The Board 01 Directors CARL SAGAN BRUCE MURRAY President Vice President Director, Laboratory for Planetary Professor of Planetary Studies, Cornell University Science, California Letters to the Editor Institute of Technology LOUIS FRIEDMAN We encourage our members to write to us on topics related to the goals of The Planetary Society: Executive Director HENRY TANNER California Institute Continuing planetary exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life. THOMAS O. PAINE of Technology Former Administrator, NASA Address them to: Letters to the Editor, 65 N. Catalina Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91106. Chairman. National JOSEPH RYAN Commission on Space O'Me/veny & Myers Board 0' Advisors DIANE ACKERMAN JOHN M. LOGSDON Going to Mars is a great idea, but to stress cooperation between the United States and the Soviet poet and author Director. Space Policy Institute George Washington University ISAAC ASIMOV Union may not be. I agree with The Planetary Society's view that a joint mission is the only sane way author HANS MARK to go; however, there are still many people (including lawmakers,l'm sure) who do not. Cooperation Chancel/or, RICHARD BERENDZEN University of Texas System in space is possible and it will probably happen since both nations are well aware of the advantages. President. American University JAMES MIC HENER In the meantime, The Planetary Society may be alienating potential supporters who would whole­ JACOUES BLAMONT author Scientific Consultanl, Centre heartedly support a Mars venture of a more nationalistic nature. I'm not suggesting that you dilute National d'Etudes Spar/ales. MARVIN MINSKY France Donner Professor of Science, your ideals, but simply that you change your focus a little. Massachusens Institute RAY BRADBURY 01 Technology Perhaps the Society should try harder to rekindle the fiery enthusiasm and adventurousness that poet and author PHILIP MORRISON consumed America during the Space Age. Of course, part of that enthusiasm was driven by political ARTHUR C. CLARKE Institute Professor, Massachusetts author Institute of Technology competition, but there was more than that. Just look at the science fiction of the 1950s-it was posi­ CORNELIS DE JAGER PAUL NEWMAN tive, limitless and arrogant in its depiction of human potential. These attitudes led us into the Space Professor of Space Research, actor The Astronomica l Institute at Age. As a nation, our attitude was still young, brash and wild-eyed with the sense of Utrecht. The Netherla nds BERNARD M. OLIVER Chief, SE T! Program. adventure-and of wonder. Things are not so simple anymore, but we could learn a lot from those FRANK DRAKE NASA/Ames Research Center Dean, Division of Natural pioneers of 30 years ago. Sciences, University of SALLY RIDE California at Santa Cruz former astronaut The Planetary Society and The Planetary Report have done an excellent job of bringing the public

LEE A. DUBRI DGE ROALD Z. SAGDEEV and the space science community together. Now that you have established your scientific credibili­ former presidential Director, Institute for ty, maybe you can afford to stress this purely human side of the issue a little more. The important science advisor Space Research, Academy of Sciences of the USSR JOHN GARDNER thing is to gain all the support possible for the Mars mission and to get this country determined to fo under. Common Cause HARRISON H. SCHMI D go in the first place. Human beings have always been eager to accept the challenges that fire their former US Senator. NM THEODORE M. HESBURGH and former astronaut souls and stir their imaginations. They just need someone to do the stirring. President Emeritus, University of NoIre Dame LEWIS THOMAS TERRENCE CHURCHMAN, Monrovia, California Chancelfor, Memorial Sloan SHIRLEY M. HUFSTEDLER Kettering Cancer Center educator and jurist JAMES VAN ALLEN As a science fiction writer, I am disturbed by the present administration's relative indifference to GARRY E. HUNT Professor of Physics, space scientist,United Kingdom University of Iowa space exploration and non-military space research. After watching Neil Armstrong set foot on the Moon in 1969, many of us believed that the coming decades WOUld, at least, see lunar space stations The Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680) is published six times yearly at the editorial off ices of The Planetary Society. 65 North Catalina Avenue. and explorations of Mars. We had proven that there was no limit to our vision, our inventiveness Pasadena. CA 91106. (81 8) 793-5100. It is available to members of The Planetary Society. Annual dues are $20 in the US. $25 in Canada, and $30 and our courage. What ever happened to our pioneering spirit? outside the US or Canada. I believe, however, that the public's passion for space is still very much alive and needs only the Editor. C HARLENE M . ANDERSON ; means for its articulation. I propose that The Planetary Society lobby Congress to include a line on Technical Editor. JAMES D. BURKE; Assis tant Editor, DONNA STEVENS ; the income tax return form next to the line "Presidential Election Campaign Fund" inviting taxpayers Art Director, BARBARA SMITH to contribute $1 to $5 in tax credits to space exploration. Viewpoints expressed in columns or editorials are those of the authors and This would serve not only as a source of much needed revenue for the space program but would ~~ :~i ~~;s~a~~a ~e~e~~~ t ~I~~~~~~ ~:C~:t; l aneta ry Society. its officers provide the American public with a ballot for directly expressing its concerns for the advancement In Canada. Secood Class Mall RegistratIOn Numbel 9567 of space exploration. DANIEL BRAWNER, Inglewood, California

COVER: APollo 15 astronauts photographed the The report by Clark Chapman in "News and Reviews" (see the SeptemberjOctober1987 Planetary Arlstarchus-Prlnz region of the Moon from their Report) on the Meteoritical Society meeting at Newcastle--upon-Tyne, England in July was very in­ command module. Crater Arlstarchus, about 40 teresting. kilometers in diameter, Is at upper right. In the However, Louis Alvarez, although the first to "prove" (in my view) the theory of catastrophic im­ foreground are the lava-drowned, ruined ramparts of the ancient crater Prinz and the pacts as the cause of mass extinctions, was not the original proponent of the idea. I refer you to mysterious network of rilles believed to result "Cataclysm and Evolution," Popular Astronomy, May, 1942, by Harvey Nininger, co-founder of the from more recent volcanic activity. Meteoritical Society. Photograph ASI5-2607 courtesy JPUNASA ROBERT D. NININGER, Rockville, Maryland I Thirty Years of SETI- I , The NASA Administrator Looks at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

