DOCSLIB.ORG

Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory: a Dynamic Field Approach Gregory J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory: a Dynamic Field Approach Gregory J University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Psychology, Department of Department of Psychology 5-2018 Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory: A Dynamic Field Approach Gregory J. DeGirolamo University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss Part of the Psychology Commons DeGirolamo, Gregory J., "Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory: A Dynamic Field Approach" (2018). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology. 100. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/100 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory: A Dynamic Field Approach by Gregory J. DeGirolamo A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Psychology Under the Supervision of Professor Anne R. Schutte Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2018 Aging and Biases in Spatial Memory: A Dynamic Field Approach Gregory J. DeGirolamo, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisor: Anne R. Schutte. Spatial cognition encompasses a wide variety of abilities and requires the interaction of several regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, striatum, and pre- frontal cortex (PFC). (Packard & McGaugh, 1996; Reuter-Lorenz et al., 2000). Given that these areas atrophy in later adulthood (Golomb et al., 1993; Raz et al., 2003; Aizenstein et al., 2006), it raises the question of how spatial cognition changes with age. It has been found that increased task complexity leads to an age-related decline in performance (Nagel et al., 2009). Other factors that lead to a decline in memory performance in older adults include whether the memory task involves allocentric or egocentric memory (Desrocher & Smith, 1998). This study developed a computational model of spatial working memory recall and recognition abilities for young adulthood to late adulthood using a type of neural network—dynamic field theory. This model was used to generate hypotheses of how spatial working memory recall and recognition abilities change from young adulthood to late adulthood. This model also influenced the development of hypotheses of how long-term memory performance changes with age, and how working memory abilities predict long-term memory abilities. Some of the hypotheses were supported, such as performance declined as task complexity increased, and, compared to younger adults, older adults had a greater level of error on the long- term memory task. Other models and hypotheses, such as the prediction that there would ii not be a significant difference in performance between the two age groups on a spatial working memory recall task, were not supported. iii Author’s Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my Ph.D advisor and primary mentor, Dr. Anne Schutte. I am extremely grateful that she took me on as one of her graduate students. Her constant support and guidance helped me to develop into a better teacher, researcher, and person. I cannot begin to capture my gratitude in words for the positive influence she has had on my life and career. I have learned a lot from Anne between taking some of her graduate courses, being her TA, developing researcher projects with her, and many other experiences and observations. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee for their mentorship and guidance over the years, both with this dissertation and in other aspects of my graduate training. I would especially like to thank my readers, Dr. Mike Dodd and Dr. Matt Johnson. I particularly enjoyed discussing research with each of them, attending Matt’s computer programming meetings, and their help in my development as an instructor. I especially appreciate Dr. Mike Dodd lending my his slides and syllabi to use as an example when I was the instructor for Cognitive Processes. I also appreciate Dr. Matt Johnson’s help and advice when it came time to grade essay exams. I would like to thank Dr. Dennis Molfese for his career advice and introducing me to EEG research. I would like to thank Dr. Alex Twyman for challenging how I think about Dynamic Field Theory and Categorical-Adjustment Model and the comparison between these two models. I also appreciate her advice when to me when I was on the job market. Finally, I would like to thank the two former members of my committee: Dr. Alan Bond and Dr. Julie Honaker. I would like to thank Dr. Alan Bond for his advice on feedback on my research goals and my comprehensive exams. I would like to thank Dr. Julie Honaker for her feedback on iv my dissertation proposal and for checking on my progress after she accepted a position at another institution. I would especially like to thank my family. I would like to thank my parents, Joseph and Joyce DeGirolamo for their unending love, support, encouragement, and the sacrifices they made to help me to where I am today. There are so many ways they have helped shaped me into who I am today and encouraged my interests, between the