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Atlarda Don Kalıtımı Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 1(2): 117-127 (2012) Derleme ISSN: 2147-6403 http://azd.odu.edu.tr (Review) Atlarda don kalıtımı Orhan YILMAZ1, Saim BOZTEPE2, Mehmet ERTUĞRUL3 1 Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi 2Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Zootekni Bölümü, 42110, Konya Iğdır , Zootekni Bölümü, 76100, Iğdır 3Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Zootekni Bölümü, 06110, Ankara ül 2012 Sorumlu yazar: Orhan YILMAZ, e-posta: [email protected] Alınış tarihi: 15 Haziran 2012, Kabul tarihi: 05 Eyl Özet Coat colour inheritance in horses Abstract Gerçekleştirilen bu derleme çalışmasında atların don In this study horse coat colour genetics was tried to kalıtımı özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bir atın don ve horse coat nişanelerinin tanımlanması, o atın bir birey olarak tanımlanması bakımından önemlidir. Atlarda bütün be summarized. A way of identification of vedonlar B genlerindenbirkaç gen çiftimeydana tarafından gelen belirlenir.temel renk Bu colour and marking genetics is basically important to genler dört grup altında sınıflandırılabilir. İlk grup, E identify a horse as an individual animal. All coat colours are determined by the action of only a couple genleridir. Temel renk genleri siyah ve kırmızı of genes. Those genes can basically be classified into renkleri belirler. Renk açıcı genler olarak four groups. The first groups is called as the base (mushroom)adlandırılan ikincigenlerinden grup genlermeydana krem gelir. (C), Bu boz genler (D), coat colours by including the genes of E (Extension), şampanya (Ch), gümüş yele (Z) ve mantar rengi B (Black) and. The basic colour genes determine colours of black and red. The seconde), Z (Silvergroup isdapple) called siyah ve kırmızı rengin tonunu açarak, geniş bir renk andas the Mushroom. dilution genesThe dilution by including genes theare genesresulted of inC yelpazesi oluştururlar. Modifiye edici (değiştirici) (Cream), D (Dun), Ch (Champagn genler olarak adlandırılan üçüncü grup genler, siyah pigmentin dağılımını sınırlayıcı (A), kırlaştırma (G), extensive array of colour dilution from black and red kırçıllık (Rn), baskın beyaz (W), leopar deseni (Lp) genler, temel renkleri meydana getiren pigmentlerin colours. The third group is called )as andthe colouredmodifier ve alacalık genlerinden meydana gelir. Modifiye edici genes by including A (Agouti), G (Grey/Gray), Rn tonu (Roan), W (White) Lp (Appaloosa hangi miktarda ve nerede dağılacağını ve temel renk colourgenes. Theand modifieradd some genes white controls hairs in how coat. much The andlast arasına beyaz kıllar veya benekleri where pigment is actually expressed in the coat yerleştirmekten sorumlu genlerdir. Son grup renk ty, postu,tonu ise lepiska isli ton,ve porsuk renk soluklaştırıcı,surat genleridir. benek, Bu genler leke, group is called as the miscellaneous modifier genes temelbeyaz renkkuyruk genl (rabicano ve gulastra plume), kaplan by including the genes of shade, sooty/smut mealy/pangare, spot, rabicano, gulastra plume, erini kısmen değiştiren genlerdir. mainbrindle, coat flaxen colour. and badger face. Those genes modify Anahtar kelimeler: Equus caballus, gen basic coat colour genes by altering minimally the Evcil at, Key words: Domestic horse, Equus caballus, gene kalıtımı, pigment, renk tonu inheritance, pigmentation, colour shade 118 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Yılmaz, O., Boztepe, S., Ertuğrul, M. Giriş Equus caballus meydana gelir. Suffolk gibi bazı ırklarda al don en sık görülen dondur. Diğer taraftan baskın beyaz geni Evcil at ( ), Equus cinsi içinde yer alan; (W) tarafından meydana getirilen beyaz don taşıma, tarım, binek, spor, yarış, savaş ve gıda olarak , dominant karakterli bir gen tarafından meydana kullanılabilen tek tırnaklı bir hayvan olarak , 2012). getirilir. Oysa beyaz don bazı ırklarda çok nadir adlandırılabilir (Batu, 1962; Bennet ve Hoffmann Atlard görülür hatta hiç görülmez (Panse 1999). Osmanlı döneminde ve cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında, yurdumuzda önemli sayıda tek toynaklı Bunlara donlarıeumelanin meydana ve getiren phaeomelanin renk maddelerine renk populasyonu bulunduğu halde, bu sayı günümüzde melanin adı verilir. Melaninin iki farklı tipi vardır. oldukça azalmıştır. Günümüzde Alaca, Anadolu Yerli, maddeleridir. Eumelanin maddesinin yapısında Karakaçan,Ayvacık Midillisi, Malakan, Cani Nonyus,k, Çamardı Trakya, Kulası, Türk Çukurova, Arap, Doğu Anadolu, Hınısın Kolıkısası, Karacabey, kükürt bulunmadığı için, koyu kahverenginden siyaha kadar değişen renk tonlarını üretir. Türk İngiliz ve Uzunyayla at ırkları yetiştiriciliği Phaeomelanin maddesinin bileşimi ise kükürt madde bakımından zengin olduğu için, kırmızımsı yapılmaktadır., 1946 Bu at ırklarından, 1962 Sönmezbirçoğu, nesli desenlerini üretir (Thiruvenkadan ve ark., 2008). kahverenginden sarıya kadar değişen renk tükenme , tehdidi veya ,ağır 2007 tehdit Alarslan altındadır, 2009 (Düzgüneş ; , Yarkın2009 Boztepe;, 2011 1975; hal Hendricks, 2011a1995, ; , Yılmazerc ;, 2011 ; Atlarda don, her biri, diğerinin alleli olan bir çift Emiroğlu, 2012ave Yüksel, ; ; Yılmaz ve indeki genlerin kombinasyonu ile ortaya çıkar. Ertuğrul b ; Yılmaz ve ark. ; Yılmaz ve Çift haldeki gen allellerinin her biri anne ve babadan Ertuğrul b). ayrı ayrı olarak gelir. Böylece tayda birleşen genn Atlarda don tanımlayıcı bir ırk karakteridir. 