On October 12, 1987, Dr. James C F1etcher, Adminstmtor of NASA, spoke to the 38th International Congress of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) about the possible future of the space program. Dr. F1etcher projected himself 30 years into the future and imagined what the then-Adminstmtor of NASA might say to the IAF Congress of 2017. Here we reprint the section ofDr. F1etcher's remarks dealing with the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SEn).

y the mid~1980s, very few people were convinced techniques employed to eavesdrop on our galaxy-tech­ that no other life exists in our galaxy. The consen­ niques that allow radio astronomers to search tens of mil­ B sus that there must be intelligent life on worlds lions of channels at the same time and to distinguish be­ beyond our solar system emerged because we had learned tween possibly valid messages and terrestrial radio fre­ a great deal about the physical universe since its birth. quency interference. We learned that in our galaxy alone, there is a stagger­ He or she will explain how a NASA project begun in the ingly large number of stars-as many as 200 billion. Astro­ 1990s searched the galaxy, using a multichannel spectrum nomers believe that most of those stars, except close bina­ analyzer linked to several radio telescopes and to the an­ ry stars, have planetary systems in some stage of develop­ tennae of NASA's Deep Space Network. ment. Of these, about five percent, or on the order of 10 bil­ The Administrator will then tum to plans for a follow-<>n lion, are called "good suns." These are stars not so large as SETI program to be conducted from the far side of the to bum up before advanced life could develop on one or Moon. He or she will remind the audience that the search more of their planets and not so small that one of their for that elusive needle-intelligence beyond Earth-in this temperate planets would stop rotating because of its prox­ cosmic haystack we call the Milky Way will result eventual­ imity to the star. ly in one of two things happening. Either we find what we If our solar system is typical of most, the chance is fairly are looking for, or some evidence of it; or we will go on for a good that about half, or 5 billion, of those "good suns" long time and decide there is no one else out there, be­ would have "good Earths"-planets at the right distance cause we find no reasonable evidence to the contrary. from their respective suns to allow life to develop. If we were to discover extraterrestrial intelligence, it Now, on what fraction of these "good Earths" would life would be inevitable that we would want to do something begin? The Administrator would find it hard to answer that, about it. Perhaps we would want to communicate with the even though we know that the ingredients for carbon­ beings whose signals we intercept. Perhaps we would de­ based life either already exist in the universe, or can be termine how to go out and meet them, or how to occupy readily manufactured by natural processes. our immediate neighborhood so as to be prepared to meet But by no means can we say we know all there is to them on a more equal basis. know about the chain that connects life with the first in­ Perhaps we would debate the merits of doing nothing, stants of the universe, the formation of matter, the uni­ out of fear that a technologically advanced civilization verse's evolution, galaxies, stars, the solar system, the would pose an unalterable threat to our institutions; in­ planets, organic molecules, and so on. Because there are deed, to our very lives. Were that debate to take place, I still many gaps in that chain, we have only a sketch. As believe the speaker would recommend that we should take these gaps continue to be filled, an in-<:lepth picture begins a chance on communicating. The Administrator would ar­ to emerge. gue that such communication could lead to the equivalent Even more uncertain is the fraction of those "good of another intellectual renaissance and maybe even could Earths" on which intelligent life may have developed. The change our perception of our Earth instantly from one of Administrator would remind the audience that our own competing states and super-states to a single, precious Earth is only 4.5 billion years old. Yet paleontologists and home for the human family. geologists have found microfossils dating back 3.7 to 3.5 On the other hand, if we decide that we are, after all, billion years. Clearly, they developed as soon as Earth was alone in our galaxy, then, I believe your speaker would con­ ready-as soon as the proper molecules developed in sea clude that we must decide what we want to do about it. water and the proper temperature had been reached. And And then another debate would begin. Some would be re­ that was in a relatively brief geologic time span. lieved that there is no one else out there. Others would feel On Earth, life developed into ever-more complicated terribly isolated and fragile on this one planet, given all the and intelligent forms, and there is a strong tendency to be­ ills that planets are heir to, including the realities of contin­ lieve it would evolve in that fashion elsewhere as well. But uing population growth and diminishing natural resources. we do not know for sure. The Administrator would point out that most people The puzzles remain. What is clear, though, is that in or­ would be in a very difficult philosophical position. Few der to fully understand our origins and destiny, to fully among us could conjure up the kind of religious position comprehend the human race's place in our galaxy, it is that easily reconciles the notion that God created other necessary to know whether we are alone there. worlds just for us, unless there was something intended for So the Administrator of NASA in 2017 will talk about us to do about them. progress in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence in Nevertheless, the speaker would conclude that if we are our galaxy since the first effort, Project Ozma, was initiated alone, then we are all valuable. And if we are valuable, we in 1960 at the United States' National Radio Astronomy must ask ourselves whether it is really reasonable to be sit­ Observatory. ting here on our own planet, when we could be extending The speaker will discuss the increasingly sophisticated the future of the human race on new worlds beyond. 0 3 ••••••••

