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Charalambidou, X. 2017. “Ceramics, cultural interconnections and influences on Naxos”, in V. Vlachou and A. Gadolou (eds.), /Terpis. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in honour of Nota Kourou, Études d'Archéologie 10, Brussels, 375-392. Charalambidou, Xenia (Polyxeni)
published in V. Vlachou and A. Gadolou (eds.), /Terpis. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in honour of Nota Kourou, Études d'Archéologie 10, Brussels 2017
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citation for published version (APA) Charalambidou, X. P. (2017). Charalambidou, X. 2017. “Ceramics, cultural interconnections and influences on Naxos”, in V. Vlachou and A. Gadolou (eds.), /Terpis. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in honour of Nota Kourou, Études d'Archéologie 10, Brussels, 375-392. In V. Vlachou and A. Gadolou (eds.), /Terpis. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in honour of Nota Kourou, Études d'Archéologie 10, Brussels
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Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 ΤΕΡΨΙΣ STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN HONOUR OF NOTA KOUROU
Edited by Vicky Vlachou and Anastasia Gadolou
ÉTUDES D!ARCHÉOLOGIE 10 ΤΕΡΨΙΣ STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN HONOUR OF NOTA KOUROU Scientifc Committee Michalis Tiverios, Member of the Academy of Athens, Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology, University of Tessaloniki Vassos Karageorghis, Former Director of Antiquities, Cyprus Vasilios Lambrinoudakis, Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology, University of Athens Charalampos Kritzas, Director Emeritus, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports Anna A. Lemos, Professor Emerita of Classical Archaeology, University of Athens Εvangelia Simantoni-Bournia, Professor Emerita of Classical Archaeology, University of Athens
Editor CReA-Patrimoine © Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine (CReA-Patrimoine) Université libre de Bruxelles 50, av. F.D. Roosevelt | CP 175 B-1050 Bruxelles [email protected] http://crea.ulb.ac.be
ISBN: 9789461360649 Printed by Le Livre Timperman Layout: Nathalie Bloch (CReA-Patrimoine) Detail of sphinx panel: Krater from Mavriki. Aigion Museum no 801
Tis volume is published with the fnancial support of the A.G. Leventis Foundation, the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), the Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine (CReA-Patrimoine) and the Cultural Foundation of Tinos.
Cover Attic Late Geometric II skyphos (Athens NAM 784), from the Dipylon Grave 7. Workshop of Athens 894. Reproduced afer permission of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports / Archaeological Receipts Fund. Drawing by Vicky Vlachou.
Études d’archéologie 10 ΤΕΡΨΙΣ STUDIES IN MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN HONOUR OF NOTA KOUROU
Edited by Vicky Vlachou and Anastasia Gadolou
Brussels CReA-Patrimoine
2017 Nota Kourou and Tanasis Kouros at Aghia Moni (Paphos), in front of the Cypro- Syllabic script of the 4th century BC mentioning the Paphian king Neoklis. Photo by Maria Iacovou. Contents
Tabula gratulatoria 9
Foreword 11 Athena Tsingarida
Abbreviations 13
Introduction 17 Vicky Vlachou and Anastasia Gadolou
List of Publications by Nota Kourou Evangelia Simantoni-Bournia 21
I. Pottery Studies
Production and Workshops 27
