DOCSLIB.ORG

401 Water Quality Certification Rock Creek Hydroelectric Project (FERC P-12726)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
401 Water Quality Certification Rock Creek Hydroelectric Project (FERC P-12726) Evaluation and Findings Report: 401 Water Quality Certification Rock Creek Hydroelectric Project (FERC P-12726) September 2020 DEQ Water Quality Program Eastern Region 800 SE Emigrant Ave. Suite 330 Pendleton, OR 97801 Phone: 541-278-4616 800-304-3513 Fax: 541-278-0168 Contact: John Dadoly www.oregon.gov/DEQ DEQ is a leader in restoring, maintaining and enhancing the quality of Oregon’s air, land and water. State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality This report prepared by: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 800 SE Emigrant Ave., Suite 330 Pendleton, OR 97801 1-800-304-3513 www.oregon.gov/deq Contact: John Dadoly 541-278-4616 DEQ can provide documents in an alternate format or in a language other than English upon request. Call DEQ at 800-452-4011 or email [email protected]. 1 State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Requirements for Certification ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Applicable Federal and State Law .................................................................................................. 6 3. Summary of Application ...................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Applicant Information .................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.1 Name and Address of Applicant ............................................................................................. 8 3.1.2 Name and Address of Applicant’s Authorized Representative ................................................. 8 3.1.3 Documents Filed in Support of §401 Application ................................................................... 8 3.2 Waters of the State ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Waters Affected by the Project ............................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 Water Rights ........................................................................................................................ 10 3.2.3 Beneficial Uses .................................................................................................................... 10 3.2.4 Fisheries in the Powder Basin ............................................................................................... 10 4. Project Description ............................................................................................................................ 11 4.1 Historic Hydropower Facility and Operations ......................................................................... 11 4.2 Proposed Hydropower Project ................................................................................................ 12 4.2.1 Proposed Facilities ......................................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 Proposed Operations ....................................................................................................... 12 4.2.3 Instream Flow Releases .................................................................................................. 13 4.2.4 Water Quality Monitoring............................................................................................... 14 5. Water Quality Standards and Regulations .......................................................................................... 15 5.1 Biologically-Based Numeric Criteria ...................................................................................... 15 5.2 Antidegradation ..................................................................................................................... 15 5.3 Water Quality Impairment in the Project Vicinity ................................................................... 16 5.3.1 Water Quality Limited Waters .............................................................................................. 16 5.3.2 Oregon Health Authority Listings ................................................................................... 17 5.4 Water Quality Standards not of Concern ................................................................................. 17 5.5 Water Quality Standards of Potential Concern ........................................................................ 18 6. Water Quality Compliance Evaluation ............................................................................................... 20 6.1 Temperature ........................................................................................................................... 20 6.1.1 Water Quality Standard .................................................................................................. 20 6.1.2 Application of Water Quality Standard ........................................................................... 22 6.1.3 Present Conditions .......................................................................................................... 23 2 State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 6.1.4 Applicant’s Position ....................................................................................................... 25 6.1.5 DEQ Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 26 6.1.6 DEQ Findings ................................................................................................................ 26 6.2 Dissolved Oxygen .................................................................................................................. 27 6.2.1 Water Quality Standard ........................................................................................................ 27 6.2.2 Application of the Water Quality Standard ...................................................................... 28 6.2.3 Present Conditions .......................................................................................................... 28 6.2.4 Applicant’s Position ....................................................................................................... 29 6.2.5 DEQ Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 29 6.2.6 DEQ Findings ................................................................................................................ 29 6.3 Total Dissolved Gas ............................................................................................................... 