spring Meeting and Exhibit CSNDD’2016 - Conference on Structural Date : 2 to 6 May, 2016 Nonlinear Dynamics and Diagnosis International Munich Chassis Symposium Date : 14 to 15 June, 2016 Venue : Lille, France Date : 23 to 25 May, 2016 Venue : Munich, Germany Website : http://www.emrs-strasbourg.com/ Venue : Marrakech, Morocco Website : http://10times.com/munich-chassis- index.php?option=com_content& Email : [email protected] symposium ;amp;task=view&id=912&a Website : http://www.csndd.org/csndd2016/ mp;amp;Itemid=1670 Fluid Power Systems & Factory Automation International Congress on Advances in Date : 23–28 May 2016 Automotive Electronics (Autobomile Mathematics in Automotive Security Date : 6 to 8 May, 2016 Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Electronik) Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Date : 14 to 15 June, 2016 Venue : Oakland University, Rochester, United Maharashtra, INDIA. Venue : Ludwigsburg, Germany States Email : [email protected] Website : http://10times.com/autobomile- Website : http://sites.google.com/site/ Website : http://www.araiindia.com electronik michigancag/mathematics-in-automotive- security Autonomous Vehicle Test & Development IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV16) Symposium Date : 19 to 22 June, 2016 International CTI Symposium USA Date : 31 May to 2 June, 2016 Venue : Gothenburg, Sweden Date : 9 to 12 May, 2016 Venue : Stuttgart, Germany Website : http://10times.com/itcesv Venue : Novi, USA Website : http://10times.com/autonomous- Website : http://10times.com/cti-symposium- vehicle-test-development usa 5 Day PIP on “Powertrain Engineering” Date : 20 to 24 June, 2016 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud China International Natural Gas Automobile JUNE Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 and Gas Station Equipment Exhibition (Ngv Email : [email protected] and Gas station) Manufacturing Excellence (blended with Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 11 to 13 May, 2016 e-module) Venue : Beijing, China Date : 6-8 June 2016 Manufacturing Expo 2016 Website : http://10times.com/ Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Date : 22 to 25 June, 2016 unconventionalgas-asia-summit Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Venue : Bangkok, Thailand Maharashtra, INDIA. Website : http://www.manufacturing-expo.com International Conference On Heat Treatment Email : [email protected] And Surface Engineering In Automotive Website : http://www.araiindia.com Automotive Manufacturing 2016 Applications Date : 22 to 25 June, 2016 Date : 11 to 13 May, 2016 Future Car Body Venue : Bangkok, Thailand Venue : Prague, Czech Republic Date : 7 to 8 June, 2016 Website : http://www.automanexpo.com Website : http://10times.com/international- Venue : Bad Nauheim, Germany conference-on-heat-treatment-and-sur Website : http://10times.com/futurecarbody InterMold Thailand 2016 Date : 22 to 25 June, 2016 Professional Development of Engineers SAE 2016 Aviation Technology Forum Venue : Bangkok, Thailand Date : 16–20 May 2016 Date : 7 to 8 June, 2016 Website : http://www.intermoldthailand.com Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Venue : Shanghai, China Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Email : [email protected] Automotive Manufacturing 2016 Maharashtra, INDIA. Website : http://www.sae.org/events/atf/ Date : 22 to 25 June, 2016 Email : [email protected] Venue : Bangkok, Thailand Website : http://www.araiindia.com Autopart Email : [email protected] Date : 8 to 11 June, 2016 Website : http://www.automanexpo.com/ Venue : Curitiba, Brazil Website : http://10times.com/autopart

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 34 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Creating A High Performance Organization International Conference on Mechanical, 5 Day PIP on “Automotive Fuels & Energy” Date : 27-29 June 2016 Automotive and Aerospace Engineering Date : 29 Aug. to 2 Sept., 2016 Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Tal. (ICMAAE) Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Date : 24 to 26 July, 2016 Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Maharashtra, INDIA. Venue : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : http://10times.com/mechanical- Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://www.araiindia.com automotive-aerospace