s a permanent base on Earth's Moon THE ROLE an essential step in the human explo­ ration of Mars, or is it a step that we can bypass on our way to Mars and be­ yond? Although many believe that a lunar base' is justified on its own merits, others OF A LUNAR ask how a commitment now to a lunar base would affect our ability to explore Mars. Answers to these questions are com­ plex, requiring us to ask further questions. BASE IN For example, can lunar base development contribute technology or operational ex­ perience to improve our strategy for ex­ ploring Mars? Can lunar resources stimu­ MARS late Mars missions? Will expenditures for a lunar base divert funds and people from Mars missions? Over the next few years, the newly cre­ ated NASA Office of Exploration (see pages EXPLORATION 8-11) will seek answers to these ques­ tions, and will evaluate the scenarios sug­ gested by Sally Ride and her group in 1987 (Leadership and Americas Future in Space). This new office will work with other pro­ by Michael 8. Dulce gram offices in NASA to address the agen­ cy's goals of advancing knowledge of the planet Earth, the solar system and the uni­ verse beyond. The Moon/Mars questions will greatly affect these plans. The time scales for a lunar base and hu­ man exploration of Mars do not coincide. Proven technology for piloted Mars mis­ sions, the ability in low Earth orbit to sup­ port these missions, experience with hu- 4 A COMET AMONG STRANGE WORLDS? An interstellar spaceship entering a dusty star system? No, this is just another photo of the lunar suriace from Apollo 15. The plain is peppered with small craters a few kilometers in diameter. The object at center right is the extended boom of the command module's gamma-ray spectrometer, pointed straight down toward the Moon. The photo illustrates a beautiful lunar phenomenon known as the backscatter peak of the photometric function. When the Sun is exactly behind the viewer, the dark lunar surface suddenly brightens. Why is this? Decades before there was any possibility of getting pictures such as this one, lunar scientists knew the answer: The lunar suriace is fantastically rough at microscopic scale, with tiny structures that astronomer Thomas Gold of Cornell named "fairy castles" inter­ spersed with deep cavities. When such a surface is illuminated at an angle, most of it is in shadow. But when the light source and the eye or camera are exactly aligned, one sees to the bottom of each of the myriad tiny holes and the reflection suddenly brightens. From Earth, this is seen as the steep brightening of the exactly full Moon, which is eleven times as bright as the half Moon. This observation, taken together with the polarization properties of moonlight as observed by the French astronomer Audouin DoUfus, enabled scientists to predict that the lunar soil would be fluffy and soft. Indeed Gold (and some eminent science fiction authors) thought landing modules might sink out of sight; their worries were ended in 1966 by !.l.!.na...a and Surveyor 1.

