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Communities and Criminal Justice: a Powerful Alignment

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Communities and Criminal Justice: a Powerful Alignment August 1996 Communities: Mobilizing Against Crime Making Partnerships Work The Latest Criminal Justice Videotape Series From NIJ: Research in Progress Learn about the latest developments in criminal justice research from prominent criminal justice experts. Each 60-minute VHS tape presents a well-known scholar discussing his or her current studies and how they relate to existing criminal justice research and includes the lecturer’s responses to audience questions. Law Enforcement Sentencing Policy NCJ 159739 NCJ 159740 Joel H. Garner, Ph.D., Use of Force By and Against Kim English, Ph.D. Managing Adult Sex Offenders in Police. Community Settings: A Containment Approach. NCJ 153273 NCJ 152236 Wesley Skogan, Ph.D. Community Policing in Peter W. Greenwood, Ph.D. Three Strikes, You’re Out: Chicago: Fact or Fiction? Benefits and Costs of California’s New Mandatory Sentencing Law. NCJ 153730 Lawrence W. Sherman, Ph.D. Reducing Gun Violence: NCJ 152237 Community Policing Against Gun Crime. Christian Pfeiffer, Ph.D. Sentencing Policy and Crime Rates in Reunified Germany. Drug AbuseTreatment NCJ 152692 Violence Prevention James Inciardi, Ph.D. A Corrections-Based Continuum NCJ 152235 of Effective Drug Abuse Treatment. Alfred Blumstein, Ph.D. Youth Violence, Guns, and Illicit Drug Markets. High-Risk Youth/ NCJ 152238 Arthur L. Kellermann, M.D., M.P.H. Understanding Child Abuse and Preventing Violence: A Public Health Perspective. NCJ 153270 NCJ 153850 Adele Harrell, Ph.D. Intervening With High-Risk Scott H. Decker, Ph.D., and Susan Pennell. Monitoring Youth: Preliminary Findings From the Children At- the Illegal Firearms Market. Risk Program. NCJ 153271 NCJ 153272 Marvin Wolfgang, Ph.D. Crime in a Birth Cohort: Cathy Spatz Widom, Ph.D. The Cycle of Violence A Replication in the People’s Republic of China. Revisited Six Years Later. NCJ 154277 NCJ 156923 Terrie Moffitt, Ph.D. Partner Violence Among Young Adults. Orlando Rodriguez, Ph.D. The New Immigrant Hispanic Populations: Implications for Crime and NCJ 156924 Delinquency in the Next Decade. Robert Sampson, Ph.D. Communities and Crime: A Study in Chicago. NCJ 157643 Benjamin E. Saunders, Ph.D., and Dean G. Kilpatrick, NCJ 156925 Ph.D. Prevalence and Consequences of Child Victim- John Monahan, Ph.D. Mental Illness and Violent Crime. ization: Preliminary Results from the National Survey NCJ 160766 of Adolescents. Michael Tonry, Ph.D. Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration. Individual titles are available for only $19 in the United States and $24 in NTSC Format for Canada and other countries. To order, call the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at 800–851–3420. Contents Issue No. 231 Director's Message 2 Linking Community-Based Initiatives and Community Justice: The Office of Justice Programs 4 Communities Mobilized Against Crime Grassroots and Persistent: The Chicago Alliance for Neighborhood Safety 8 Neighborhood Revitalization: Lessons From Savannah and Baltimore See page 13 13 Crime Prevention Through Neighborhood Revitalization: Does Practice Reflect Theory? The National Institute of Justice Journal (previously known as NIJ Reports) 18 is published by the National Institute of Justice, the research arm of the U.S. Depart- ment of Justice, to announce the Institute’s The Federal Role in Revitalizing Communities and policy-relevant research results and initia- Preventing and Controlling Crime and Violence tives. The Attorney General has determined 24 that publication of this periodical is neces- sary in the transaction of the public busi- ness required by law of the Department of Justice. Communities as Criminal Opinions or points of view expressed in this Justice Partners document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position The Community’s Role in Community Policing of the U.S. Department of Justice. 31 The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), a centralized national clearinghouse of criminal justice informa- What Is Community Prosecution? tion, is sponsored by the Office of Justice 35 Programs agencies and the Office of Na- tional Drug Control Policy. Registered us- ers of NCJRS receive the National Institute Community Defense and the Challenge of of Justice Journal and NCJRS Catalog free. To become a registered user, write NCJRS Community Justice User Services, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 41 20849–6000, call 800–851–3420, or e-mail [email protected]. Community Courts: Prospects and Limits The National Institute of Justice is a com- ponent of the Office of Justice Programs, 46 which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- Toward a Corrections of “Place”: The Challenge quency Prevention, and Office for Victims of “Community” in Corrections of Crime. 