ITEC Conference SAE Battelle 2016 Cyber Auto Challenge SEPTEMBER Date : 27 to 29 June, 2016 Date : 25 to 29 July, 2016 Venue : Dearborn, USA Venue : Warren, Michigan, USA Website : http://10times.com/itec-dearborn Email : [email protected] LAM-16 - the 16th International Conference Website : http://www.sae.org/events/cyberauto/ on Liquid and Amorphous Metals Date : 4 to 9 September, 2016 Symposium on Intelligent Autonomous Venue : Bonn - Bad Godesberg, Germany Vehicles AUGUST Email : [email protected] Date : 29 June to 1 July, 2016 Website : https://dlr-mp.meetingmasters.de/ Venue : Leipzig, Germany LAM16 Website : http://10times.com/intelligent- Failure Mode & Effect Analysis Date : 1-2 August 2016 autonomous-vehicles Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, IEEE Autotestcon JULY Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Date : 12 to 15 September, 2016 Maharashtra, INDIA. Venue : Anaheim, USA Email : [email protected] Website : http://10times.com/ieee-autotestcon International Conference and Exhibition Website : http://www.araiindia.com on Automobile Engineering (Automobile SAE 2016 On-Board Diagnostics Symposium Engineering Conference) ICANM 2016: International Conference & Date : 13 to 15 September, 2016 Date : 11 to 12 July, 2016 Exhibition on Advanced & Nano Materials Venue : Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Venue : Cologne, Germany Date : 8 to 10 August, 2016 International Conference on Fatigue Damage of Website : http://10times.com/automobile- Venue : Montreal, Canada Structural Materials XI engineering-conference Email : [email protected] Date : 18 to 24 September, 2016 Website : http://icanm2016.iaemm.com/ Venue : Hyannis, United States 5 Day PIP on “Automotive Engineering” Website : http://www.fatiguedamageconference. Date : 11 to 15 July, 2016 Value Stream Mapping com Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Date : 16–18 August 2016 Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Design of Experiments Email : [email protected] Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Date : 19-20 September 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Maharashtra, INDIA. Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Email : [email protected] Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 EMI/EMC Website : http://www.araiindia.com Maharashtra, INDIA. Date : 18–22 July 2016 Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Engine Testing & Certification Website : http://www.araiindia.com Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 22–26 August 2016 Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud 5 Day PIP on “Transmission Control System” Website : http://www.araiindia.com Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 19 to 23 September, 2016 Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Design for Manufacturing Website : http://www.araiindia.com Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 18–22 July 2016 Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, 5 Day PIP on “Engine Testing & Certification” Website : http://www.araiindia.com Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Date : 22 to 26 August, 2016 Maharashtra, INDIA. Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Americas customer festival 2016 Email : [email protected] Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 20th September, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Email : [email protected] Venue : New York, USA Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://10times.com/americas- 5 Day PIP on “Systems Engineering” customer-festival-new-york Date : 18 to 22 July, 2016 Manufacturing Engineering (blended with Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud e-module) SAE 2016 Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 29–31 August 2016 Control Symposium Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Date : 20 to 21 September, 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Venue : Gothenburg, Sweden Maharashtra, INDIA. Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.sae.org/events/hddec/ Website : http://www.araiindia.com

