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Between the Royal and Queen's 1849-1949. Alliance Or Special Relationship?

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Between the Royal and Queen's 1849-1949. Alliance Or Special Relationship? 108 Royal, Queen's Connection The 'Connexion' between the Royal and Queen's 1849-1949. Alliance or Special Relationship? Sir Peter Froggatt MA, MD, LLD (Hon), DSc (Hon), PhD, DPH, FRCP, FFCM, FRCPI, FFCMI, FFOMI, FRCSI (Hon), MRIA Former Vice-Chancellor, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1976-1986 Introduction empire, although more faithfully descriptive in that the 'Belfast medical school' was unquestionably in In April 1797 faced with epidemics of those hoary Belfast!3 Belfast familiars, typhus fever and seditious activity, the five-year old 'Belfast General Dispensary' decided Exactly 100 years later, on 11th May 1949, Queen's to take action against the typhus; the sedition was and the new Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority beyond their remit! On the 14th it resolved to provide reached a formal agreement following the radical some in-patient fever beds and rented, for one year at changes in the health services and in clinical medical £20, a small terrace house in Factory Row (later Berry education in the post-World War II period and which Street; now the side entrance to Castlecourt) and paved the way for the high degree of integration which squeezed into it: six bedsteads and bedclothes, we know to-day.4 The Royal's close association with sanitary accoutrements, cooking utensils, medicines, a Queen's was by then firmly cemented since the resident nurse, visiting doctors' facilities, 60 patients Grosvenor Road site had earlier been proposed to in the first five months (with only one death) and also house the first new major full-time clinical academic space for the General Dispensary's apothecary on his units, viz. medicine, surgery, child health, obstetrics visits from the Dispensary's rooms at the Belfast and gynaecology, ophthalmology, and therapeutics Charitable Society at North Queen Street' On 4th May, and pharmacology (later to be joined by anaesthetics), Dr James MacDonnell, the senior Dispensary with associated 'professorial' beds in the Royal group, physician, and four colleagues2 took up their duties at though not exclusively. The hundred years, 1849 to Factory Row and the impressively named 'Belfast 1949, is therefore a distinct and distinctive period in General Dispensary and Fever Hospital' was born. the Royal/Queen's association. These humble premises were the ancestor of to-day's This paper deals with this association, or 'connexion' Royal Victoria Hospital in a line unbroken except for as it was usually called. Others have told the stories of a year or so during the 'troubles' surrounding the '98' each partner separately notably Sydney Allison' and when Belfast's charitable classes had other things on Richard Clarke6 for the Royal, and Moody and Beckett their mind and other calls on their pocket. for Queen's3; and your humble servant has dealt with On 4th November 1849, 52 years later, during some conjoint aspects7'8. Nevertheless, even on this epidemics this time of cholera rather than typhus, and constricted historical canvas, a century is a long time, longer even than a week in I political controversy rather than overt rebellion, and politics, and have had to be in somewhat I with the sombre increments the places sketchy though not hope more produced by great superficial or opaque than usual! There are inevitable famine and its the accompanying diseases, Queen's casualties - dentistry for one, 'professions allied to Belfast with 195 students College opened (including medicine' for another - but in fact their stories are 55 medical ones) and with the Royal's ancestor - then mainly those of the post-1949 period. the Belfast General Hospital in Frederick Street - as its clinical partner, the whole called somewhat A point on nomenclature. Over the period Queen's had optimistically 'the Belfast medical school'. The two names and one site - Queen's College Belfast until 'partners' however were far from equal, the 1908; and The Queen's University of Belfast 'partnership' was far from integrated, and the 'medical thereafter. The Royal had three names and two sites: in school' was not strictly a school at all! In this it evoked 1849 it was the Belfast General Hospital, from 1875 the Holy Roman Empire, neither holy, Roman, nor an the Belfast Royal Hospital, and from 1899 the Royal © The Ulster Medical Society, 1998 Royal, Queen's Connection 109 Victoria Hospital. All were in Frederick Street until chemist and gifted administrator, Thomas Andrews,"4 the move in 1903 to Grosvenor Road. Both had several who was already a member of both the Inst and Royal constitutions and many physical additions. I will refer medical staffs when he was appointed in December to them conveniently as 'Queen's' and 'the Royal' 1845 to be the key planner of the new medical school throughout. I will omit detailing the politics of Irish as the first vice-president of Queen's (and incidentally higher education and the Irish medical charities, which the last until Michael Grant's vice-chancellorship) and provide the backdrop to the stage on which this story