man adaptation to long spaceflight, and an about 160 metric tons of cryogens. A sin­ but the maximum delay would be only adequate knowledge of the martian envi­ gle launch of an Earth-to-orbit heavy-lift two months. ronment will probably not be available un­ tanker could carry this amount. To sus­ To send a single piloted mission to til the early 2000s. tain a program, we could plan flights ev­ Mars we would need between 700 and Experience on the Moon allows us to ery other month. If we could store 160 2,000 metric tons of propellant. If deliv­ confidently plan a lunar base right now, tons in orbit, we could buffer the system ered with the same Earth-to-orbit tanker, and to build it around the tum of the cen­ against an aborted Earth-to-orbit supply we would need several missions. The fuel tury. If plans for lunar and martian explo­ mission. Missing a launch window to the would probably be stored on board the ration are not directly competing for Moon could force us to reschedule a flight, Mars spacecraft itself. The 160-ton stor- scarce resources, we can discuss ques­ tions of strategy with equanimity. However, if an early human mission to Mars is advo­ cated strongly, we will have to competi­ tively evaluate the merits, costs and risks of lunar base and Mars missions, and the risks of Mars exploration will loom large in that analysis. Three major aspects of lunar base devel­ ith the great success of the international Vega missions to Venus and Halley's Comet and opment directly affect the risks of the first W the continuing achievements of cosmonauts in the Mir space station, the USSR is increas­ human outpost on Mars: One, we could ingly willing to discuss future space programs. Soviet spokesmen have already described their gain experience in a low-Earth-orbit facili­ plans, beginning with Phobos-88 (see the July/August 1986 Planetary Report), for a reinvigorated ty in an environment similar to, but much scientific exploration of Mars. Now they are beginning to talk about lunar missions as well. less demanding than that of a piloted Mars In one lunar scenario, remote sensing orbiters would be followed by automated, mobile sur­ mission; two, we could develop mining face prospectors, then by a human reconnaissance, several logistics flights, and finally a base technologies, closed life-support systems, operating crew. This plan may be a part of the USSR's "Star Peace" proposal being presented to and other capabilities that we would need the world community via the United Nations. to "cut the umbilical to Earth;" and three, the lunar base could be a test bed for the In response to our inquiry, Or. Vladimir Kopal, chief of the UN's Outer Space Affairs Division, ability of humans to survive in fractional sent us the texts of Soviet proposals published in 1985, 1986 and 1987. While much of this mate­ gravity. rial relates to low Earth orbit, and expresses the Soviet political reaction to the United States' In recent studies of lunar bases and pi­ Strategic Defense Initiative (and has been reported as such in the world press), parts of it point loted Mars missions, we have identified more directly to the exploration and human settlement of deep space. how we might store and transfer cryo­ In particular, the proposals include a phased development leading to "".orbital stations and genic propellants. flight to the Moon to set platforms for scientific and commercial undertakings, interplanetary manned spaceships for up habitats and laboratories will require practical exploration and use of the Moon even in the first decades of the 21st century, which could also be used as a base for flights to other planets." -JD.B. age capacity could buffer the system THE REGION OF THE against an aborted supply mission. Apollo 15 landing site However, launch windows to Mars oc­ was photographed from cur every two years, so if we missed a the command module window for any reason, it would be a in orbit overhead. The long wait until we could try again. lunar module's landing We see that an important capability and the astronauts' for any piloted mission to Mars is a ser­ surface expeditions vice station that flawlessly performs took place near the on-{)rbit storage and transfer to meet narrow launch windows. Two to four crook in the Hadley years of experience in a lunar base pro­ Rille at center right. At gram would assure us that the system upper right and lower could meet the Mars launch windows. left are shown shallow Mining resources on Mars will be cracks, which geo­ quite different and in some ways less logists call graben, demanding than working on the Moon. resulting from exten­ Extracting oxygen from lunar rocks is sional motions of the technically feasible, although it re­ lunar surface around quires lots of power. Mining oxygen the edge of Mare from Mars' atmosphere is much sim­ Imbrium. This landing pler and has lower power require­ site was selected ments. However, before we use ex­ because it offered a traterrestrial resources to support hu­ variety of observations man life or mission operations, we and samples within a must be confident of our technology to small region. The small do so; we can't rely on untested sys­ impact crater that tems. If we demonstrate that we can ex­ tract lunar resources, we can be more interrupts (hence is confident that we can do the same on younger than) the Mars or on a martian moon. Hadley Rille is about We must also be confident of the six kilometers across. closed life-support systems, which Photograph AS15-0587 must operate reliably, without resupply courtesy JPUNASA or ground maintenance for at least a year-and more likely for two to three MARE TSIOLKOVSKI years for human Mars missions. If it is appears in this photo­ to support humans for a long time, the graph taken from the lunar base has the same requirements. Apollo 15 command However, it will be much simpler to re­ module. This magnifi­ pair and resupply the equipment in the more forgiving environment near Earth. cent impact crater on And it will be easier to develop the the Moon's far side was technologies and to gain experience discovered by ~ there than on a mission to Mars. in 1959 and named for Our current understanding of what the modest Russian happens as the human body adapts to schoolteacher who, weightlessness indicates that missions at the end of the nine­ of a year or more will expose a crew to teenth century, first set significant hazards. This has led us to forth the mathematical consider two possibilities: One, a quick foundations of astro­ "sprint" mission to Mars would reduce nautics and then went the total travel time, and so the risk, to on to design space­ about one year; two, a spacecraft with ships. After the giant artificial gravity would alleviate the collision that formed the hazards. 180-kilometer crater, But there are problems with both op­ dark mare lava welled tions. To fuel the sprint mission, with a spacecraft capable of great speed, we up from inside the Moon will have to lift very large amounts of and partly filled the propellant to low Earth orbit. We prob­ basin. Still later, small ably couldn't sustain such a program impacts pocked the lava beyond the initial mission. Before an sea-a clear example artificial-gravity spacecraft could be of the stratigraphic developed, we would have to examine relations that have in depth the behavior of humans in re­ enabled lunar geolo­ duced gravity. This could be done, in a gists to build up the limited way, in the space station. story of the Moon's However, to study the effects of long history. periods of reduced gravity on the body, Photograph AS 15-0688 courtesy JPUNASA we will have to expose many people to such conditions for extended times. A lunar base could be a test bed for studies of reduced gravity; the Moon's it gravity is one-sixth that of Earth, so overhead view of is a natural laboratory for investigating the Prinz rilles, fields from one-sixth to one "g." And while experimentipg on humans and photographed from gravity, we can also conduct useful re­ Apollo 15, covers search on the Moon, and develop tech­ some of the same nologies and techniques for living on region as the cover another world. A lunar base can be jus- photograph. Crater , tified on many grounds, and it could be Krieger, left center, more cost-effective to study variable is about 30 kilo­ gravity there than building a special­ <. meters in diameter. purpose experimental facility in Earth .... : Note the low mare orbit. ''wrinkle ridges," These arguments suggest that a lu­ believed to result nar base is important to the future of from horizontal humans on Mars. However, a lunar prcr compression, in the gram could be even more important in upper (northern) helping us to find totally new ap­ part of the photo. proaches to Mars exploration. For ex­ ample, a transportation node built at an Earth-Moon libration point (a point where an orbiting body can maintain a nearly constant position between two other orbiting bodies with a minimum of propulsion) could provide critical transportation and communication ser­ vices for a lunar base. [t could also be a staging point, providing lunar propel­ lant for Mars missions at much lower energy costs than bringing the propel­ life science, for astronomy and other ence is a necessary step on the path to lant from Earth. Although it now looks disciplines, and for the exploitation of Mars, it adds to the many arguments as though we shouldn't depend on lu­ indigenous resources. Many inside and for a lunar base. If a lunar base is chcr nar resources for early Mars explora­ outside of the American space program sen as an earlier goal than the human tion, such a cislunar (on this side of the strongly support a lunar scientific out­ exploration of Mars, then we must take Moon) infrastructure is probably need­ post for these reasons, independently care that its development addresses ed for a long-term Mars program. of any Mars initiative. the issues of a Mars program. While Over the next few years we will work But unless space program funding building a lunar base we will develop out the lunar base's role in Mars explcr increases greatly, an early lunar base the technologies and infrastructure to ration. [ have not addressed here the program could compete for funds with make Mars exploration easier, and thus scientific and technological arguments piloted missions to Mars, and so delay to speed up the achievement of a last­ for a lunar base used for planetary and that program. However, if lunar experi- ing human presence on Mars. D

The Next Goal lor NASA - The Moon or Mars? r------I~ ______, n recent months, many people involved with the American space program have concocted a debate that could be called "the Moon vs. Mars" over the next objective in the human exploration of the planets. This article by Michael Duke, and the interview with John Aaron on pages 8-11, show that there is no uniformly agreed upon answer to the question of which horizon we should seek next; rather there is a set of complex questions about the reasons we should go to the Moon or Mars. No one seems to question that Mars is the eventual goal of human space exploration. The reports of the Paine (Exploring the Space Frontier) and Ride (Leadership and America s Future in Space) commissions affirm that goal. And the US has already been to the Moon; there must be an extremely persuasive reason to return. The Moon's proponents must convince the nation of the importance of establishing a human base on Earth's nearby satellite. I am skeptical that they will be able to do it. Clearly, a base would be expensive. The Moon is not a particularly desirable place to live; it has no atmosphere, no climate, and probably no water. A telescope built on the Moon might be nice, but is it worth 5 to 10 similar in­ struments on Earth or in Earth orbit? We don't know what usable resources we might find on the Moon, but even if we find them, what will we do with them? Export them to Earth? Use them to construct enormous structures in space? And do we need to practice on the Moon before we set out for Mars? Or could we test our systems more effectively and efficiently in Earth orbit or on Earth itself? My skepticism doesn't presume that [am right or that [ don't like the Moon. The technical and scientific questions will get sorted out once NASA is again given a mandate to explore and a goal to strive toward. I don't doubt that NASA can find the technical answers once they are given direction and support from the people it serves. Many of us believe the goal that can rekindle the American public's passion for space is Mars. The Planetary Society welcomes other views about these questions and the continuing discussion about whether the Moon is a stepping-stone or a detour on the route to Mars. - LOUIS D. FRIEDMAN 7 A TALK VVITH John Aaron