Knowledge­ Centre 35 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

2016 North American International Powertrain NVH Powertrain Conference Date : 17–21 October 2016 December Date : 21 to 23 September, 2016 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Engine Emission & Control Email : [email protected] Date : 19–23 December 2016 International Vehicle Aerodynamics Website : http://www.araiindia.com Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Conference Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 21 to 22 September, 2016 Quality Management Email : [email protected] Venue : Coventry, UK Date : 17–21 October 2016 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://10times.com/vehicle- Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, aerodynamics-conference Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Maharashtra, INDIA. 2017 SAE 2016 North American International Email : [email protected] JANUARY 2017 Powertrain Conference Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 21 to 23 September, 2016 41st International Conference and Expo on Venue : Chicago, Illinois, USA National Congress of Automatic Control Advanced Ceramics and Composites Date : 14 to 16 October, 2016 Date : 22 to 27 January, 2017 SAE 2016 Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - Venue : Cuernavaca, Mexico Venue : Daytona Beach, Florida, United 34th Annual Website : http://10times.com/national- States Date : 25 to 28 September, 2016 congress-automatic-control Website : http://ceramics.org/meetings/acers- Venue : Scottsdale, Arizona, USA meetings SAE 2016 Thermal Management Systems FISITA 2016 Symposium 5 Day PIP on “Engine Emission & Control” Date : 26 to 30 September, 2016 Date : 18 to 20 October, 2016 Date : 9 to 13 January, 2017 Venue : BEXCO (Busan Exhibition and Venue : Mesa, Arizona, USA Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Convention Centre), Busan, Korea Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Email : [email protected] SAE 2016 International Powertrain Fuels & Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.fisita2016.com/ Lubricants Meeting Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 24 to 26 October, 2016 5 Day PIP on “Automotive Sensors & Venue : Baltimore, Maryland, USA Symposium on International Automotive Actuators” Email : [email protected] Technology (SIAT) 2017 Date : 26 to 30 September, 2016 Website: http://www.sae.org/events/pfl/ Date : 18 to 21 January, 2017 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Venue : Automotive Research Association of Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 India, Pune Email : [email protected] November Website : https://siat.araiindia.com Website : http://www.araiindia.com Hybrid and Electric Vehicles conference 5 Day PIP on “Engine Electronics & SAE 2016 Aerospace Systems and (HEVC) Management System” Technology Conference and International Date : 2 to 3 November, 2016 Date : 30 January to 3 February, 2017 Powered Lift Conference Venue : London, UK Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Date : 27 to 29 September, 2016 Website : http://10times.com/hevc Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Venue : Hartford, Connecticut, USA Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] SAE/JSAE 2016 Small Engine Technologies Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://www.sae.org/events/astc/ Conference & Exhibition Date : 15 to 17 November, 2016 Engine Electronics & Management System October Venue : North Charleston, South Carolina, Date : 30th Jan- 3rd Feb 17 USA Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Email : [email protected] Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 SAE 2016 Aerospace Manufacturing Website : http://www.sae.org/events/setc/ Email : [email protected] and Automated Fastening Conference & Website : http://www.araiindia.com Exhibition Human Factor in Design and Manufacturing Date : 4 to 6 October, 2016 Date : 21–25 November 2016 FEBRUARY 2017 Venue : Bremen, Germany Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Email : [email protected] 5 Day PIP on “Automotive Functional Safety” Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Date : 6 to 10 February, 2017 Website : http://www.sae.org/events/amaf/ Maharashtra, INDIA. Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Email : [email protected] Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 SAE 2016 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Website : http://www.araiindia.com Email : [email protected] Congress Website : http://www.araiindia.com Date : 4 to 6 October, 2016 Advanced Material and Processing Venue : Rosemont, Illinois, USA Date : 28th Nov – 2nd Dec 2016 Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Maharashtra, INDIA. Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.araiindia.com

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 36 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

Automotive Functional Safety MAY 2017 EMI/EMC Date : 13th – 17th Feb 17 Date : 10-14 July 2017 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Engine Control System Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Date : 1-5 May 2017 Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://www.araiindia.com Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.araiindia.com Automotive Meetings Queretaro AUGUST 2017 Date : 20 to 22 February, 2017 Engine Testing & Certification Venue : Queretaro, Mexico Automation & Robotics Expo -2016 Date : 18 to 20 May, 2017 Date : 7–11 August 2017 Website : http://10times.com/automotive- Venue : Noida, New Delhi, India Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud meetings Email : [email protected] Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Website : http://www.automationexpo.net Email : [email protected] MARCH 2017 Website : http://www.araiindia.com Fluid Power Systems & Factory Automation Design for Manufacturing Date : 6–11 March 2017 Date : 22–27 May 2017 SEPTEMBER 2017 Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, SAE Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 35th Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Annual Maharashtra, INDIA. Maharashtra, INDIA. Date : 24 to 27 September, 2017 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Venue : Orlando, Florida, USA Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://www.araiindia.com OCTOBER 2017 APRIL 2017 Reliability Engineering Date : 22–27 May 2017 Powertrain NVH Hybrid Drives, Traction & Controls Date : 3-7 October 2017 Venue : ARAI-FID, B-16/1, MIDC Chakan, Date : 3–7 April 2017 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune 410 501 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Maharashtra, INDIA. Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://www.araiindia.com Website : http://www.araiindia.com Transmission Control System JUNE 2017 SAE 2017 World Congress & Exhibition Date : 16-20 October 2017 Date : 4 to 6 April, 2017 SAE 2017 Noise and Vibration Conference Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Venue : Detroit, Michigan, USA and Exhibition Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 12 to 15 June, 2017 Email : [email protected] ICMCTF’17 - International Conference On Venue : Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Website : http://www.araiindia.com Metallurgical Coatings & Thin Films Email : [email protected] Date : 24 to 28 April, 2017 Venue : San Diego, United States SAE 2017 International Powertrains, Fuels & Website : http://www2.avs.org/conferences/ Lubricants Meeting icmctf/ Date : 26 to 28 June, 2017 Venue : Brazil, Brazil Engine Design & Development Date : 24-28 April 2017 JULY 2017 Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Systems Engineering Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Date : 10-14 July 2017 Email : [email protected] Venue : ARAI, S.No. 102, Vetal Hill, Off Paud Website : http://www.araiindia.com Road, Kothrud, Pune 411 038 Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.araiindia.com