countless times they took me to the library and bookstores when I asked, trips to museums, attending my soccer and baseball matches, and in many other small things they have done. I would also like to thank my siblings, Doug, Kristina, and Denise, for their encouragement. I would like to thank my grandparents, George and Anita Atoulikian and Leonardo and Filomena DeGirolamo. In particular, special thanks to my maternal grandparents for taking my siblings and I to school and watching us when we were little, for all of the love and support they have given over the years. I would also like to thank my maternal grandmother for helping me think of ways to recruit older adult participants and for sending me care packages so that I “wouldn’t forget to eat”. I would like to thank my paternal grandparents for their love, encouragement, their example of hard work and seeking out new opportunities for a better life, even if it is challenging (such as how they moved to the U.S for better opportunities). I would like to thank my girlfriend, Kate Woolf, for her love, support, and encouragement. Between our writing sessions at The Mill where we’d work on our respective items, the little things she would do, and listening to me vent when I was stressed out or frustrated, I appreciate Kate and her patiently journeying down this path with me. v I would like to thank my master’s thesis advisor from Cleveland State, Dr. Naohide Yamamoto for his mentorship on my master’s thesis and help as I applied for Ph.D programs. I first became interested in different aspects of spatial cognition while working in his lab. I appreciate his continued support and encouragement. I also appreciate the research experience and mentorship I received from working in Dr. Mike Hammond’s lab at Cleveland State. I would like to thank Dr. Brian Thomas from Baldwin Wallace University for allowing me to work in his lab as an undergraduate and conducting an independent study in his lab. This experience is what solidified my interest in studying learning and memory during my career. I would like to thank Dr. Jennifer Perry and Dr. Lewis Sage for co-mentoring my senior thesis. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Michael Dwyer and Ms. Barb Coniam, who were my academic advisors in undergrad. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and acquaintances. I would especially like to thank Rosa Vinas-Racionero, Fernando Aragones, and Ruby Charak, who were my closest friends in Lincoln and like family to me there. I would also like to thank my other close friends from graduate school, including Grace Sullivan, Bobby Byrom, John Kiat, Josh Zosky, Molly McPherson, Gerald McDonnell, Mark Mills, Monica Rosen, Juan Duque, Curtis Walker, Josh Haby, Carly Malloy, Amy Ort, Patrick Ledwidge, Caitlin Hudac, Chelsie Temmen, Paul Nabbity, Health Hodges, Vincenzo and Marissa Roma, Yinbo Wu, Cheng Lim, Frank Gonzalez, Ibrahim Acar, and Alex Wasserman. I would like to thank my friends from outside of grad school, including Jason Chambers, Ryan Merriman, Nathaniel Maier, Dave Heckathorn, Michael Columboro, Greg Miller, Goran Jovanovic, Nick Slusher, Dan Conlin, Kyle Miers, John Monroe, Mike Hanson vi Shannon Perry, Zach Millikan, Randall Smith and Sam Griffin, among others. I would also like to thank Bill and Amy Woolf for their support and encouragement. I would like to thank The Brave New Brew Running Crew and its members...it has been a joy being a member of this charitable running group. I would like to thank the members of Friedens Lutheran Church who had helped with recruitment for my dissertation. I would like thank Fr. Holdren and Fr. Matya from St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church for their encouragement. I would like to thank the members of the Spatial Cognition lab that have not been already mentioned. I would especially to thank Lalah McLaughlin, Yoselin Suarez, Victoria Burkey, who helped with data collection for this dissertation. I would like to thank Yinbo Wu for helping to assess the long-term memory task. I would like to thank the following undergraduates research assistants whom I worked with on other projects. Emily Frazen, Nedu Izuegbunam, Erica Ness,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retrograde Amnesia for Spatial Memory Induced by NMDA Receptor-Mediated Long-Term Potentiation
    The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 2001, 21(1):356–362 Retrograde Amnesia for Spatial Memory Induced by NMDA Receptor-Mediated Long-Term Potentiation Vegard Heimly Brun,1 Kristin Ytterbø,1 Richard G. M. Morris,2 May-Britt Moser,1 and Edvard I. Moser1 1Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, and 2Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, Scotland, United Kingdom If information is stored as distributed patterns of synaptic acid (CPP) was administered before the high-frequency stimu- weights in the hippocampal formation, retention should be lation, water maze retention was unimpaired. CPP administra- vulnerable to electrically induced long-term potentiation (LTP) tion blocked the induction of LTP. Thus, high-frequency stimu- of hippocampal