Linga B/950635

AN ENCYCLOPEDIA

Volume One

David J. Leonard and Carmen R. Lugo-Lugo, editors

SHARPE REFERENCE an imprint qfSd.E. Sharpe, Inc. Contents

Topic Finder ix Blowouts 73 Contributors xv Bolivians 74 Acknowledgments xix Boricua 76 Preface xxi Boxing 77 Bracero Program 78 Volume 1 Brazilians 80 Essays Brothers to the Rescue 82 History: 1492-1900 3 83 History: 1900-1965 11 History: 1965-Present 19 Carnalismo 87 Castellanos, Rosario 88 A-Z Entries Castillo, Ana 89 Acculturation and Assimilation 31 Castro, Fidel 90 Acosta, Oscar 34 Central American Resource Center 93 Acuna, Rodolfo 35 Chavez, Cesar 95 Afro-Latinos 36 Chavez Ravine 98 Afro-Mexicans 38 Chicago 99 AIDS/HIV 39 Chicanisma 101 Alamo, Battle of the 43 103 Albizu Campos, Pedro 46 /a 106 Algarin, Miguel 47 Chicano Art 107 Alvarez, Julia 48 109 American GI Forum 50 Chicano Studies Ill Anaya, Rudolfo Alfonso 52 Chileans 113 Anzaldiia, Gloria 53 Cholos 115 Arenas, Reinaldo 54 116 Argentines 55 Circular Migration 119 ASPIRA 57 Cisneros, Henry 121 Aztlan 58 Cisneros, Sandra 123 Clemente, Roberto 124 Baca, Judith F. 61 Cofer, Judith Ortiz 125 Balseros 62 Colombians 127 Baseball 63 Communist Party 128 Basketball 66 Community Service Organization 130 Bay of Pigs Invasion 68 Congressional Caucus 131 Bear Flag Revolt 69 Conquest of the Americas 132 Bilingualism 70 Consumerism 135 Blair House Attack 72 Corona, Bert 137 Corridos 139 Gonzalez, Elian 209 Costa Ricans 140 Gonzalez, Henry Barbosa 210 Coyotes 141 Gonzalez, Jose-Luis 212 Cruz, Celia 143 Graffiti 213 Crystal City, 144 Grape Strikes and Boycotts 215 Cuban Adjustment Acts (1966, 1996) 145 "Greaser Act" (1855) 218 Cuban American National Foundation 146 Gringo 219 Cuban Refugee Center 148 Grito, El 220 Cuban Refugee Program 149 Guagua Aerea 221 Cubans 150 Guatemalans 222 Culture Clash 152 Guevara, Ernesto "Che" 224 Gutierrez, Jose Angel 226 De La Hoya, Oscar 155 Del Rio Independent School District v. Health and Health Care 229 Salvatierra (1930) 157 Hijuelos, Oscar 233 Dia de 158 Hip-Hop 234 Dia de los Muertos 159 Hispanic Heritage Month 237 Dominican Day Parade 160 Hondurans 238 Dominicans 161 Housing and Living Conditions 240 Huerta, Dolores 242 East L.A. Thirteen 163 East Los Angeles 164 Identity and Labels 245 Ecuadorians 165 Illegal Immigration 249 Education 167 Immigration Act of 1924 252 Escalante, Jaime 171 Immigration Act of 1990 254 Estefan, Gloria 173 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 255 Immigration Enforcement 257 Family and Community 177 Immigration Reform and Control Act Farah Strike 179 of 1986 261 Farmingville, New York 181 Indigenismo 263 Feminism 183 Internal Colony 266 Ferrer, Jose 185 Film 187 Jones Act (1917) 269 Flores Magon, Ricardo 188 Justice for Janitors 270 Foods and Beverages 189 Foraker Act (1900) 193 Kahlo, Frida 273 Foreign Miners' Tax (1850) 194 Kennedy, Robert F 275 Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacidn King, Martin Luther, Jr 276 Nacional (FALN) 195 La Raza 279 Galarza, Ernesto 197 La 280 Gamio, Manuel 198 Latinidad/Latinaje 282 Gangs 199 Latinization 284 Garcia, Cristina 201 Latino/a 287 Garcia, Hector P. 203 Latino Studies 290 Gay and Lesbian Organizations 205 League of United Latin American Citizens 291 Gonzales, Rodolfo "Corky" 207 Lemon Grove Incident 294 Contents VII