Knowledge­ Centre 37 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA Regd. Office : Survey No.102, Vet al Hill, Off Paud Road, Regd. Office : Survey No.102, Vet al Hill, Off Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune-411 038 Kothrud, Pune-411 038 Postal Address : P.O. Box No. 832, Pune-411 004 (India) Postal Address : P.O. Box No. 832, Pune-411 004 (India) Phone : 91-20-30231192,30231193 n Fax : 91-20-30231104 Phone : 91-20-30231192,30231193 n Fax : 91-20-30231104 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] http://www.araiindia.com Web site : Web site : http://www.araiindia.com New Book Borrowing Knowledge Centre - Membership Details Facility (Option 1 - For Reference Only) Knowledge Centre - Membership Details The Automotive Industry in India is poised for giant leap forward. It is essential for automotive engineers, technical staff and college students (Option 2 - Book Borrowing Facility) to keep abreast with the latest developments in the automotive (For ARAI Member Companies & Other Companies) technology worldwide. Knowledge Centre (Library) of ARAI has collection of more than 12000 Knowledge Centre (Library) of ARAI has a collection of around books and standards. Books on various automotive engineering topics 14000 books on various automotive engineering topics like like aerodynamics, electronics, emission, brakes, fatigue, safety etc. aerodynamics, electronics, emission, brakes, fatigue, safety, and national & international standards like IS, ISO, DIN, BS, ASTM etc.; technical reports and seminar/conference proceedings such etc. and national & international standards like IS, ISO, DIN, as SAE, IME, FISITA, SIAT are available. Knowledge Centre is BS, ASTM etc.; technical reports and seminar/conference also subscribing national and international journals like automotive proceedings such as SAE, IME, FISITA, SIAT. Knowledge engineering, International Journal of Vehicle Design, International Centre is also subscribing 38 national and international Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration etc. The Knowledge Centre has automated all the services using Library Software. journals like automotive, engineering, special vehicle engineer, JSAE review, etc. The Knowledge Centre has automated all Knowledge Centre (Library) of ARAI offers Annual Membership to Educational and Research Institutes, Companies and Professional for the services using Library Software. Library Web OPAC is reference. Fees are as follows (Extra Service Tax). Library Membership available on our web site www.araiindia.com Form is available backside.

Type of Membership Fees Rates for Valid Annual Membership Fee is ARAI Member Companies Rs.15,000/- + Service Tax (as Company Membership Rs.5,000/- p.a.(3membership cards) applicable) per annum + Educational/Research Institute Rs.3,000/- p.a.(3membership cards) Refundable Deposit Rs.25,000/- Membership Annual Membership Fee is Individual Membership Rs.2,000/- p.a. (1membership card) Rates for Other Companies Rs.30,000/- + Service Tax (as Monthly Membership Rs. 500/- per month applicable) per annum + Weekly Membership Rs.300/- per week Refundable Deposit Rs.50,000/- Daily Membership Rs.100/- per day Annual Membership Fee is Rates for Educational / Rs.20,000/- + Service Tax (as We hope that availing this Membership facility will definitely helps Research Institutes applicable) per annum students and professionals to keep updated in this field. We have + helped several students to complete their seminar and project reports. Refundable Deposit Rs.50,000/- Looking forward to your valued membership and assuring you of our Knowledge Centre Membership with Book Borrowing Facility best services at all times. Thanking you. We look forward to your valuable Library membership for Book Free for Borrowing Facility Yours faithfully, SAEINDIA Members (For Reference Only) For any query regarding Membership form, Rules etc., please feel free Dr K C Vora to contact us on our Tel. No. 020- 30231192 / 1193 and at email IDs Head, ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre [email protected] / [email protected] P.S. : For SAEINDIA Membership, please contact With regards, Mr. Sagar Murugkar at [email protected] (020-30231136, Mob. 09922277224) at ARAI. For outstation Dr. K. C. Vora members, please contact [email protected]. Head, ARAI Academy & Knowledge Centre

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 38 Knowledge­ Centre AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

KC Version 7 Date : 08-07-2013 KC Version 7 Date : 08-07-2013 KC/13 ARAI Knowledge Centre APPLICATION FORM FOR DEPOSIT (LIBRARY) MEMBERSHIP FORM ACCOUNT SCHEME

Membership No. Deposit Account No.