, n an attempt to detennine NASAs future in space, Administrator James Fletcher appointed astronaut and Planetary Society Advisor Sally Ride to lead a study of the goals the agency might pursue in trying to re-establish its leadership in space. .' Dr. Ride presented her report, "Leadership and Americas Future in Space," to Dr. Fletcher in August, 1987. The report suggests four candidate initiatives: 1) Mission to Planet Earth-to use space-age technology to better under­ stand our home planet; 2) Exploration of the Solar System-to continue the reconnaissance of the planets with automated spacecraft; 3) Outpost on the Moon-to return to Earth s satellite and establish a pennanent base; 4) Humans to Mars-to send human crews to the nearest planet accessible to our species. Dr. Rides report also recommended that NASA establish a new Office of Exploration to lead the agencys hoped-for resurgence as a power in solar system exploration. Dr. John Aaron, fonnerly space station manager at NASAs Johnson Space Center, was chosen to lead the new office. Last December he discussed his job, the state of NASA and the future with the Societys Executive Director, Louis Friedman.

Louis Friedman: Why was the Office of it would be easy to just characterize that as Exploration set up? transportation. The future role is more anal­ John Aaron: It was set up to focus ad­ ogous to Apollo, where transportation is INSET: Exploring vanced planning for long-range human ex­ certainly a part and a routine role in the fu­ outward from a ploration of space. Previously such planning ture. The emphasis should be back on ex­ growing base was shepherded from a lower level of the ploration. complex, climbers Office of Space Flight. With NASA's emphasis investigate the rim on developing a more structured approach Friedman: Lets go a little further. Do you of a large, ancient lunar crater. Mili­ to strategic planning, it was appropriate to think the transportation role was a mistake in tary, arctic and set up this office. This new emphasis came anyway? undersea experi­ from the Ride Report's recommendation Aaron: No. In fact that's not a proper char­ ence on Earth will that NASA formalize its planning for ad­ acterization of what we do today with shut­ provide the back­ vanced missions. Last year NASA published tle. We need to look at the fact that delivery ground skills for specific new goals [stated by the NASA of systems, checking out those systems, ser­ such expeditions, Senior Management's Strategic Planning vicing and repair, conducting basic scientific whose safe Council]; one was to extend human explcr research, for example, as in the Spacelab conduct will ration beyond low Earth orbit into the scr missions, is more than transportation. Cer­ require the same lar system. This office will orchestrate the tainly the transportation development was discipline and planning that went activities throughout the agency to fulfill an appropriate part. But transportation into the A9.QllQ that goal. should become more routine and will not be traverses. the focal pOint of what we do with humans Friedman: What do you think the human in space in the future. RIGHT: Lunar role in space should be? workers unload a Aaron: The most visible part of the space Friedman: How will your office work with in­ module after its program is centered around humans in dustry, scientists and the public? In what spe­ delivery to the space. It's certainly not the only reason we cial ways will your work with those people lunar surface by a have a space program. But in terms of a bal­ differ from working with those inside NASA? descent rocket Aaron: In this office we are trying to in­ stage. In the early anced, viable space program that appeals buil!H!p of a lunar to a broad constituency, having humans in crease the interaction we have with the vari­ base, it will be very space is important to the civil space prcr ous communities and disciplines outside of important to make gram. It also fulfills the sense of destiny to NASA The reason is twofold. One, when you maximum use of explore. Although we plan to explore with talk about setting up a lunar base or human every item sent, both robotic and human missions, to fulfill exploration of Mars, those missions have at vast effort and that sense the human element must be a not been analyzed in detail in terms of their expense, from major component. scientific potential. It takes specific effort Earth. This paint­ with the scientific community to seek out ing suggests how Friedman: ideas and concepts and to understand the space-station Thats not quite the question I modules may was asking. I meant: Lately the human role potential of these missions. So although serve as proto­ has been to transport cargo to space. During NASA has looked at a lunar base and at a hu­ types for habitats the Apollo program the role was exploration. man mission to Mars in summary terms of and laboratories Do you think the role of humans in space will what science could be done, that also re­ on the Moon. continue to be in transportation? quires us to seek out and develop in detail Paintings: Aaron: I don't know. Certainly on Apollo the various ideas that have been proposed. I Pal Rawlings, you are right; the role there was not viewed envision setting up a very active program to Eagle Engineering as transportation. I think you are referring to reach science disciplines that you wouldn't the shuttle era of the late 1970s and 1980s. I necessarily think of when you think of plane­ B guess when you go to and from Earth orbit tary exploration. NASA will use the normal mechanisms to Friedman: Do you see this as relevant soon? that. We ought to make sure that within 10 deal with industry, particularly the aero­ Aaron: It's relevant within the next two or 15 years we have enough scientists and en­ space industry, for the normal space func­ years. gineers to undertake these kinds of voyages. tions.There are new development functions There's a third constituency category: We also have to keep in touch with the associated with these initiatives. Let's take The public, including the education system. political imperatives and desires of the ad­ the lunar base as an example. As we analyze Since our major endeavors require major re­ ministration and Congress. I envision that the lunar base scenarios, as well as out­ sources and rationales, we have to have a we will set up groups to use the expertise of posts on Mars; construction, resource ac­ very good public information program that informed people with scientific and com­ quisition, mining and processing, we must can articulate the reasons for undertaking mercial experience. Early in 1988 I plan to seek out industries that we haven't used be­ these major exploratory voyages: What are set up an oversight committee of probably fore, such as construction and chemical pro­ the benefits to humankind, in terms of rais­ 20 people, a mixture of various backgrounds cessing industries. There are also other gov­ ing the standard of living, competitive of importance, to consider in these initia­ ernment agencies that we need to seek out, spinoffs into the world marketplace, as well tives. such as the Army Corps of Engineers, the as how they satisfy our desire to explore? Bureau of Mines, and so forth. We have an opportunity here, since these Friedman: Do you see any way that The missions take years. Not only should we Planetary Society, as a public interest group, reach out to universities and colleges, we can help your initiatives? should also target information to stimulate Aaron: You certainly can. You already have the scientific and engineering awareness of helped considerably in heightening the our children in elementary and secondary awareness of why human exploration is im­ schools. I've asked Alan Ladwig in my orga­ portant to this country and to this planet. I nization to concentrate on how we can do hope that we can continue a good relation-