synapses after learning. This prediction was lation of hippocampal afferents disrupts memory retention only tested by training animals in a spatial water maze task and then when it induces a change in the spatial pattern of synaptic delivering bursts of high-frequency (HF) or control stimulation weights. The NMDA receptor dependency of this retrograde to the perforant path in the angular bundle. High-frequency amnesia is consistent with the synaptic plasticity and memory stimulation induced LTP in the dentate gyrus and probably also hypothesis. at other hippocampal termination sites. Retention in a later Key words: memory; spatial memory; synaptic plasticity; hip- probe test was disrupted. When the competitive NMDA recep- pocampus; dentate gyrus; LTP; NMDA receptor; CPP; water tor antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic maze; rat; saturation; retrograde amnesia Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to the major cellular model this idea, McNaughton et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Deciphering Neural Codes of Memory During Sleep
    Deciphering Neural Codes of Memory during Sleep The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Chen, Zhe and Matthew A. Wilson. "Deciphering Neural Codes of Memory during Sleep." Trends in Neurosciences 40, 5 (May 2017): 260-275 © 2017 Elsevier Ltd As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2017.03.005 Publisher Elsevier BV Version Author's final manuscript Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122457 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Trends Neurosci Manuscript Author . Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 May 01. Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2017 May ; 40(5): 260–275. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.03.005. Deciphering Neural Codes of Memory during Sleep Zhe Chen1,* and Matthew A. Wilson2,* 1Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA 2Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Abstract Memories of experiences are stored in the cerebral cortex. Sleep is critical for consolidating hippocampal memory of wake experiences into the neocortex. Understanding representations of neural codes of hippocampal-neocortical networks during sleep would reveal important circuit mechanisms on memory consolidation, and provide novel insights into memory and dreams. Although sleep-associated ensemble spike activity has been investigated, identifying the content of memory in sleep remains challenging.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Information Modulates the Neurocognitive Dynamics of Episodic Autobiographical Memory Retrieval
    Spatial Information Modulates the Neurocognitive Dynamics of Episodic Autobiographical Memory Retrieval by Melissa Hebscher A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology University of Toronto © Copyright by Melissa Hebscher, 2018 Spatial Information Modulates the Neurocognitive Dynamics of Episodic Autobiographical Memory Retrieval Melissa Hebscher Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology University of Toronto 2018 Abstract Episodic autobiographical memory (EAM) enables reliving past experiences, recalling the sensory information associated with that event. Spatial information is thought to play an early and important role in EAM, contributing to the dynamics of retrieval. Using a combination of behavioural, neuroimaging, and neurostimulation approaches, this dissertation aimed to examine the temporal dynamics of EAM and the role spatial information plays in its retrieval. Chapter 2 demonstrated a temporal precedence for spatial information at the behavioural level, but importantly found high individual variability in early recall of spatial information. Further, individual differences in spatial aspects of EAM were reflected in hippocampal and precuneus grey matter volumes. Chapter 3 examined the temporal dynamics of EAM at the neural level using magnetoencephalography (MEG). While cueing individuals with familiar locations altered the dynamics of retrieval, it did not confer an early neural advantage. Together with the findings from Chapter 2, these results indicate that early spatial information alters the dynamics of EAM retrieval, but does not play a ubiquitous or automatic role in EAM. This study also found that spatial perspective during EAM retrieval was associated with a well-established neural component of episodic memory recollection. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) administered to the precuneus disrupted this association, demonstrating that this region is crucially involved in neural processing of spatial perspective during EAM.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissociating Visuo-Spatial and Verbal Working Memory: It's All in the Features
