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Imprisonment and (Un)Relatedness in Northeast Brazil

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Imprisonment and (Un)Relatedness in Northeast Brazil Imprisonment and (Un)Relatedness in Northeast Brazil by Hollis Moore A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Hollis Moore 2017 ii Abstract This dissertation – based on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in and around a men’s and a women’s prison – explores imprisonment and (un)relatedness in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. From the vantage point of a prison compound and the heavily penalized neighbourhoods surrounding it, I describe and analyze inextricable connectivities which bind this compound to its social milieu, prison cells to houses, and prisoners to non-prisoners. I focus in particular on the gendered experiences and life projects of male and female “subjects of incarceration” – social actors whose entanglements with the prison are relatively intense, namely: (ex-)prisoners, visitors, and non-visitors (people with an imprisoned relation who do not visit the prison). In short, what is at stake in this dissertation is the question of how social reproduction occurs in a context in which imprisonment has come to be a regular, predictable part of life for poor and racialized groups. To grasp material and symbolic continuities, ruptures, and interconnections constitutive of prison-society relations I have developed the concept of “carceral forms.” This concept offers an approach to delineating objects of inquiry and a set of questions that will enrich multidisciplinary conversations about imprisonment as well as punishment and society. Anthropological insights regarding (un)relatedness have informed my theoretical-methodological approach to practices of imprisonment. This means that I approach penality and penal effects through the ethnographic investigation of gendered social relations forged, maintained, strained, and severed within and across prison boundaries. I also use the ethnographic fact of relatedness theoretically. I draw on anthropological theorizations of (un)relatedness to trouble taken-for-granted carceral boundaries and devise an innovative object of inquiry which I call carceral forms. In conceptualizing imprisonment in this way, I take inspiration from Strathern (1989) and her emphasis on immanent sociality. That is, I take “the relation” (1995) as a starting point to rethink the prison as a social institution. Rather than presume the boundaries, and the boundedness, of this institution, I attend to the statements and practices of people who negotiate imprisonment in a manner that at once (re)produces differences between carceral and non-carceral domains and establishes connections between these emergently distinct domains. iii Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iii Introduction: Imprisonment and (Un)Relatedness in Northeast Brazil ..................................... 1 The Mata Escura Penal Compound: A Prison-Neighbourhood Nexus ......................... 18 Insecure Boundaries ........................................................................................................ 23 The Historical Emergence of a Prison-Neighbourhood Nexus ................................. 26 Flows and Stoppages Constitutive of the (Once-)Carceral ....................................... 35 The Gender of Carceral Forms ........................................................................................... 40 The Gender of the Prison System ................................................................................. 44 Chapter Summaries .............................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 1 The Carceral Safety Net .................................................................................... 54 Introduction: Ambivalence in Kinship and the Prison ...................................................... 54 A Polymorphous Carceral Form: The Carceral Safety Net ........................................ 61 Crack é Cadeia ou Caixão (Crack is Jail or a Coffin): Imprisonment as an Alternative to Death .............................................................................................................................. 66 Visiting and Earning: Livelihood and Practices of Imprisonment ................................... 68 Gender, Insecurity, and Tactics .......................................................................................... 75 Gendered Violence and Containment ........................................................................... 76 Precarious Work ............................................................................................................... 81 Relational Intervention (1): A spatial-relational fix ....................................................... 82 Abusive Intimacy and Appropriative Endurance .......................................................... 83 Responding to Police Violence ........................................................................................... 87 “The Police Killed my Son” .............................................................................................. 87 Police Violence and Impunity in Salvador .................................................................... 88 Classed Tactics: To have or not to have conditions ................................................... 90 “They Killed My Son… And I Did Nothing” ................................................................... 91 Criminal Kin: Dangerous and Endangered Intimates ................................................. 96 iv Cadeia as technology of care .............................................................................................. 98 Relational Intervention (2): Carceral Habilitation ....................................................... 100 Conclusion: Ambivalent Outcomes of Social Reproduction ......................................... 104 Chapter 2 The Commission and its Present Absence: Gendered Regimes of Imprisonment/Visitation in the Mata Escura Compound .......................................... 108 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 108 Gendered Regimes of Visitation ....................................................................................... 115 Bio-Sexual Needs, Commissions, and the Quantity of Visitation ........................... 115 The Comissão, the Protection of Visitors, and the Search for Respect ................ 122 Preso Solidarity and the Gendered Quality of Visitation at PLB ............................. 128 The Texture of Visitation at Feminina ......................................................................... 134 Feminina’s Gendered Regime of Imprisonment ............................................................. 140 Conclusion: Feminina’s Triple Deviants .......................................................................... 159 Chapter 3 The penal-welfare complex and the production of expendability .............. 162 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 162 Expendability: Creating space between lumpenization and social death .............. 163 Public Abandonment ...................................................................................................... 168 Feminina: As a Site of Problematization and Mediated Relatedness ......................... 174 A Life History of Emergent Expendability ........................................................................ 180 Ivete’s Only Visitor .......................................................................................................... 180 Ivete’s Motherhood ......................................................................................................... 188 Ivete’s Childhood ............................................................................................................ 193 Ivete’s Institutional Encounters and Experiences of Social Development ............ 196 Ivete’s Struggles to secure the necessities of life ..................................................... 203 Epilogue: “The smell of pizza” and the extra-legal production of lost kin ................... 209 Chapter 4 Carceral Conjugality ......................................................................................... 220 v Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 220 The Puzzling Case of Carceral Courtship and Conjugality ...................................... 220 The Socio-Cultural Context of Carceral Conjugality ................................................. 222 Casa, Casamento, and Dona-de-Casa (House, Marriage, and ‘Housewife’) ....... 226 The Pains and Contradictions of Conjugal Visitation .................................................... 230 Companheiras and Courtesy Stigma .......................................................................... 230 Contested Meanings of House, Street, and Prison ................................................... 236 Carly’s Wifely Conduct .................................................................................................. 238 Carceral Houses and Configurations of Houses ............................................................ 241 Claudia and Rogerio’s Configuration of Houses ......................................................
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