9 ship because what your organization advo­ initiatives. I don't think that NASA will sim­ a very rich program. The scientific return cates is synergistic with what NASA is trying ply study and then announce one endpoint, has never been as rich as it was in that time. to do. I know that sometimes your organiza­ and pursue that single objective. Of the six Maybe I'm not articulating the plan right. I tion gets a little impatient with NASA's or seven themes of science and exploration don't think we ought to focus singularly on studying so many alternatives, or taking as within NASA, such as the great observato­ one initiative to the exclusion of all others. much time as we do on details. But the sys­ ries, robotic planetary exploration, the inter­ The right model is centered around some tem, particularly in its current environment, national solar terrestrial program, or the use primary objective. These human explo­ demands that we do that. Before we go for­ of the space station for scientific purposes, ration initiatives are major in terms of dol­ ward, we have to know, with quite a bit of fi­ five are in the Office of Space Science and lars and talent required. We are trying to re­ delity,. the cost of these programs, and have Applications and two are in the Office of turn to what you were talking about. We a good idea of the benefit. All of that con­ Exploration-the latter having to do with picked the primary goal of extending human tributes to our studying many things in par­ long-range human initiatives. The crux of exploration into the solar system. We are allel over a period of time to reach a mature the problem is: Of those seven themes, what working out intermediate points along the decision. That contributes, sometimes, to a combination makes sense for the agency to way. Meanwhile, we do have very important little impatience on your part. NASA's trying pursue? So the responsibility lies with the scientific themes already that we will pursue to be responsive to the constituency. two offices, with the Office of Exploration in addition to human exploration. taking the lead. Each theme will be devel­ Friedman: The Ride Study picked four initia­ oped individually in terms of its potential. Friedman: One of those initiatives is the lu­ tives. Are you going to pick one or two? The result is not simply to pick one as a pri­ nar base. What is a lunar base? Is it a goal in Aaron: That was one of the first questions I mary goal. The right answer is to pick a and of itself, or is it a step to something else? had to deal with when I came on board. combination to give the right balance of Aaron: In the context of the way you asked Sally hoped she could analyze and under­ near-term and far-term objectives in un­ the question, I don't think it is a goal. It's a stand the degree to which those four initia­ manned as well as manned exploration. step. Remember the second goal of NASA: tives would contribute to leadership. After To extend the human presence into the so­ all, the name of her report is "Leadership." Friedman: Why not pick one, as we did with lar system. If a lunar base is chosen as a Two of those initiatives were unmanned Apollo, to put a man on the Moon and return path, we don't envision that we would stop and two were manned. What I have worked him safely by the end of the decade? That led at the Moon. The lunar base is an exciting out is this: We should not, as part of this of­ to a very broad planetary program-Earth, intermediate step. As we expand outward, fice, advocate the two unmanned initiatives Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, to what degree do we need to stop at the per se, out of context with the other scien­ Neptune-and dozens of lunar spacecraft, lots Moon to gain operational experience, to un­ tific and exploratory themes of NASA. of launch vehicles and communications satel­ derstand how to live and work on a remote There's six or seven scientific themes that lites. Why not pick just one goal? Isn't that a body in the solar system, is the question. the Office of Space Science advocates and better way to get on with the program instead Using that experience to move on outward, defines missions for, including the two un­ of endlessly trying to blend things and please including explorations to Mars, that's the manned initiatives contained in the Ride more constituencies? proposed reason for a lunar base in the Report. Aaron: But what you reeled off there was a context of your question. broad combination. Everyone's aspirations are to go to Mars. Friedman: You're not worried that they'll get You won't find anyone who says we lost? Friedman: It was driven by one goal: Apollo. shouldn't go to Mars eventually. To what de­ Aaron: No, because I think that, in the end, That was the only goal enunciated for NASA. gree we need to use the lunar base to do this office will plan for some combination of Aaron: It was enunciated as one member of that is a question. Maybe we might find re­ sources to export commercially. We are also thinking of lunar resources to maintain a base or to leverage further exploration into the solar system. On the Moon we are only three days from home. That appeals to us. In addition to do­ ing planetary science on the Moon, it is ex­ citing as a natural base for major scientific instruments to learn more about the cos­ A module has mos as well as the solar system. landed on Mars. Designs such as Friedman: Why shouldn't NASA get out of this are already contemplated in manned space flight and have a more inex­ studies of human pensive robotic goal? missions to the Red Aaron: That would be very exciting, but to Planet-studies a smaller constituency. However, I don't be­ that have gone on lieve a country will be judged as a leader in sporadically for the space program without human explo­ many years as the ration as a component. I reject the idea that prospect of a we are paying too much for the space pro­ martian future for gram. We are really paying nothing; the re­ humanity continues turn exceeds the cost. It comes in science, to beckon us. economics, technology, competitiveness, PaInting: Pal Rawlings, prestige and so on. That wouldn't come Eagle EngIneering from a robotics-only program. As long as Mars is out there humans will want to go--and they will. The United States might not, but humans will. We at NASA want the US to do it.

Friedman: Many have commented that NASA has weakened lately Is the agency ca­ 10 pable of organizing a successful Mars pro- gram with all of the attendant needs: A space station, long-duration life support, larger launch vehicles, a 10- to 20-year-long su~ porting science and technology program, and so on? Aaron: NASA is up to it. It will require na­ tional will and support. Given that, NASNs spirit will be revitalized and the goal will bring the best to work on the program.

