Measuring Revocation Effectiveness in the Windows Code
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Scripting – Windows Powershell – Part 5
CNT 4603: System Administration Spring 2012 Scripting – Windows PowerShell – Part 5 Instructor : Dr. Mark Llewellyn [email protected] HEC 236, 4078-823-2790 http://www.cs.ucf.edu/courses/cnt4603/spr2012 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Computer Science Division University of Central Florida CNT 4603: Scripting – Windows PowerShell – Part 5 Page 1 Dr. Mark Llewellyn © Code Signing • In the second set of notes on PowerShell we discussed the execution policy which is part of the security built-in to PowerShell. • We modified PowerShell’s default setting of Restricted, which prevents PowerShell from running any scripts (it is restricted to running in an interactive mode only). • We changed the setting using the set-executionpolicy cmdlet to RemoteSigned, which allowed locally created scripts to be loaded and executed without being digitally signed. • The other two options are: AllSigned, which is a notch under Restricted, in that all scripts must be digitally signed by a publisher you trust in order to be loaded and executed. The Unrestricted option allows any script to be executed but for non-local scripts the user is prompted for an action. CNT 4603: Scripting – Windows PowerShell – Part 5 Page 2 Dr. Mark Llewellyn © Code Signing • In short code signing is the process of digitally signing scripts, executables, dynamic link libraries (DLLs), and so forth to establish a level of trust for the code. • The trust granted to digitally signed code is based on two assumptions. – One, a signed piece of code ensures that the code hasn’t been altered or corrupted since being signed. – Two, the digital signature serves to prove the identity of the code’s author, which helps you to determine whether the code is safe for execution. -
Certified Malware: Measuring Breaches of Trust in the Windows Code-Signing PKI
Certified Malware: Measuring Breaches of Trust in the Windows Code-Signing PKI Doowon Kim Bum Jun Kwon Tudor Dumitras, University of Maryland University of Maryland University of Maryland College Park, MD College Park, MD College Park, MD [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT To establish trust in third-party software, we currently rely on Digitally signed malware can bypass system protection mechanisms the code-signing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This infrastruc- that install or launch only programs with valid signatures. It can ture includes Certification Authorities (CAs) that issue certificates also evade anti-virus programs, which often forego scanning signed to software publishers, vouching for their identity. Publishers use binaries. Known from advanced threats such as Stuxnet and Flame, these certificates to sign the software they release, and users rely this type of abuse has not been measured systematically in the on these signatures to decide which software packages to trust broader malware landscape. In particular, the methods, effective- (rather than maintaining a list of trusted packages). If adversaries ness window, and security implications of code-signing PKI abuse can compromise code signing certificates, this has severe impli- are not well understood. We propose a threat model that highlights cations for end-host security. Signed malware can bypass system three types of weaknesses in the code-signing PKI. We overcome protection mechanisms that install or launch only programs with challenges specific to code-signing measurements by introducing valid signatures, and it can evade anti-virus programs, which often techniques for prioritizing the collection of code-signing certificates neglect to scan signed binaries. -
Measuring Breaches of Trust in the Windows Code-Signing PKI
Session F5: Understanding Security Fails CCS’17, October 30-November 3, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA Certified Malware: Measuring Breaches of Trust in the Windows Code-Signing PKI Doowon Kim Bum Jun Kwon Tudor Dumitras, University of Maryland University of Maryland University of Maryland College Park, MD College Park, MD College Park, MD [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT To establish trust in third-party software, we currently rely on Digitally signed malware can bypass system protection mechanisms the code-signing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This infrastruc- that install or launch only programs with valid signatures. It can ture includes Certification Authorities (CAs) that issue certificates also evade anti-virus programs, which often forego scanning signed to software publishers, vouching for their identity. Publishers use binaries. Known from advanced threats such as Stuxnet and Flame, these certificates to sign the software they release, and users rely this type of abuse has not been measured systematically in the on these signatures to decide which software packages to trust broader malware landscape. In particular, the methods, effective- (rather than maintaining a list of trusted packages). If adversaries ness window, and security implications of code-signing PKI abuse can compromise code signing certificates, this has severe impli- are not well understood. We propose a threat model that highlights cations for end-host security. Signed malware can bypass system three types of weaknesses in the code-signing PKI. We overcome protection mechanisms that install or launch only programs with challenges specific to code-signing measurements by introducing valid signatures, and it can evade anti-virus programs, which often techniques for prioritizing the collection of code-signing certificates neglect to scan signed binaries. -
Code Signing Requirements 2015-11-19
Draft of Final Forum Guideline Version 1.0 Draft of November 19, 2015 CA/Browser Forum Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Code Signing Certificates Copyright © 2015, The CA/Browser Forum, all rights reserved. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire document is permitted in any medium without royalty, provided this notice is preserved. The CA/Browser Forum participants grant you a license to reproduce, distribute, make derivative works and display this entire document in any medium without royalty, provided this notice is preserved. If you make a translation of this document, we request that you prominently display the following statement in the language of the translation: “This document is a translation of the original English version. If a discrepancy arises between interpretations of this version and the original English version, the original English version governs.” i Draft of Final Forum Guideline Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Code Signing Certificates Version 1.0, as adopted by the CA/Browser Forum on nn aaa nnnn. These requirements describe an integrated set of technologies, protocols, identity-proofing, lifecycle management, and auditing requirements that are minimum standards for the issuance and management of Code-Signing Certificates that are trusted because their corresponding Root Certificate is distributed in widely-available application software. These Requirements are not mandatory for Certification Authorities unless and until they become adopted and enforced by an Application Software Supplier. Notice to Readers This version of the Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Code Signing Certificates presents criteria established by the CA/Browser Forum for use by Certification Authorities when issuing, maintaining, and revoking publicly-trusted Code Signing Certificates. -