30 6.3.1 Water Quality Standard ........................................................................................................ 30 6.3.2 Application of the Water Quality Standard ...................................................................... 30 6.3.3 Present Condition ........................................................................................................... 31 6.3.4 Applicant’s Position ....................................................................................................... 31 6.3.5 DEQ Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 31 6.3.6 DEQ Findings ................................................................................................................ 31 6.4 Discoloration, oily sheen, oily coatings .................................................................................. 32 6.4.1 Water Quality Standard ........................................................................................................ 32 6.4.2 Application of the Water Quality Standard ...................................................................... 32 6.4.3 Present Condition ........................................................................................................... 32 6.4.4 Applicant’s Position ....................................................................................................... 32 6.4.5 DEQ Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 32 6.4.6 DEQ Findings ................................................................................................................ 32 6.5 Biocriteria and Statewide Narrative Criteria ........................................................................... 33 6.5.1 Biocriteria Water Quality Standard ........................................................................................ 33 6.5.2 Application of Standard ......................................................................................................... 33 6.5.3 Statewide Narrative Criteria .................................................................................................. 34 6.5.4 Application of Standard ......................................................................................................... 34 6.5.5 Macroinvertebrates ................................................................................................................ 34 6.5.6 Resident Biological Communities.......................................................................................... 35 6.5.7 Flow ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bull Trout Recovery Plan App Introduction
    Chapter 13 - Hells Canyon INTRODUCTION Recovery Unit Designation The Hells Canyon Complex Recovery Unit is 1 of 22 recovery units designated for bull trout in the Columbia River basin (Figure 1). The Hells Canyon Complex Recovery Unit includes basins in Idaho and Oregon, draining into the Snake River and its associated reservoirs from below the confluence of the Weiser River downstream to Hells Canyon Dam. This recovery unit contains three Snake River reservoirs, Hells Canyon, Oxbow, and Brownlee. Major watersheds are the Pine Creek, Powder River, and Burnt River drainages in Oregon, and the Indian Creek and Wildhorse River drainages in Idaho. Inclusion of bull trout in the Oregon tributaries (i.e., Pine Creek and Powder River) in one recovery unit is based in part on a single gene conservation unit (i.e., roughly the major drainages in Oregon inhabited by bull trout) recognized by the Figure 1. Bull trout recovery units in the United States. The Hells Canyon Complex Recovery Unit is highlighted. 1 Chapter 13 - Hells Canyon Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (Kostow 1995), which is supported by the genetic analysis conducted by Spruell and Allendorf (1997). Although the genetic composition of bull trout in the two tributaries in Idaho has not been extensively studied, the streams were included in the recovery unit due to their close proximity to the tributaries in Oregon containing bull trout, and the likelihood that bull trout from all tributaries were able to interact historically. Administratively, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife established a working group to develop bull trout conservation strategies in Pine Creek, and the streams in Idaho were included in the Hells Canyon Key Watersheds in the Idaho Bull Trout Conservation Plan (Grunder 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • July 24, 2013 East Face Field Trip Notes
    WALLOWA WHITMAN FOREST COLLABORATION FULL GROUP ASSEMBLY July 24, 2013 East Face Project Field Trip MEETING NOTES In Attendance: Mark Penninger, Ray Osterpovich, Mark Jacques, Paul Oester, Jon Paustian, Vince Naughton, Jenny Reinheardt, Rex Storm, Bruce Dunn, Bill White, John Laurence, Tom Montoya, Dick Flemming, Dave Powell, David Salo, Dan Kinney, Joe Sciarrino, Kat Naughton, Gretchen Sausen, Susan Jane Brown, Julie Tarvin, Arlene Blumton, Laura Navarrete, Lindsay Warness, Fred Warner, Nils Christoffersen, Tim Lillebo, Patrick Shannon, Brian Kelly, Paul Hessburg, Willie Crippen, John Buckman, Lane Parry, Chris Heffernan, Larry McCalden, Ken Gebhardt, Gunner Carwash, Nick Myatt, Bill Gamble, Mark Davidson 6 stops on East Face Project Agenda of Field Trip Stops and Discussion: Primary Objective today is dialogue and discussion through the collaboration process and ideas. STOP 1 - Overview of Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife – Elkhorn Wildlife Area – Pilcher Creek Reservoir – • Overview of Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Elkhorn Wildlife Area • Interface between State, private and public lands, and wildland urban interface • Opportunities to implement/integrate treatments across ownerships to reduce risk of fire/enhance forest resiliency, and achieve wildlife habitat objectives Overview of stop: Public Lands – Forest Service a. Interface along boundary – 20 miles with private and ODF&W wildlife area (3 miles are Elk Horn Wildlife Area) b. Lands along Forest Service boundaries include: Hancock Timber, Private landowners, BLM and ODF&W Elk Horn Wildlife Refuge c. Forest Service objectives would be consistent with the Cohesive Wildfire Strategy Elk Horn Wildlife Refuge: ODF&W d. Not managed since 1971 – North portion is overstocked - excess trees/acre resulting in minimal ground vegetation and little to no wildlife use.