Friedman: If the nation finds the will, do you think NAS4. can sustain a 10- to 20-year Using heat to ex­ program? Has the country gotten overbur­ tract volatile mater­ ials, astronauts dened with bureaucracy? mine Phobos for Aaron: That is one thing that has changed rocket propellants since we took on theApollo program. We live and life support. In with more oversight, more micromanage­ 1989, Soviet space­ ment, and so forth. But a lot of that is be­ craft will begin cause we are trying to be all things to all peo­ investigating the ple. Because we don't have an imperative in­ little martian moon vites a lot of micromanagement.We can do it. to find out whether or not it offers such Friedman: Looking ahead to a successful a resource for NAS4. program as it is now constituted, I'm the future. worried about reaching 1995 with no more Painting: Pat Rawlings, launch capability than the US has now; a Eagle engineering space station no closer to giving us long-

WASHINGTON-The Reagan administra­ cism from the National Research Council Department of Commerce and several pri­ tion's budget request for NASA did not (NRC) of the National Academies of vate companies, including the Boeing, contain the hoped-for new start of the Science and Engineering, increasing cost Westinghouse and 3M corporations, are Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) estimates, budget cuts from Congress and encouraging the ISF. The White House mission. the administration, scaling down of the Cabinet Level Economic Policy Council NASA's overall budget was up by about structure, and government and private in­ has recommended that the government 20 percent, with the space station, the dustry support of a different station con­ support it. space shuttle and several other areas of cept. This astronaut-tended facility could be 1 space science receiving increases. Details Within two weeks of these awards, operational as early as 1991, Faget asserts. of the budget and support for new mis­ Congress reduced the space station's He proposes to develop it with private sions were not yet available as we went to 1988 budget by 45 percent, as part of the money. However, the plan requires govern­ press; we will discuss them in the next is­ federal deficit reduction program. This ment guarantees in the form of leasing. sue of The Planetary Report. cut was made to an already scaled-down NASA opposed the ISF, seeing it as a program, which was to orbit a "Block I" competitor to the space station. But is it? MOSCOW-In December 1987, Soviet and station by 1996. The station's only competitor is itself. With American planetary scientists met in The NRC panel asserted that NASA had weak public and congressional support, Moscow to discuss ways to implement the underestimated the cost of this station. no customers, escalating costs and depen­ new space cooperation agreement be­ The agency estimates the cost at about dence on the shuttle, the station is its own tween their two nations. The most imme­ $18 billion; NRC says the true costs are worst enemy. But if it were freed of the ear­ diately significant move was NASA's agree­ closer to $32 billion. The panel also noted ly microgravity requirement and the cur­ i ment to consider an antenna on the Mars that the space shuttle is insufficient to rent technological competitiveness and \ Observer spacecraft to relay data transmit­ launch space station hardware; much economic shibboleths, then suddenly it of­ ted by the balloon probes to be launched more powerful launch vehicles should be fers a promise for the revitalization of the by two Soviet spacecraft early in the next developed before the planned station can US space program. I decade. (See the May/June 1987 Planetary be placed in low Earth orbit. According to the NRC report, Block I Report.) More significantly, the NRC panel criti­ station development could be easily redi­ American scientists, led by an ad hoc cized the stated microgravity materials rected. NASA's real love is human explo­ committee of The Planetary Society, believe processing goals of the station program. ration, with the ultimate goal of Mars. that data from the Mars balloon probe can The panel suggested that the proposed (See the Ride Report, Leadership and provide important information about that "Block II" for applications planned for the America's Future in Space.) With the ISF or planet's surface to help the much-planned late 1990s might be "better used as a bio­ similar approaches handling industrial rover and sample return mission. logical research center and staging area work, the space station could be freed to At the Moscow meeting, the space sci­ for space travel" (Science magazine, become a base for Mars exploration. entists also discussed cooperation on da­ September 18, 1987). They did say, how­ Research in orbit could begin in the late ta analysis from other Mars and Venus ever, that the Block I stage could accomo­ 1990s, with a mission setting out early in missions, and future mission objectives. date such a redirection and should the next century. That station could also continue. build on the lower cost automated plat­ WASHINGTON-NASA's continuing prob­ NASA's enthusiasm for microgravity form experience. lems with the space shuttle program are processing has not been met with com­ Redirecting the space station toward lessening the agency's support in mensurate interest from private indus­ those goals would reaffirm NASA's charter. Congress and in the press. During a test try. Johnson and Johnson dropped out Balanced with expendable launch vehicle firing of the solid-fueled rocket, a re­ of their commercial venture with development, robotic planetary explo­ designed nozzle assembly failed, forcing a McDonnell-Douglas, citing more promis­ ration, space science and biological re­ return to an earlier design. Such engineer­ ing Earth-based techniques. In addition, search in orbit, the space station would be ing problems are to be expected in a com­ the first post-Challenger meeting of poten­ worth the cost. plex program such as the shuttle, and the tial space station users was poorly attend­ spotlight on them makes NASA's task all ed, and participants concentrated more WASHINGTON-In December, Planetary the more difficult. The agency is criticized on space science from automated plat­ Society President Carl Sagan and Advisor for going too slow, too fast, spending too forms. Paul Newman were among a group of much, and too little. A new player has now entered the arena: Americans who met with Mikhail The problem, as we've said before, is the Industrial Space Facility (!SF). Designed Gorbachev while the Soviet leader was in not the shuttle itself, but NASA's total re­ as a private venture by Space Industries, Washington, DC for the summit meeting liance on it. It is an experimental, not oper­ inc., led by Maxime Faget- the former chief with President Ronald Reagan. Mr. ational, vehicle. The agency should be al­ engineer at NASA's Johnson Space Center, Gorbachev spoke to the group about lowed to fix and develop it leisurely and and designer of the Mercury, Gemini and many topics in American- Soviet rela­ carefully. In the meantime, NASA should Apollo space capsules-the !SF is proposed tions, including cooperation in space. He use expendable launch vehicles, such as as an automated platform to be periodical­ specifically mentioned cooperation in the the proven Titan rockets, to lift regular ly tended by astronauts, with no need for a exploration of Mars, and stated that he science and applications payloads. permanent human presence. supported a joint human mission to the Space Industries claims that the ISF Red Planet. WASHINGTON- In December, NASA would cost less than $1 billion. Its main ap­ awarded $5 billion in contracts to build plications would be in materials process­ Louis Friedman is the Executive Director of 12 their space station, despite strong criti- ing and microgravity research. The US The Planetary Society.