    Memory & Cognition https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0882-9 Dissociating visuo-spatial and verbal working memory: It’sall in the features Marie Poirier1 & James M. Yearsley1 & Jean Saint-Aubin2 & Claudette Fortin3 & Geneviève Gallant2 & Dominic Guitard2 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Echoing many of the themes of the seminal work of Atkinson and Shiffrin (The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2; 89–195, 1968), this paper uses the feature model (Nairne, Memory & Cognition, 16, 343–352, 1988;Nairne,Memory & Cognition, 18; 251– 269, 1990; Neath & Nairne, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2;429–441, 1995) to account for performance in working-memory tasks. The Brooks verbal and visuo-spatial matrix tasks were performed alone, with articulatory suppression, or with a spatial suppression task; the results produced the expected dissociation. We used approximate Bayesian computation techniques to fit the feature model to the data and showed that the similarity-based interference process implemented in the model accounted for the data patterns well. We then fit the model to data from Guérard and Tremblay (2008, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34,556–569); the latter study produced a double dissociation while calling upon more typical order reconstruction tasks. Again, the model performed well. The findings show that a double dissociation can be modelled without appealing to separate systems for verbal and visuo-spatial processing. The latter findings are significant as the feature model had not been used to model this type of dissociation before; importantly, this is also the first time the model is quantitatively fit to data. For the demonstration provided here, modularity was unnecessary if two assumptions were made: (1) the main difference between spatial and verbal working-memory tasks is the features that are encoded; (2) secondary tasks selectively interfere with primary tasks to the extent that both tasks involve similar features.
    [Show full text]
  • The Method of Loci in Virtual Reality: Explicit Binding of Objects to Spatial Contexts Enhances Subsequent Memory Recall
    Journal of Cognitive Enhancement https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-019-00141-8 ORIGINAL RESEARCH The Method of Loci in Virtual Reality: Explicit Binding of Objects to Spatial Contexts Enhances Subsequent Memory Recall Nicco Reggente1 & Joey K. Y. Essoe1 & Hera Younji Baek1 & Jesse Rissman1,2 Received: 7 January 2019 /Accepted: 7 June 2019 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Abstract The method of loci (MoL) is a well-known mnemonic technique in which visuospatial spatial environments are used to scaffold the memorization of non-spatial information. We developed a novel virtual reality-based implementation of the MoL in which participants used three unique virtual environments to serve as their “memory palaces.” In each world, participants were presented with a sequence of 15 3D objects that appeared in front of their avatar for 20 s each. The experimental group (N = 30) was given the ability to click on each object to lock it in place, whereas the control group (N = 30) was not afforded this functionality. We found that despite matched engagement, exposure duration, and instructions emphasizing the efficacy of the mnemonic across groups, participants in the experimental group recalled 28% more objects. We also observed a strong relation- ship between spatial memory for objects and landmarks in the environment and verbal recall strength. These results provide evidence for spatially mediated processes underlying the effectiveness of the MoL and contribute to theoretical models of memory that emphasize spatial encoding as the primary currency of mnemonic function. Keywords Memory enhancement . Method of loci . Virtual reality Introduction the MoL is a complicated, time-consuming mnemonic to imple- ment, but in fact, it is rather straightforward.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Amnesias
    The Three Amnesias Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology College of Public Health and Health Professions Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida PO Box 100165 HSC Gainesville, FL 32610-0165 USA Bauer, R.M. (in press). The Three Amnesias. In J. Morgan and J.E. Ricker (Eds.), Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press. The Three Amnesias - 2 During the past five decades, our understanding of memory and its disorders has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950’s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970’s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980’s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970’s. The famous case of Henry M. (H.M.), published by Scoville and Milner (1957), marked the beginning of what has been called the “golden age of memory”. Since that time, experimental analyses of amnesic patients, coupled with meticulous clinical description, pathological analysis, and, more recently, structural and functional imaging, has led to a clearer understanding of the nature and characteristics of the human amnesic syndrome. The amnesic syndrome does not affect all kinds of memory, and, conversely, memory disordered patients without full-blown amnesia (e.g., patients with frontal lesions) may have impairment in those cognitive processes that normally support remembering.