Ensuring Audit Log Accountability Through Hash Based Techniques
International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, Vol. 1, No. 4, December 2012 Ensuring Audit Log Accountability through Hash Based Techniques Rashmita Jena, M. Aparna, Chinmaya Sahu, Rajeev Ranjan, and Rajesh Atmakuri trying to meet his sales requirements for a fiscal year. He Abstract—Audit logs are now considered good practice and a might attempt to change the transaction dates to make it standard approach for business systems. The integrity of the appear that they had transpired within the previous fiscal year auditing records themselves is critical. By simply storing all the when, in reality, they had not. Consider a school database interactions in a separate audit log does not guarantee the where a student who receives a “F” in one of his subjects, in integrity of the log. Data tampering can be done through unauthorized access and in some cases through authorized users. which he needs at least a “B”, could be highly tempted to try Results of such action can be unpleasant for business and their to dishonestly change his grade to a “B” in the database. This clients. Therefore, a demand for audit log security is needed would be an example of a student who would have to hack more than ever. This paper describes a mechanism based on into the system, unless of course the student somehow had cryptographic hash functions and trusted timestamping that access to the database containing the grade. prevents an outsider or inside intruder from silently corrupting The above discussed examples provide just a few of the the audit log. In addition it is shown that the proposed mechanism can be realized in database systems with little reasons why someone might want to tamper with a database. -
Digital Stamp and Signature Guide
Division of Land Use Regulation Digital Stamp and Signature Guide Instructions for E‐Submission Digital Signatures Version 1 06/05/2020 File: lur_052 Table of Contents Section 1: State Board of Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors Rules 1.1: 13:40-8.1A DIGITAL SIGNATURES AND SEALS…………………………………………………...1 Section 2: Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Section 3 Glossary of Terms…………………………………………………………………………………………2 Section 4: How Authentication Works……………………………………………………………………………..2 Section 5: Digital Signing and Sealing Plans-Example 1.………………….…………………………………..4 5.1: Bluebeam REVU Digital Signature and Seal Setup………………………………………………..4 5.2: Bluebeam Signature and Seal – Demonstration………………………………………………...…7 Section 6 Digital Signing and Sealing Plans-Example 2.…………………………………………..…………10 6.1: Adobe Signature and Seal Setup……………………………………………………….…………...10 6.2: Adobe Signature and Seal – Demonstration……………………………………………………....15 Digital Signature and Seal Guide Division of Land Use Regulation The NJ Board of Professional Engineers (PE) and Land Surveyors adopted rules for digital signatures and seals in November of 2015. Any electronic plans submitted to the Division of Land Use Regulation, where a signed and sealed plan is required, shall comply with the NJ Administrative Code governing the State Board of Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors. As a point of reference, below is the section of PE rules applicable to digital signatures and seals: N.J.A.C. 13:40-8.1A DIGITAL SIGNATURES AND SEALS a) A digital signature and seal shall carry the same weight, authority, and effect as a handwritten signature and impression-type seal when the following criteria are met: 1) The digital signing and sealing process satisfies the requirements of the Digital Signature Standard (DSS) established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, FIPS PUB 186-4, Digital Signature Algorithm Validation System, (2014), which is hereby incorporated by reference, as amended and supplemented. -
Virtualpatent - Enabling the Traceability of Ideas Shared Online Using Decentralized Trusted Timestamping
Bibliographic Details BibTeX, EndNote… Related Work Authors’ Details VirtualPatent - Enabling the Traceability of Ideas Shared Online using Decentralized Trusted Timestamping Corinna Breitinger Bela Gipp Department of Computer and Department of Computer and Information Science Information Science University of Konstanz University of Konstanz [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Online discussion and sharing platforms have enabled ideas to be disseminated more quickly than ever before. However, there are many good reasons why individuals hesitate to share their ideas online. In academia, for instance, researchers may not want their contribution to be made public until after it has been published to ensure that they are appropriately credited for their work. As a consequence, novel ideas or creative work tend to only be shared within a small circle of trusted peers instead of with wider audiences online. This status quo prevents other experts on a specific topic from contributing to the discussion. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept implementation of an online discussion and sharing platform that addresses this problem. The web- based application, coined VirtualPatent, automatically timestamps each post a user shares by creating a distributed timestamp on the blockchain of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin – a method for trusted-timestamp creation that we published in a previous paper. Unlike platform-managed timestamps, timestamps stored on the blockchain are persistent and cannot be tampered with. The system thus enables the author of a posting made online to retrospectively prove the exact time that the specific contribution was first put forth in a tamperproof manner – similar to a published paper, but with the simplicity of writing a post on a social media website. -