burg, Florida explained that summer. Baerbel Lucchitta of VOLUNTEER WATCHING MARS IN '88 NETWORK GROWS because of his age (86) and the US Geological Survey in illness he couldn't circulate Mars, the Red Planet, has in­ Flagstaff compared Mars to The Planetary Society's Volun­ the petition, but he sent in his trigued humans for centuries. our planet in a series of stun­ teer Network continues to own signature to support our This year Mars will be closer to ning slides. Christopher grow. These members are effort. Earth than it has been for 17 McKay, coordinator of the S0- working actively toward the If you haven't signed the years, and viewing should be ciety's Mars Institute, talked Society's goals of encouraging Mars Declaration, get a copy excellent. The Planetary about Mars exploration. Mars planetary exploration and the from The Planetary Report or Society is taking advantage of Watch coordinator Stephen search for extraterrestrial life, write to our office, ATTN: Mars this event by sponsoring a Edberg told the audience how and fostering cooperation Campaign, for a copy. year-long program, Mars they could get involved in among spacefaring nations. Watch '88, to excite the public Mars Watch '88. We are now selecting volun­ SOCIETY FUNDS imagination about the explo­ Barbara Bowman, volunteer teer coordinators for each state DOlPHIN STUDY ration of Mars. Stephen coordinator for Northern Calif­ and country. These coordina­ Edberg, a scientist at the Jet ornia, and her dynamic crew tors will put local members in If intelligent life is someday dis­ did a magnificent job of putting covered on another world, will Propulsion Laboratory, is coor­ touch with each other and will dinating the program. the event together. Kudos to humans be able to communi­ supervise local activities. Mars Watch parties, held in Barbara and her volunteer net­ cate with it? To help us learn We encourage members of cooperation with amateur as­ work organizers: Mary Pea, more about interspecies com­ the volunteer network to plan tronomy groups and plane­ Garry Easop, Dan Cobb, Paul munication, The Planetary events, set up displays, and tell taria, will give people many Lake, Lonny Baker, Dario Society is helping to fund others about~ The Planetary chances to see the Red Planet Oakley and Buddy Nelson. Project Circe to understand Society, our goals and accom­ through telescopes during more about dolphin communi­ plishments. September when viewing will cation. Diana Reiss of San Fran­ SOCIETY COSPONSORS be best. Teaching materials ASTRONOMY DAY cisco State University and the MARS DECLARATION GAINS will be available for classroom Marine World Foundation will use. The Planetary Society is join­ explore any implications for The Planetary Society's Mars Scientists will be particularly ing with 12 amateur and pro­ possible human communica­ Declaration, a petition to docu­ interested in changes in the po­ fessional astronomy organiza­ tion with extraterrestrial intelli­ ment popular support for hu­ lar caps and dust storm forma­ tions in cosponsoring Astro­ gences. man exploration of Mars, has tion on Mars. Both phenomena nomy Day on May 9 (May 2 in received a tremendous re­ will affect future exploration. Northern California). sponse. The declaration was FINANCIAL STATEMENT During Astronomy Day cele­ COMPLETED Amateur astronomers can par­ circulated to prominent Amer­ ticipate in this vital research, brations, telescopes will be set icans and then published in The Price Waterhouse audit of which is being coordinated up in shopping malls, schools, the November/December 1987 The Planetary Society's finan­ with the help of the Association parks and even open fields and Planetary Report. cial statement resulted in an of Lunar and Planetary Ob­ street corners. People who At press time, we've re­ unqualified opinion finding our servers (ALPO). have never had the opportuni­ ceived over 10,000 Signatures statements in conformity with If you would like more infor­ ty to look through a telescope in support of the declaration, generally accepted accounting mation about Mars Watch '88 will be able to view the planets, with hundreds more arriving principles. A copy is available and how you can get involved, the Moon, nebulae and galax­ daily. upon request. write to the Society's offices, ies. Many teachers will include Many members copied the ATTN: Mars Watch. special activities in their class­ form from the magazine and rooms. SETI CONFERENCE sent in dozens of additional Countries that will celebrate BEING PLANNED SAN FRANCISCO signatures. New Millennium MARS WATCH A SUCCESS Astronomy Day include: Great Committee member George From October 7-9, 1988, The Britain, Mexico, the United Awad of New York City sent in Planetary Society and the On­ The Mars Watch '88 sympo­ States, Canada, New Zealand, 73 signatures. Jerry D. Eisner, tario Science Centre will hold sium, held February 7 and Finland, New Guinea, Malay­ MD, of Mt. Vernon, Washington an international conference in sponsored by The Planetary sia, Argentina, the Philippines sent in 10 Signatures from his Toronto on the search for ex­ Society in cooperation with the and Sweden. medical center. Ronald Ripko traterrestrial intelligence (SETI). University of California, Berk­ For more information about of Colorado Springs sent in 16 There will be a two--day scien­ eley's Lawrence Hall of Science, Astronomy Day events, con­ signatures. Hundreds of mem­ tific conference with a day of was a big success, with 500 tact your local planetarium, bers sent in three or four sig­ public sessions. For more in­ people attending. The sympo­ science museum, college as­ natures from friends and fami- formation, write to our Pas­ sium reprised our Mars Watch tronomy or physics depart­ 14 ly. Albert Wappler of St. Peters- adena office, ATTN: SET!. program held in Pomona last ment or astronomy club. r------

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