    [Show full text]
  • North Powder River Decree II Pg 72-149
    12 . That all of said exceptors, excepting to the said claims of Smith, McPhe e and Dalton, are water users of 9ie waters of said stream, for irrigation purposes and have rights of appropriation appurtenant to their respective lands, through ditches divertin g the waters of said stream at different points, above the head of said Company!s Mill Race . That all of said exceptors, excepting L . S . Kelsey, divert the waters of sai d stream through ditches whose diversion points are above the diversion points of those ditches hereinbefore named, through which said Smith, McPhee and Dalton, have rights o f appropriation for their said lands, and are now claimingn the right to divert the said p waters purchased by them from said Company . That J .S . Davis diverts a portion of hi s appropriation through said Davis Dalton Ditch ; that a number of said exceptors divert water through the Kelsey-Wilson ditch, in which said Smith and Dalton have rights of appropriation . That the Ellis Ditch, owned by L . 8 . Kelsey and others, heads below th e Davis-Dalton ditch, and above the Kelsey-Wilson Ditch ; and the Beaty and Kelsey Ditches , owned by L . S . Kelsey, head below the Kelsey-Wilson Ditch . That the Smith-McPhee and Tanner Ditch is owned by J . D . McPhee, P . L . Smith, James Dalton and five others ; bu t none of the owners of said ditch have filed exceptions to said order . That the McPhe e ditch is owned by Smith and McPhee and another, the latter not filing exceptions to said order .
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Appraisal Study Report Eastern Oregon Water Storage Appraisal Study for Burnt River, Powder River, and Pine Creek Basins
    Draft Appraisal Study Report Eastern Oregon Water Storage Appraisal Study for Burnt River, Powder River, and Pine Creek Basins U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Northwest Region Snake River Area Office Boise, Idaho April 2011 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROTECTING AMERICA’S GREAT OUTDOORS AND POWERING OUR FUTURE The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Draft Appraisal Study Report Eastern Oregon Water Storage Appraisal Study for Burnt River, Powder River, and Pine Creek Basins U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Pacific Northwest Region Snake River Area Office Boise, Idaho April 2011 Summary Introduction and Background The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) in cooperation with eastern Oregon stakeholders is studying the potential to improve water supplies in the Burnt River, Powder River, and Pine Creek basins. About this Report This appraisal-level report is prepared in compliance with requirements of the Economic and Environmental Principles and Guidelines for Water and Related Land Resource Implementation Studies (U.S. Water Resources Council, 1983) (P&Gs). It presents a discussion of the formulation of alternatives, a description of the appraisal level designs and cost estimates for the alternatives considered, and the results of the P&G-specific analyses. Information in this report is based on a variety of studies.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
    NFS Fonn 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018 (Oct. 1990) Oregon WordPerfect 6.0 Formal (Revised July 1998) United States Department of the Interior RECEIVED National Park Service National Register of Historic Places SEP 30 Registration Form NAT REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACtS NATONAl PARK SERVICE This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NFS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. Hudelson, A. B. and Son, Building historic name ____ other names/site number Shaw Mercantile street & number N/A not for publication city or town North Powder ______N/A vicinity state Oregon code OR county Union As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this X_nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X_meets _does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant _ nationally _statewide JXjocally.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Plan 7 Archaeological Survey Draft Report
    Mason Dam Hydroelectric Survey REVISED January, 2009 Findings (+ or -) negative County: Baker Township / Range / Section: 10S, 38E, sect. 25 USGS Quad: Blue Canyon Project Type: Dam Expansion Project Acres: Approx. 39 Acres Surveyed: Approx. 32 New Prehistoric: 0 Historic: 0 Isolate: 0 Archaeological Permit No. # NA Field Notes location: K. Boula files Curation Location: NA Accession Number: NA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE MASON DAM HYDROELECTRIC EXPANSION PROJECT BAKER COUNTY, OREGON By KATHRYN M. BOULA, MA, RPA Report prepared for Baker County REVISED January, 2009 Kathryn M. Boula, Cultural & Natural Resources Consultant 60522 Bushnell Rd., La Grande, OR 97850 ■ 541.963.3930 ■ [email protected] Mason Dam Survey REVISED January, 2009 PROJECT OVERVIEW Baker County, Oregon proposes to add two turbines to the existing hydroelectric facilities at Mason Dam (Project No. P-12058-0020), located on the North Powder River approximately 16 miles southwest of Baker City in T10S, R38E, sect.25 (Figure 1). Power will be transmitted through existing aboveground lines and a new buried transmission line in the Black Mountain Road right-of-way. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is approximately 39 acres, which includes areas directly impacted through clearing, construction, and maintenance as well as 100 foot buffers around the powerhouse and tailrace facilities and substation, and 50 feet on either side of the underground line route. Mason Dam and its associated facilities are located on the Baker District of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. Because federal lands are included in this project, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended through 2000, is relevant: “The law requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their activities and programs on historic properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Exhibit E: Environmental Report