    [Show full text]
  • A Virtual Reality Memory Palace Variant Aids Knowledge Retrieval from Scholarly Articles
    1 A Virtual Reality Memory Palace Variant Aids Knowledge Retrieval from Scholarly Articles Fumeng Yang, Jing Qian, Johannes Novotny, David Badre, Cullen D. Jackson, and David H. Laidlaw Abstract—We present exploratory research of virtual reality techniques and mnemonic devices to assist in retrieving knowledge from scholarly articles. We used abstracts of scientific publications to represent knowledge in scholarly articles; participants were asked to read, remember, and retrieve knowledge from a set of abstracts. We conducted an experiment to compare participants’ recall and recognition performance in three different conditions: a control condition without a pre-specified strategy to test baseline individual memory ability, a condition using an image-based variant of a mnemonic called a “memory palace,” and a condition using a virtual reality-based variant of a memory palace. Our analyses show that using a virtual reality-based memory palace variant greatly increased the amount of knowledge retrieved and retained over the baseline, and it shows a moderate improvement over the other image-based memory palace variant. Anecdotal feedback from participants suggested that personalizing a memory palace variant would be appreciated. Our results support the value of virtual reality for some high-level cognitive tasks and help improve future applications of virtual reality and visualization. Index Terms—Virtual Reality, Mnemonic Devices, Natural Language Documents, Human Memory, Spatialization, Spatial Memory F 1 INTRODUCTION UR memory is imperfect. We easily forget the names of does not provide good insights for knowledge workers, who O people we meet and the content of papers we read [1]. usually face much longer and more complicated documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Models of Working Memory
    MODELS OF WORKING MEMORY Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control Edited by AKIRA MIYAKE AND PRITI SHAH PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http: //www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http: //www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1999 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1999 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Stone Serif 9/12 pt. System QuarkXpress™ [HT] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Models of working memory : mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control / edited by Akira Miyake, Priti Shah. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-521-58325-X. – ISBN 0-521-58721-2 (pbk.) 1. Short-term memory. I. Miyake, Akira, 1966– . II. Shah, Priti, 1968– . BF378.S54M63 1999 153.1´3 – dc21 98–35134 CIP ISBN 0 521 58325 X hardback ISBN 0 521 58721 2 paperback 1 Models of Working Memory An Introduction PRITI SHAH AND AKIRA MIYAKE Working memory plays an essential role in complex cognition. Everyday cog- nitive tasks – such as reading a newspaper article, calculating the appropriate amount to tip in a restaurant, mentally rearranging furniture in one’s living room to create space for a new sofa, and comparing and contrasting various attributes of different apartments to decide which to rent – often involve mul- tiple steps with intermediate results that need to be kept in mind temporarily to accomplish the task at hand successfully.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissociation Between Attention and Visual Working Memory The
    1 Running Head: Dissociation between attention and visual working memory The Relationship between Visual Attention and Visual Working Memory Encoding: A Dissociation between Covert and Overt Orienting In press: JEP:HPP A. Caglar Tas*, Steven J. Luck**, and Andrew Hollingworth* *Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa **Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology University of California, Davis 2 Abstract There is substantial debate over whether visual working memory (VWM) and visual attention constitute a single system for the selection of task-relevant perceptual information or whether they are distinct systems that can be dissociated when their representational demands diverge. In the present study, we focused on the relationship between visual attention and the encoding of objects into visual working memory (VWM). Participants performed a color change-detection task. During the retention interval, a secondary object, irrelevant to the memory task, was presented. Participants were instructed either to execute an overt shift of gaze to this object (Experiments 1-3) or to attend it covertly (Experiments 4 and 5). Our goal was to determine whether these overt and covert shifts of attention disrupted the information held in VWM. We hypothesized that saccades, which typically introduce a memorial demand to bridge perceptual disruption, would lead to automatic encoding of the secondary object. However, purely covert shifts of attention, which introduce no such demand, would not result in automatic memory encoding. The results supported these predictions. Saccades to the secondary object produced substantial interference with VWM performance, but covert shifts of attention to this object produced no interference with VWM performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Agmatine Improves Spatial Memory
