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Serpentine Leafminer (Liriomyza Trifolii ) on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum )

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Serpentine Leafminer (Liriomyza Trifolii ) on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum ) Ciência1510 Rural, Santa Maria, v.37, n.6, p.1510-1517, nov-dez, 2007 Bueno et al. ISSN 0103-8478 Serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on potato (Solanum tuberosum): field observations and plant photosynthetic responses to injury Mosca-minadora (Liriomyza trifolii) na cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum): observações de campo e respostas fotossintéticas da planta à injúria Adeney de Freitas BuenoI Benjamin ZechmannII William Wyatt HobackII Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas BuenoIII Odair Aparecido FernandesIV ABSTRACT da batata. Recentemente, a mosca-minadora (Liriomyza trifolii) tem tornado-se uma praga importante na cultura da batata. Serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: As larvas comem o mesófilo foliar, deixando longas minas no Agromyzidae), are polyphagous insects that feed on numerous interior das folhas. O efeito na fotossíntese do tecido foliar crops worldwide including potato. Recently, leafminer larvae remanescente das minas é desconhecido. Em 2003, as respostas (Liriomyza trifolii) have become an economically important fisiológicas das plantas de batata à mosca-minadora L. trifolii pest of potato. The larvae eat the mesophyll of leaflets leaving foram avaliadas no condato de Kearney, Nebraska, EUA. As long winding tunnels inside the leaflets. The photosynthetic avaliações de área foliar danificada, fotossíntese e fluorescência effects of larval tunneling on the remaining leaf tissue are foram feitas aos 7 e 14 dias após a infestação. A moscas- unknown. In 2003, physiological responses of potato to minadoras causaram até 13% de área foliar danificada, com leafminer, L. trifolii were evaluated in Kearney, Nebraska, USA. nenhuma redução na capacidade fotossintética da área The leaflets were examined 7 and 14 days post infestation for remanescente dos folíolos, tendo, portanto, efeitos semelhantes leaf area injury, photosynthetic rates and fluorescence. aos do grupo dos insetos desfolhadores. Entretanto, os Leafminers caused up to 13% leaf area loss due to leafminer resultados de fluorescência revelaram mudanças na eficiência injury with no effect on the photosynthetic rates of the remaining fotossintética e, dependendo do tipo de injúria, esta pode levar leaf tissue thus having similar effects as other gross tissue a uma senescência precoce da folha. Monitoramentos de campo removers. However, fluorescence measures revealed changes mostraram que o abamectin é eficiente no controle da mosca- in the photosynthetic efficiency and depend of the type of injury, minadora, L. trifolii, com um baixo impacto aos parasitóides it may lead to early leaf senescence. Field monitoring of L. da família Eulophidae, podendo ser uma boa opção de controle trifolii infestations showed that treatments with abamectin were químico. effective in reducing leafminer numbers and had no immediate effect on beneficial parasitoid from Eulophidae family Palavras-chave: interação inseto-planta, controle químico, suggesting that abamectin is a good option for chemical control. fotossíntese. Key words: plant-insect interaction, chemical control, photosynthesis INTRODUCTION RESUMO Serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza spp. Moscas-minadoras, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), são pragas polífagas distribuídas por todo o (Diptera: Agromyzidae), are polyphagous worldwide mundo, que se alimentam de diferentes culturas, incluindo a insects that feed on various crops including potato IDepartamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Endereço para correspondência: Condomínio Monte Verde Casa, 156. Rua Dona Firmina s/n, Setor Sítio Recreio dos Ipês, 74681-450, Goiânia, GO, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. IIDepartment of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney NE, 68849, USA. IIIDepartamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brasil. IVDepartamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Received 04.24.06 Approved 03.21.07 Ciência Rural, v.37, n.6, nov-dez, 2007. Serpentne leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on potato (Solanum tuberosum):... 