    S 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCALE Baker County, like most of northeast Oregon, is dominated by mountains. The Blue, Elkhorn, Lookout, Malheur, and Wallowa Mountain ranges rim or cross the county, and contain nearly half of Oregon’s peaks above 7,000 feet. From highs of 10,000 feet, the county plummets down sheer rock walls into Hells Canyon, to the lowest elevation in the county of 1,600 feet. Between these geographic features lay productive but arid valleys. Four significant eastern Oregon streams rise in these mountains: the John Day River, the Grande Ronde, the Powder River and Burnt River. The Burnt River and the Powder River are the major drainages of the county. The project area is located in the southeastern portion of the Blue Mountains Physiographic province (Franklin & Dyrness, 1988) near the southern end of the Elkhorn Range. Elevation in the project area ranges from 3,800 to 4,200 feet. Aspect is generally north, with slopes varying from 5% to more than 25%. Vertical rock walls and large rock outcrops are present in the vicinity of the dam. The Phillips Reservoir area lies at the lower end of Sumpter Valley, a typical eastern Oregon “hanging valley” or basin draining into a rocky gorge. At the head of this gorge is Mason Dam. The land profile in the reservoir area is quite steep at the dam, with slopes to 100 percent. To the west, or head end of the reservoir, the surrounding land is nearly flat, except for mounds of dredge tailings. The north and south sides of the reservoir area are bench lands with gentle slopes frequently cut by small steep side drainages.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\OFFICE\WPWIN\WPDOCS\Mason Dam\Masondamreport3.Wpd
    THREATENED, ENDANGERED AND SENSITIVE SPECIES ASSESSMENT -FINAL REPORT- MASON DAM PROJECT BAKER COUNTY, OREGON Prepared for Baker County 1995 Third Street Baker City, Oregon 97814 Prepared by EcoWest Consulting, Inc. 13740 Red Fox Baker, OR 97814 541-523-5572 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.01 INTRODUCTION ......................................................1 1.1 Overview........................................................1 1.2 Project Description ...............................................1 2.0 METHODS............................................................2 3.0 TES SPECIES ACCOUNTS ..............................................5 3.1 Federally Listed Species ...........................................5 3.2 State Listed Species ...............................................8 3.3 Species of Concern ...............................................12 4.0 RESULTS............................................................20 4.1 Preliminary TES Habitat Evaluation ...............................20 4.2 Summary of Preliminary TES Screening ............................22 4.3 Field Survey Results .............................................27 4.4 Summary of TES Survey/Field Assessment Results....................36 5.0 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ..............................40 5.1 Introduction....................................................40 5.2 Bald Eagle......................................................40 5.3 Bull Trout and Inland Redband Trout ..............................43 5.4 Enhancement Measures ..........................................43
    [Show full text]
  • LONE PINE of the OREGON TRAIL: Where Was It?
    THE LONE PINE OF THE OREGON TRAIL: Where was it? by Gary Dielman During our annual Miners Jubilee celebration is a good time to reflect a little on the trail that brought many of the miners and their hangers-on to our part of the world. There’s no more dramatic example of the powerful link between gold mining and the Oregon Trail in Baker County than the collocation of the National Oregon Trail Interpretive Center (1991) and historic Flagstaff Mine (1894) on top of Flagstaff Hill at the eastern edge of Baker Valley. For decades the Oregon Trail led explorers, mountain men, and emigrants through Eastern Oregon until finally, in 1861, the discovery of gold provided the catalyst for settlement of till-then passed-over territory. A once-prominent feature of the trail that’s missing today is the Lone Pine, and it’s been missing since the first wagon train trailed through Baker County. Government Surveyor Map of 1864. Most likely site of Lone Pine is about six miles NE of Baker City, where Emigrant Road crossed Powder River (Baldock) Slough. See red arrow. For many, many years--perhaps centuries--the Lone Pine, or l'arbre seul as it was called by French-Canadian trappers, was a living marker along the trail through Baker Valley. Without a doubt, the Lone Pine would today be the most revered landmark on the Oregon Trail, if, on September 28, 1843, some "inconsiderate emigrant axe" wielded by migrants in the first wagon train to travel the Oregon Trail had not felled the famous pine.