Electronic Signature Formats
ETSI TS 101 733 V1.3.1 (2002-02) Technical Specification Electronic signature formats 2 ETSI TS 101 733 V1.3.1 (2002-02) Reference RTS/SEC-004009 Keywords IP, electronic signature, security ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: [email protected] Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2002. All rights reserved. ETSI 3 ETSI TS 101 733 V1.3.1 (2002-02) Contents Intellectual Property -
TR-4569: Security Hardening Guide for Netapp ONTAP 9
Technical Report Security Hardening Guide for NetApp ONTAP 9 Guidelines for Secure Deployment of ONTAP 9 Product Security Team, NetApp December 2020 | TR-4569 Abstract This technical report provides guidance and configuration settings for NetApp® ONTAP® 9 to help organizations meet prescribed security objectives for information system confidentiality, integrity, and availability. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 ONTAP image validation ............................................................................................................................ 4 Upgrade image validation ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Boot-time image validation ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Local storage administrator accounts ...................................................................................................... 4 Roles, applications, and authentication ................................................................................................................... 4 Default administrative accounts ............................................................................................................................... 7 Certificate-based API access.................................................................................................................................. -
NIST SP 800-102, Recommendation for Digital Signature Timeliness
NIST Special Publication 800-102 Recommendation for Digital Signature Timeliness Elaine Barker Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y September 2009 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Deputy Director Abstract Establishing the time when a digital signature was generated is often a critical consideration. A signed message that includes the (purported) signing time provides no assurance that the private key was used to sign the message at that time unless the accuracy of the time can be trusted. With the appropriate use of digital signature-based timestamps from a Trusted Timestamp Authority (TTA) and/or verifier-supplied data that is included in the signed message, the signatory can provide some level of assurance about the time that the message was signed. KEY WORDS: digital signatures, timeliness, timestamp, Trusted Timestamp Authority ii Acknowledgements The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) gratefully acknowledges and appreciates contributions by Rich Davis from the National Security Agency concerning the many security issues associated with this Recommendation. NIST also thanks the many contributions by the public and private sectors whose thoughtful and constructive comments improved the quality and usefulness of this publication. iii Table of Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................................ 5 2 Authority................................................................................................... -
Eternity Wall
Eternity Wall Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta Agenda ● Timestamping ● OpenTimestamps Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta Timestamping ● What’s timestamping? ● How we can use the Blockchain for timestamping? ● Why Blockchain? Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta What’s timestamping? ● Giving a certain date to a document ○ Eg. postmark of the postal office ○ It doesn’t help if the stamp is on the envelope ● Civil law requires dates on important document must be made by public official ○ Eg. from the notary if we are buying a house ● What about digital documents? Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta What’s digital timestamping? ● Based on digital signature of a third party ● Based on certification authority ○ Eg. Italian PEC Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta Timestamping ● What’s timestamping? ● How we can use the Blockchain for timestamping? ● Why Blockchain? Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta How we can use Blockchain for timestamping? Genesis t t t block 0 1 2 Newer blocks Time Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta How we can use Blockchain for timestamping? Hash Tx Genesis t t t t block 0 1 2 3 Newer blocks Time Eternity Wall - https://eternitywall.com | Riccardo Casatta - @RCasatta How we can use Blockchain for timestamping? Genesis t t t t t t t t block 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time Eternity -
Securing Proof-Of-Work Ledgers Via Checkpointing
Securing Proof-of-Work Ledgers via Checkpointing Dimitris Karakostas Aggelos Kiayias University of Edinburgh and IOHK University of Edinburgh and IOHK [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Our work explores mechanisms that secure a distributed ledger in the presence of adver- sarial mining majorities. Distributed ledgers based on the Proof-of-Work (PoW) paradigm are typically most vulnerable when mining participation is low. During these periods an attacker can mount devastating attacks, such as double spending or censorship of transac- tions. We put forth the first rigorous study of checkpointing as a mechanism to protect distributed ledgers from such 51% attacks. The core idea is to employ an external set of parties that assist the ledger by finalizing blocks shortly after their creation. This service takes the form of checkpointing and timestamping; checkpointing ensures low latency in a federated setting, while timestamping is fully decentralized. Contrary to existing check- pointing designs, ours is the first to ensure both consistency and liveness. We identify a previously undocumented attack against liveness, \block lead", which enables Denial-of- Service and censorship to take place in existing checkpointed settings. We showcase our results on a checkpointed version of Ethereum Classic, a system which recently suffered a 51% attack, and build a federated distributed checkpointing service, which provides high assurance with low performance requirements. Finally, we fully decentralize our scheme, in the form of timestamping on a secure distributed ledger, and evaluate its performance using Bitcoin and Ethereum. 1 Introduction During the early '80s, the seminal work of Shostak, Pease, and Lamport introduced the consensus problem [39, 49].