he was critically placed to act as catalyst and fulcrum is played out, because these are labyrinthine. I will as was another key figure, Sir John Henry Biggart, a refer to them only where necessary. For details the century later. When the Inst medical school closed in resolute reader is referred elsewhere. Finally, 1849 it gave to Queen's most of its medical students, acknowledgments (or apologies!) to John Milton for three of its seven medical professors (plus Andrews), the idea for the section headings. morbid specimens and books, the lease of its dissecting room at £25 p.a. until 1863, a coherent and Paradise Perceived viable curriculum, an enlightened educational philosophy and above all a ready-made 'connexion' The pre-Queen's situation: the first Belfast with the Royal which was to prove remarkably robust. medical school (1835-1849) Figure 2 James Lawson The Queen's medical school was Belfast's second; the Drummond (1783-1853). Professor ofanatomy and first was at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution s~ i Fmedical; physiology at Inst, (Belfast 'Inst') from 1835 to 1849. At the time Inst .... s 1818-1849,;i 3 attending combined a boys' school with a 'college' mainly for physician at the Fever aspiring Presbyterian ordinands but also offering Hospital, 1814-1818, and foundation dean ofthe Inst vocational classes for the burgeoning infra-structure of medicalfaculty, 1835-1837. Ulster's prosperous agriculture, industry, and The principal architect ofthe commerce. Its name, 'The Belfast Academical first Belfast medical school. Institution' ('Royal' from 1831), was unwieldy but (Courtesy ofthe Governors, apt. It had originally planned to include a medical Linenhall Library). school but this was delayed until 1835, a story which I have told elsewhere.9-'3. Preceding Queen's, as it did, The key issues emerged in November 1826 when Inst conveniently identified, defined, and indeed James Lawson Drummond, professor of anatomy at tackled, most of the issues facing an embryo Inst and a former attending physician at the Royal, medical and this called publicly for a comprehensive 'preparatory' comprehensive school, experience Belfast medical school, viz. a school which would be enabled it to act as prototype and pathfinder for recognised by the vanous chartered medical bodies Queen's so successfully that in 1849 the new Queen's (Colleges of Surgeons, Societies of Apothecaries, school was able to hit the ground running. This athletic Army and Navy Medical Boards, some universities, feat also owed something to the skills of the great etc) for the 'preparation' of students to sit their examinations rather than be a licensing body itself, though Drummond had hopes that Inst would 4 . ultimately achieve 'licensing' or even degree status. A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Drummond wrote: '[After anatomy, chemistry and materia medica] ... it is of early importance to the student to have an opportunity of observing disease in its various aspects ... a ward in the hospital should be appropriated to the coprs th orgia meia schol (13- 8jj49)an leae t reception of a certain number of patients to Figure 1 The former theatre workshop at Belfast 'Inst' be placed under the care of one or two demolished in 1983 to make wayfor the sixth form centre. The physicians and that clinical lectures be Qiuree' (89186)Somoretete oftewingsho andthBelfporchIwere delivered twice a week on said patients ... A weekly lecture or two on the surgical cases.. of great importance ... and students added latex (Courtesy of the Board of Governors, RBAI). would be ©) The Ulster Medical Society, 1998 110 Royal, Queen's Connection [should also be] entrusted under proper the kernel of this enduring problem nicely: '... the relations ... with cases in the Lying-in [Hospitals] Authority take the view that it is Hospital ... 15 unsatisfactory for a public body ... to require and use the services of persons who are not [selected and] This was in addition to students 'walking the wards' remunerated by them and with whom they have not and serving as clerks and dressers to the hospital staff specific contracted arrangements'.' Instead, the Royal which was then the usual means of clinical instruction decided to run the clinical teaching and the clinical and which had been introduced to the Royal in 1821. lectures themselves and on 3 June 1827, exactly 170 What was Drummond actually advocating? Though years ago, the 65-year-old James MacDonnell, doyen his letter (above) does not spell it out, it is clear from of the Royal staff and the man who had taken charge subsequent Inst/Royal discussions that he was of the six beds in Factory Row 30 years before, gave advocating nothing less than professorial teaching the first in a series of hospital-organised clinical wards with associated clinical lectures and systematic lectures.'6"7 The event is symbolised in the Oration bedside teaching conducted by the professors who each October at the start of the Royal teaching year would be appointed by Inst but admitted to the use of and given by a member of the Royal staff without any the Royal facilities and responsibilities for patient care undue (or even due!) attention to Queen's, perhaps purely on that basis.
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