52 August 1996 1 Director’s Message Communities and Criminal Justice: A Powerful Alignment “It is impossible to overempha- plagued neighborhoods around residents. Public defenders are size the enormous importance the country who through their exploring the potential of offer- of people’s doing things them- own concerted action are saying ing more direct community ac- selves.” Saul Alinsky made that they have suffered enough and cess to legal representation. The observation more than 50 years are determined to take back courts are opening up their pro- ago in writing about community their streets. They march, col- cesses, creating a new legal organizing, and his words still lect signatures on petitions, culture that sees crime as erod- ring true. The community mobi- pressure public officials, orga- ing the quality of life of the lization he wrote about is par- nize block watches, open youth communities where it is com- ticularly evident today in the recreation centers, establish mitted. Correctional agencies, responses people are making to shelters for battered women, which have long dealt with the crime in cities and towns across and call the attention of the pub- communities into which offend- the country. These responses lic to the very real toll that ers are released, are considering have attracted a great deal of crime exacts on the quality of the consequences of viewing interest in what the fully real- their community’s life. In short, communities as partners in ized potential of community these organized communities the imposition of criminal involvement—of people “doing have become powerful, con- sanctions. things themselves” to fight structive forces for public Within the Federal Government, crime—might be. safety. public safety initiatives featur- This issue of the National Insti- The criminal justice system has ing community involvement as tute of Justice Journal is an begun to recognize this power an organizing principle have expression of that interest. It is and to discover the potential for been set in motion. The invest- devoted to a discussion of the working with these communi- ment of Federal dollars in anti- role of communities in respond- ties. The philosophy of commu- crime programs is now thought ing to crime and disorder. It nity policing, which envisions most effective if the resources also reports on the emerging, the community as a partner in are devoted in part to creating a sustained alliances that commu- problem solving, has led the communitywide, comprehen- nities are forging with the vari- way in reinventing this core sive response to crime problems ous components of the criminal governmental function. Other affecting a jurisdiction. The justice system as partners in that criminal justice agencies are private sector has weighed in on response. following this lead. Prosecutors a number of fronts, particularly The potential within communi- are assigning attorneys to neigh- with foundation support for ties is best understood in the borhood-based offices and po- anti-violence programs. accomplishments of the many lice precincts to bring legal In preparing this issue, we were brave people living in crime- expertise closer to community inspired in large part by the 2 National Institute of Justice Journal Director’s Message upcoming conference, “Com- The articles are organized into police are examined by Wesley munities, Crime, and Justice: two categories: The first pre- Skogan. Barbara Boland ex- Making Community Partner- sents the perspectives of the plains how the legal expertise of ships Work,” sponsored by the communities themselves; the the prosecutor’s office in Port- Office of Justice Programs, to second illustrates the perspec- land, Oregon, is being tapped to be held in September. Our in- tives of the various components address quality-of-life issues. tention is to offer a stimulus for of the criminal justice system. Christopher Stone reflects on discussion as conference pre- Warren Friedman, executive the issues involved in operating senters and other participants director of the Chicago Alliance an innovative, neighborhood- make their preparations. For the for Neighborhood Safety, re- based organization in Harlem long term, we hope this issue of lates the key role his organiza- that represents criminal defen- the Journal will be instrumental tion has played in involving dants. David Rottman details in disseminating the innovative community residents in commu- the historical roots of the new practices the authors describe nity policing. David Kennedy community-based courts and here, in promoting critical ex- recounts the experiences of two examines three models. Finally, amination of the theories under- neighborhoods in Savannah and a theory and rationale for a lying these practices, and in Baltimore that have undertaken community-centered approach contributing to a broad discus- broad-based community re- to corrections are explored by sion of practice and theory. sponses to crime through an Todd Clear. The authors represented in this emphasis on economic develop- We thank the many contributors issue speak in distinctive ment. Deborah Weisel and to this issue, and we wish espe- voices, reflecting the perspec- Adele Harrell set forth a theo- cially to recognize the work of tives of public officials, com- retical framework for under- the concerned, engaged citizens munity organizers, researchers, standing neighborhood crime and practitioners whose stories and practitioners.
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