1511 (PARRELLA, 1987). Among the host plants, MATERIAL AND METHODS Solanaceae is one of the most important families (SOUZA, 1993). On potato (Solanum tuberosum), Leafminers: pupae of Liriomyza trifolii were serpentine leafminers were of secondary importance; obtained from a colony maintained at the University of however, biological control agents have been reduced California, Riverside, California, USA. The pupae that by pesticides applied on potato fields, leading to were close to adult emergence were used to infest the leafminer outbreaks of economic importance (EWELL experimental plants. et al., 1990). In Nebraska, USA, L. trifolii outbreaks Field experiment: during August, 2003, two have occurred late in the season during 2003-2005. High field experiments were conducted in a commercial potato levels of infestation (more than 70% of potato leaflets field in Kearney County in south-central Nebraska, infested with at least one leaf miner) have occurred USA using a Frito Lay proprietary chipping variety. and growers have attempted chemical control. In Brazil, Potatoes were planted spaced 0.9 meter between rows leafminers have also being a serious problem for potato having 4 plants/linear meter in each row. In August, growers (SOUZA & REIS, 1999). Therefore, studies to potatoes were in the bulking stage (after blooming). assess plant-leafminer interactions in potato and other Both experiments were conducted using a randomized crops are needed in order to improve economic complete block design, with 8 replicates. The treatments agricultural decision to be made in both North and South were a factorial of 2 (7 and 14 days after infestation) x 3 America. (uncaged control leaflet, caged control leaflet, and The capacity of leafminers to reduce yield infested leaflets) for photosynthetic capacity. has been documented for several crops (SPENCER, Fluorescence measurements were made using a factorial 1973; HILJE et al., 1993). The injury is primarily caused of 2 (7 and 14 days after infestation) x 2 (caged control by the larvae because they start to feed immediately leaflet and infested leaflet). after eclosion and feed constantly until pupation Experimental plants were infested with 10 outside the leaf (PARRELLA, 1987; SOUZA & REIS, pupae of L. trifolii per leaflet by placing pupae in fine- 1999). Liriomyza spp. injury is known to reduce meshed leaf cages. Leafminer injury and control photosynthetic capacity for Chrysanthemum, celery treatments were imposed on the top central leaflet (Alpium graveolens), tomato (Lycopersicon located on the upper 4th node. Caged control treatment esculentum), and lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) (non-infested leaflets) was treated similarly. Seven or (JOHNSON et al., 1983; PARRELLA et al., 1985; 14 days after infestation, cages were removed, TRUMBLE et al., 1985; MARTENS & TRUMBLE, photosynthesis and fluorescence readings were taken 1987). At present, however, the relationship between (see below) and injury was evaluated. L. trifolii mining injury and their effects on potato leaflet Photosynthetic rates (A) and chlorophyll photosynthesis has not been tested. parameters were measured from the same leaflets. All Better knowledge of the plant’s physiological capacity to withstand insect injury and readings were taken on remaining uninjured tissue. The the effect of pesticides on a pest and its natural enemies measurements were made using a portable is necessary before establishing accurate density photosynthesis system (model LI-6400, Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE), with CO injector and light source, which allows treatment levels for any crop system (HIGLEY, 2001). It 2 stable CO concentration and light intensity during all is unclear if the tunneling caused by leafminer larval 2 feeding changes the photosynthetic response of the measurements. The settings used were: blue light -2 -1 remaining leaf tissue of potato. If there are no changes source at 1500 mmol m s photosynthetic photon flux -2 in photosynthetic response in the remaining leaf tissue density (PPFD), CO2 concentration at 400mmol CO2 m then the injury caused by leafminer feeding could be s-1 and the relative humidity inside the chamber was characterized as simple defoliation. Further if leafminer kept between 45-55%. Photosynthetic rates were injury can be called defoliation then economic injury measured on 6cm2 of leaf area, the maximum area levels developed for other defoliating insects could measured by LI-6400. After the photosynthetic also be utilized in the management of this pest. measurements, the leaflets were dark-adapted for 20 Therefore, the objectives of this study were: minutes by using dark leaf clips in order to measure the 1) to examine if the injury caused by L. trifolii would chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, qN, qP cause differences in photosynthesis and chlorophyll and ETR) using a leaf chamber fluorometer (Model fluorescence parameters on the remaining tissue and Licor-6400-40, Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE). After the 20 minutes 2) to examine the effects of abamectin pesticide on L. of dark adaptation, the leaves were exposed to the weak, trifolii and its natural enemies, in particular, parasitoids modulated beam for determination of Fo. A pulse of from the family Eulophidae. saturated light (150 PAR for 30 seconds) was imposed Ciência Rural, v.37, n.6, nov-dez, 2007. 1512 Bueno et al. to obtain Fm. This allows determination of Fv/Fm of spread to other areas
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