Dear Sir, Date : Please enroll/renew my/our membership to Knowledge Centre for Dear Sir, the period ______20 to______20 at Rs.3000/- (for Please enroll us as a deposit holder. I/We enclose payment of educational / research institute), Rs. 2000/- (for individual), Rs. 5000/- Rs.1500.00 (Rs. One Thousand Five Hundred Only) drawn in favour of Automotive Research Association of India, Pune as our initial deposit. (for companies) per year, Rs. 500/- (monthly membership), Rs.300/- Demand Draft / Cheque No. ……..…………… dated ……….……… / (weekly membership) plus service tax. Cash (if hand delivered). I/we enclose payment of Rs. ______drawn in favour of The copy of all document copies supplied to me / us may be debited Automotive Research Association of India, by Demand Draft/Cheque to this account. Please remind me for renewal of the Account as and No.______dated ______/Cash (if hand delivered). when necessary. I assure to pay through Deposit Scheme for supply of document copies. Kindly arrange to issue necessary permission cards for use by our I undertake that, copy supplied to me in compliance with the request. I Students/Staff. We hereby assure you that our students/staff will abide will use it only for purpose of research or private study. by all rules & regulations of ARAI Knowledge Centre while availing the Name & Designation facility.

Name & Designation Organisation Name

Address Pin Code Organisation Name

Pin Code

Address Phone / Fax

E-mail

Signature Pin Code Receipt No. & Date : (Company Seal) Phone / Fax BENEFITS: E-mail 1. 10% Discount on the document delivery service to the Deposit Account Holders subject to minimum invoice of Rs.50/-. Not e : Please quote your e-mail address for fast communication 2. Immediate supply of document copies. Signature NOTE: 1. If minimum amount in Deposit Account goes below Date : Rs.1000/- the privilege of receiving 10% discount on document delivery will be withdrawn till deposit Receipt No. & Date : account is brought back to Rs.1500/- For more details contact Knowledge Centre at potdar. [email protected]

Knowledge­ Centre 39 Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS

KC Version 7 Date : 08-07-2013 KC /10 KC Version 7 Date : 08-07-2013 Appendix - G SUBSCRIPTION FORM FOR KC/12 AUTOMOTIVE ABSTRACTS Automotive Research Association of India Knowledge Centre Date: Feedback Form for Automotive Abstracts

Subscriber No. Name : Designation : Dear Sir, Company Address : Please enroll/renew my/our subscription to Automotive E-mail ID : Abstracts for the period April ……… to March ………. for Contact Details : print + e-version. I/We enclose payment of Rs.2500/- for print + e-version (within India) (Rs. Two thousand five Automotive Abstracts : hundred only) and US $ 90 for e-version (for Foreign) (Please give your feedback/ remarks for following parameters on a scale of 1 to 10) (US Dollar Ninety only) drawn in favour of The Automotive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Research Association of India, Demand Draft/Cheque No. Poor Excellent ……………… dated …………… / Cash (if hand delivered). 1. Coverage of topics: Subscription period of Automotive Abstract is fixed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 April to March. 2. Presentation:

NAME & DESIGNATION : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3. Quality of Abstracts Selected:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ORGANIZATION NAME : 4. Quality of Auto Clippings:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ADDRESS & PIN CODE : 5. Quality of IPR Scans:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6. Coverage of Forthcoming Events: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PHONE / FAX : 7. Delivery on Time: E-MAIL : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8. Any additional Suggestion / Value addition: Signature

Place: Date: Receipt No. & Date : Signature To Dr. K.C. Vora (Company Seal) Sr. Deputy Director, Head, Academy & Knowledge Centre

Vol. 42, No. 1, January 2016 40 Knowledge­ Centre