    macolog Khales et al., J Pharma Reports 2016, 1:2 ar ic h a P l f R o e l p a o n r r t s u o J Journal of Pharmacological Reports Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Agmatine Improves Spatial Memory Consolidation: The Role of Nitric Oxide Golnaz Yadollahi Khales1, Atefeh Khajeh2 and Maryam Moosavi1,3* 1Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 3Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abstract Objective: The existence of agmatine in the hippocampus suggests a role in memory formation. Endogenous agmatine increases after training in the hippocampus, howbeit the effect of exogenous agmatine on memory is not consistent yet. This work was aimed to assess the differential effect of systemic agmatine on spatial memory consolidation and retrieval. Additionally L-NAME was used to assess if nitric oxide is involved in the effect of agmatine. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) were trained in water maze single training session. After 24 h the memory of animals were examined in a probe trial which was consisted of a trial without platform. To assess the effect of agmatine (40 mg/kg) on memory consolidation it was administered immediately after training and to assess its effect on memory retrieval it was injected 30 min before probe trial. In order to evaluate the involvement of nitric oxide, L-NAME (3 mg/kg) was co-administered with agmatine. Results: Post-training injection (to assess consolidation phase) of agmatine improved the performance of animals in probe test, while its pre-probe administration (to assess retrieval phase) had no effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory and Memory Verification Capability of Young Children
    DUT RESUME ED 168 697 - PS 010 465.',- AOT80I( Johnson, James E. TITLE Memory and Memory Verification Capability of Young Children. PUB DATE Mar 77 LOTE 19p.; An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development (New Orleans, Louisiana; Birch 17-20, 1977). EDRS PRICE MF01 /PC 01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cognitive Processes; Learning Processes; *Memory;' Models; *Preschool Children; *Recall (Psychological) ; *Recognition; *Research ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to ascertain (1)' whether 'young children are able to recognize a need to check response accuracy and memory verification and (2) what strategies they use. A• model of the nursery room was used to assess 37 preschoolers' recognition, recall, and spatial memory for school objects.. children were asked to verify their memories in order to determine verification strategies, and, following an opportunity to re-examine the criterion, memory was reassessed and performance compared to initial,ieMory relative to these strategies. The results indicated that few children at first knew an objective way, to verify but that after prompting most seemed aware . of its ' utility.., Although memory and verification. scores were generally unrelated, spatial memory after verification was positively and significantly correlated with measures of verification. The memory verification paradigm Introduced appears useful for studyiriq. purposeful behavior -in young children. (Author/MP) Memory and Manory Verification Capability oe Young Children James E. Johnson University of Wisconsin-Madison Running head: Memory Verification • Fobtriote . This research was supported in part by a USPHS postdoctoral fellowship (5 T01 MH 08260)to Educational Testing Service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Attention and Working Memory
    In: New Research on Short-Term Memory ISBN 978-1-60456-548-5 Editor: Noah B. Johansen, pp. © 2008 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter 1 The Relationship between Attention and Working Memory Daryl Fougnie Vanderbilt University Abstract The ability to selectively process information (attention) and to retain information in an accessible state (working memory) are critical aspects of our cognitive capacities. While there has been much work devoted to understanding attention and working memory, the nature of the relationship between these constructs is not well understood. Indeed, while neither attention nor working memory represent a uniform set of processes, theories of their relationship tend to focus on only some aspects. This review of the literature examines the role of perceptual and central attention in the encoding, maintenance, and manipulation of information in working memory. While attention and working memory were found to interact closely during encoding and manipulation, the evidence suggests a limited role of attention in the maintenance of information. Additionally, only central attention was found to be necessary for manipulating information in working memory. This suggests that theories should consider the multifaceted nature of attention and working memory. The review concludes with a model describing how attention and working memory interact. I. Introduction The capacity to perform some complex tasks depends critically on the ability to retain task-relevant information in an accessible state over time (working memory) and to selectively process information in the environment (attention). As one example, consider driving a car in an unfamiliar city. In order to get to your destination, directions have to be retained and kept in working memory.
    [Show full text]