Lesbianas Unidas 295 Museo del Barrio, El 368 Levins Morales, Aurora 296 Music 370 LLEG6 298 Lopez, Jennifer 298 Narvaez, Panfilo 375 Los Angeles 300 National Agricultural Workers Union 376 304 National Association of Cuban-American Women 377 Volume 2 National Boricua Latino Health Macheteros, Los 307 Organization 378 Machismo 308 National 379 Malinche, La 310 National Conference of Puerto Rican Women.... 380 Manifest Destiny 312 National Congress for Puerto Rican Rights 381 Marianismo 314 National Council of Hispanic Women 382 Mariel Boatlift 316 National Council of La Raza 383 Marielitos 317 National Farm Labor Union 385 McCarran-Walter Act (1952) 318 National Puerto Rican Coalition 386 Medrano v. Allee (1972) 320 Nationalism 387 Mendez v. Westminster School District (1946) 321 New York 391 Mestizo/a 323 Nicaraguans 395 Mexican American Legal Defense and Norte, El (1985) 396 Education Fund 323 North American Free Trade Agreement 398 Mexican-American Movement 325 Novello, Antonia 402 Mexican American Political Association 328 Nuyorican 403 Mexican American Student Association 330 Nuyorican Poets Cafe 405 Mexican American Women's National Association 331 Operation Bootstrap 407 Mexican American Youth Organization 332 Operation Wetback 409 Mexican-American War 334 Opinion, La 411 Mexicans 337 Miami 339 413 Migrant Workers 340 Padilla, Jose 414 Military, Latinos in the 342 Panamanians 416 Miscegenation 347 Paraguayans 417 Moraga, Cherrie 349 Pena, Albert A., Jr 418 Morales, Iris 351 Perez, Emma 419 Moreno, Rita 353 Performance Art, Solo 421 Mothers of East L.A 354 Peruvians 422 Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano Plan de Santa Barbara, El 424 de Aztlan 355 Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, El 425 Mujeres Activas en Letras y Platt Amendment (1901) 427 Cambio Social 357 Politics 428 Mulataje 359 Popular Culture '. 435 Mulatto/a 360 Poverty 440 Munoz Marin, Luis 362 Poverty, Culture of 442 Mufioz Rivera, Luis 363 Prinze, Freddie 444 Mural Art 365 Prison Gangs 445 Murrieta, Joaquin 367 Prison Industrial Complex 447 viii Contents

Proposition 187 (1994) 449 Taos Rebellion 521 Proposition 209 (1996) 451 Teatro Campesino, El 522 Proposition 227 (1998) 454 Tejanos 524 Puente.Tito 456 Telemundo 525 Puerto Rican Day Parade 457 Television 526 Puerto Rican Literature 459 Telles, Raymond 530 Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Tenayuca, Emma 531 Organization 462 Tex-Mex 532 Puerto Rican Studies 463 Third World Liberation Front 534 Puerto Ricans 465 Thomas, Piri 535 Tijerina, Reies Lopez 536 Quinceafiera 467 Tracking 539 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) 540 Race 471 Trevino, Lee 542 Religion 472 Repatriation 477 Unions, Industrial and Trade 545 Resident Commissioner, 479 of America 548 Rodriguez, Alex 480 Univision 550 Rodriguez, Luis J 482 Uruguayans 552 Rodriguez, Richard 483 Rodriguez de Tfo, Lola 485 Valdez, Luis 555 Roybal, Edward R 486 Valenzuela, Fernando 556 Ruiz de Burton, Maria Amparo 487 Venezuelans 558 Vieques, Puerto Rico 559 Salazar, Ruben 489 Vietnam War 561 Salvadorans 490 Villaraigosa, Antonio 563 Samora, Julian 492 Viva Kennedy Clubs 564 Santiago, Esmeralda 494 Selena 495 West Side Story 567 Serra, Junipero 497 Women 568 Sleepy Lagoon Case 498 Wrestling, Professional 570 Soccer 500 Sosa, Sammy 503 Yo Soyjoaqmn 575 Sotomayor, Sonia 505 Young Lords 576 Southwest Voter Registration Education Project 506 Zapatistas 581 Spanglish 507 Riots 583 Spanish Language 508 Spanish-American War 511 Chronology 587 Spirituality 515 Bibliography 599 Sterilization 517 Index 1-1