20. çiftleri, kendi aralarındaki dominantlık, 2009). durumu ve yüzyılın başlarında K. Pearson, C. H. Harper ve C. C. diğer genlere olan etkilerinin birleşimi ile yeni do Hurst adlı bilim adamları, İngiliz atlarının soy rengini ortaya çıkarır (Sponenberg kütüklerini esas alarak, at donlarını sadece kır, yağız, Kıllarda eumelanin ve phaeomelanin renk maddeleri, doru ve al olarak dört grupta sınıflandırmışlardır. yani herhangi bir pigment maddesi bulunmazsa, o Daha sonraki yıllarda gelen J. Wilson, A. H. zaman atın kılları dolayısı ile donu beyaz renk olarak Sturtevant, W. S. Anderson, E. N. Wentworth ve S. görülür. Yani beyaz renk, pigment adı verilen Wright adındaki genetikçiler konuyu kalıtım bazında herhangi bir renk maddesi tarafından meydana ele almışlar ve don ile ilgili genler üzerinden getirilmez. Ayrıca eumelanin ve phaeomelanin gibi sınıflandırma yapmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu renk maddeleri sadece kıllara yerleşmez, deriye de Odriozola,genetikçilerin S. Adalsteinsson, çalışmalarını izleyenL. D. van F. Vieck, Gremmel, M. Davitt, G. W. eumelaninyerleşebilir. veBu durumlardaphaeomelanin deri renk siyahtan maddelerinin kırmızıya Salisbury, J. W. Britton, W. E. Castle, F. L. King, M. kadar farklı renk tonlarında görülebilir. Bazı genler, D. P. Sponenberg, C. M. Woolf, A. T. Bowling, A. K. deriye de yerleşmesini engellediği için, bu Thiruvenkadan ve D. D. Householder gibi, 2006bilim durumlarda at pembe bir renk alır. Atın derisinin Thiruvenkadanadamları ise atlarda ve ark. don, 2008 kal Alvarezıtımını büyükve ark. ,ölçüde 2010 bazı durumlarda pembe renk alması, bazı donlarınrinden aydınlığa kavuşturmuşlardır, 2012). (Toth ve ark. ; tanımlanması bakımından çok önemlidir. Örneğin ; ; perlino ve cremello donlarının birbi Householder (Thiruvenkadanayrılmasını sağlayan ve ark. ,en 2008). önemli işaret, cremello donda derinin pembe renkte olmasıdır Diğer bütünn, canlılarda olduğu gibi, atlarda vücudun dış rengini yani at donunu genler belirler (Düzgüneş ve Ekinge 1972). Atlarda don kalıtımının bilinmesi, Bütün at donları, ekstension lokusunda bulunan ve ebeveyn (kimlik) teşhisine yardımcı olabilir. bu lokustaki genler tarafından üretilen siyah ve Bazen baskın ve resesif gen kavramları yanlış kırmızı olmak üzere iki temel renge dayanır. Bu iki renk genetik olarak birbirinin allelidir. Dominant E popülasyondaanlaşılmaya sebep daha olabilmektedir.çok, çekinik Bazıgenin kişilerceortaya “Baskın genin ortaya çıkardığı karakter geni siyah rengi, resesif e geni ise al donu belirler. Yani iki adet siyah E geni EE genotipinde bir araya çıkardığı karakter ise popülasyonda daha az ortaya gelerek, homozigot yağız donu meydana getirir. Bir çıkar.” gibi algılama bulunmaktadır. Bu her zaman siyah E ile bir kırmızı e geni aynı genotipte Ee olarak doğru değildir. Başka bir deyişle bu her at ırkı için bir araya geldiği zaman meydana gelen form doğru değildir. Örneğin al don resesif genlerden heterozigot olarak adlandırılır. E geni, e genine _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 119 Atlarda don kalıtımı dominant olduğu için, heterozigot yapıdaki denEe E geninin bu şekilde tüm vücuda dağılıp, genotipinde de siyah don ortaya çıkar. Ee dağılmamasını sağlayan gen A (Agouti) genidir ve genotipindeki kırmızı rengin meydana gelmesin modifiye edici gen bahsinde açıklanacaktır. sorumlu e geni, resesif olduğu için herhangi bir Extension geni ayrıca atın derisine de (dominant taneetkide varsa, bulunamaz o zaman ve at gizlenmiş ee genotipine haldedir. sahip Eğer olur atın ve veya resesif olduğuna bakılmaksızın) siyaha yakın genotipinde kırmızı rengi yapan bu e geninden ikia koyu bir renk verir. Eğer atın genotipi ee şeklindeyse, atın derisi siyah olduğu halde, kılları kırmızı renk kendini gösterebilir. Böylece at al don kırmızı görünür. Yani al donlu atlar ee bürünür. Atta don kalıtımı bu kadar basit olmamakla genotipindedir. ee genotipindeki bir atın yelesi ve birlikte, son yıllarda yapılan birçok çalışma ve kuyruğu vücut rengi ile aynı olabileceği gibi, koyu geliştirilen bazı teknikler sonucu, doğacak tayın veya açık tonda da olabilir. Al dona sahip bir atın örnekdonu ve büyük oranda , 2012).belirlenebilmektedir. donunda kırlaşma
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