    [Show full text]
  • Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Review of Areas with Wilderness Potential March 2010
    Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Review of Areas with Wilderness Potential March 2010 Wallowa-Whitman NF Areas with Wilderness Potential Page 1 of 100 Note: Roadless Areas located within the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area begin on page 63. Beaver Creek Roadless Area ( #6276) - 12,530 Acres Overview History: The Beaver Creek Roadless Area was inventoried during RARE II and was allocated to non- wilderness uses. Timber sales and associated road construction has reduced the area from 23,100 acres to its present size. The remaining undeveloped area includes the La Grande Watershed, which was protected by a 1938 agreement, amended in 1945, between the Secretary of Agriculture and the City of La Grande. It was supplemented by a Memorandum of Understanding in 1984 between the City of La Grande and the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. Effective January 1992, the City of La Grande and the Wallowa- Whitman National Forest agreed to protect and manage the watershed for future use. The 1990 Wallowa-Whitman Forest Plan allocated this area to non-wilderness uses with 192 acres in timber, 11,190 in wildlife/timber, and 1,585 as old-growth. Location and access: This area lies in Township 5 South, Range 37 East, 12 miles southwest of La Grande within the Grande Ronde River/Beaver Creek Watershed. Both Jordan and Beaver Creeks are tributaries to the Grande Ronde River. The main access to the area is from the north via Forest Road 4305. The majority of the Beaver Creek Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) boundary is within the Beaver Creek Roadless area. The WUI area was identified through a collaborative effort as part of the Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP).
    [Show full text]
  • Powder Basin Status Report and Action Plan
    Watershed Approach – Powder Basin Powder Basin Status Report and Action Plan November 2013 Water Quality Division Watershed Management 811 SW 6th Avenue Portland, OR 97204 Phone: (503) 229-5696 (800) 452-4011 Fax: (503) 229-6762 Contact: John Dadoly www.oregon.gov/DEQ DEQ is a leader in restoring, maintaining and enhancing the quality of Oregon’s air, land and water. Last Updated: 11/07/13 By: John Dadoly Powder Basin Status Report and Action Plan This report prepared by: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 811 SW 6th Avenue Portland, OR 97204 1-800-452-4011 www.oregon.gov/deq Contact: John Dadoly (541) 278-4616 Alternative formats (Braille, large type) of this document can be made available. Contact DEQ’s Office of Communications & Outreach, Portland, at (503) 229-5696, or toll-free in Oregon at 1-800-452-4011, ext. 5696. Powder Basin Status Report and Action Plan Oregon Department of Environmental Quality iii Powder Basin Status Report and Action Plan Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... vii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Basin Description ........................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Geographic Area ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Climate ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review of the Powder Basin, Oregon Stream Systems, Water Storage, and Stream Health As They Pertain to the Basin and Water Science
    LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE POWDER BASIN, OREGON STREAM SYSTEMS, WATER STORAGE, AND STREAM HEALTH AS THEY PERTAIN TO THE BASIN AND WATER SCIENCE 39E 44E 38E 37E 48E 40E 43E 5S C 41E 47E l e a r 42E 46E C 45E r r B C e e a E l n i g k C Wolf l re P C e reek ek h 6S r C t C r y r k n e o tho er re n iv N A N C C ort R g Brownlee h er i l Powd B e k E a ree F r C P Reservoir Subbasin ne to C An G i n o r r E e e o 17050201 C a e s C ig e g k 7S B l r C e e k e e r C e k r r E C e a e Creek e s in r Rock k t P e r v P i C i e n R Haines s e o e o C k G r a n D S Halfway e 8S ek e e Cre r Pin r C e P re v ow e i de Cr Powder River Subbasin r R k R iv er a r c e 17050203 k d e w r 9S o Cr Richland P 36E E Baker City 35.5E D lk Sumpter e C e r 35E r e e C C k a r m e p e B C k lu e 10S re Ca e ny k on r C N r o a e r l th C F Burnt River Subbasin o r k B 17050202 11 S B ig D u ee N r C r n re C t e re R k ek O iv r B e C u O r r P e n G i n t n i R H e P iv E e 12S C r r A Burnt River R D k D O e I e e r e C r r C r p C e r v m i Unity a k R c t C 13S o rn u R Cr B k F El S r C p m 14S a Huntington C st Cr e p W am t C Eas 15S 01020 16S Miles US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION SNAKE RIVER AREA OFFICE BOISE, IDAHO MAY 2008 MISSION STATEMENTS The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitments to island communities.
    [Show full text]