An Athenian Middle Geometric II krater from the Athenian Agora and the potter who painted it 29 John K. Papadopoulos A new Geometric pitcher from the Workshop of Athens 897 39 Maria Pipili Δύο κρατήρες πρώιμων ιστορικών χρόνων από την Αχαΐα. Εκφράσεις κοινωνικής διαφοροποίησης 47 και εδραίωσης της συλλογικής ταυτότητας, στη διάρκεια του 8ου αιώνα π.Χ. Aναστασία Γκαδόλου Κεραμικοί πειραματισμοί στη Ρόδο των Ύσ τερ ων Γεωμετρικών και Υπογεωμετρικών χρόνων: ερυθρόχριστα αγγεία με κύκλους και κυματοειδείς γραμμές 61 Γιώργος Μπουρογιάννης Κρατηρόσχημος νησιωτικός σκύφος με γραμμική διακόσμηση από τη Μύκονο 71 Φωτεινή Ζαφειροπούλου Te Sphinx Painter and his Workshop 75 Κees Neef Deux fragments d’une coupe forale au musée de Tasos 91 Jacques Perreault Aspects of pottery production and circulation in the Early Iron Age Cypriot polities: considering the evidence of the Salamis workshops 99 Anna Georgiadou Notes on ceramic production during the Early Cypro-Geometric period at Palaepaphos 113 Vassos Karageorghis “Black”, a tale of two pigments in Cyprus. Te chemistry of decoration and the Late Cypriot III – Cypro-Geometric pottery production 121 Eleni Aloupi-Siotis and Anna Lekka
Image and Context 145 Aspects of pictorialism and symbolism in Early Bronze Age Cyclades: a “frying pan” with longboat depiction from the new excavations at Chalandriani in Syros 147 Marisa Marthari « Sacrifce en image » au début de l’histoire grecque : retour sur une hydrie érétrienne 161 Sandrine Huber Quadrupeds on relief pottery of the Aegean 177 Evangelia Simantoni-Bournia Pottery made to impress: oversized vessels for funerary rituals. A view from Geometric Attica and beyond 191 Vicky Vlachou Υψηλόποδες κάνθαροι. Ένα τελετουργικό σκεύος 209 Λυδία Παλαιοκρασσά-Κόπιτσα Une Löwenschale à Mégara Hyblaea (Sicile) 221 Antoine Hermary Fun and games at the symposium: a corinthian thauma in Brussels 229 Dyfri Williams and Natacha Massar A newly discovered funerary pinax from the Athenian Kerameikos 247 Leonidas Bournias
II. Topoi
Μυκηναϊκοί οικισμοί στο Σαρωνικό κατά τη μετανακτορική περίοδο 263 Νάγια Πολυχρονάκου-Σγουρίτσα Hephestia (Lemnos) in the Early Iron Age. Some considerations 277 Emanuele Greco Terres cuites architecturales de Ténos des époques archaïque et classique 285 Marie-Françoise Billot Νεότερα για τα ιερά της αρχαίας πόλης της Κύθνου 303 Αλέξανδρος Μαζαράκης Αινιάν Ο τύμβος της Λαόνας στην Παλαίπαφο. Από την αναγνώριση στη μέθοδο διερεύνησης 317 Μαρία Ιακώβου Τοπογραφία της Ρωμαϊκής Εύβοιας 331 Παύλος Καρβώνης
III. The Aegean and the Mediterranean
One more Aigyptiakon from Lefandi - Te bronze jug from Toumba, tomb 47.18 349 Hartmut Matthäus Euboean imports in the Geometric necropolis of Ialysos 359 Matteo D’Acunto Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos 375 Xenia Charalambidou Some horses from Sicilian Naxos 393 Maria Costanza Lentini Te Aegean between East and West 401 Bruno d’Agostino Εισαγμένη κεραμική στο Θερμαϊκό κόλπο και την Ιβηρική χερσόνησο – αργανθώνιος (Παρατηρήσεις στο πρώιμο εμπόριο κεραμικής) 419 Μιχάλης Τιβέριος La présence phénicienne en Grèce 435 Christina Ioannou Το ακρόπρωρο από τα Προϊστορικά στα Αρχαϊκά χρόνια 447 Πέτρος Θέμελης IV. Archaeological Approaches to Cult and Rituals
Domestic, communal and public cult in Dark Age Greece: some interpretative issues 459 Oliver Pilz Social outcasts in Early Iron Age Naxos? 473 Karl Reber Breaking and burning the sphinx 481 Giorgos Papasavvas Oferings to a goddess 500 Irene S. Lemos Παραστασιακές πρακτικές και κοινωνική οργάνωση στην Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου: Η περίπτωση της Αττικής και της Κρήτης 511 Μανόλης Μικράκης Te musician, the dancer and the priest: readdressing Cypro-Archaic ritual 525 Αnastasia Leriou
V. Writing on Artifacts
Πήλινη Πρωτοκυκλαδική σφραγίδα από τη Γρ ό τ τα της Νάξου Συμβολή στην «ανάγνωση» των σφραγίδων της 3ης χιλιετίας π.Χ. 543 Ανδρέας Γ. Βλαχόπουλος ‘Eνεπίγραφο αλιευτικό βάρος των Γεωμετρικών χρόνων’ ή μήπως όχι; 561 Πάνος Βαλαβάνης Writing for friends: Vathy 232 revisited 567 Catherine Morgan Γρ α μ μ ατ ι κ ά εκπώματα, ερωτικές παγίδες 579 Χαράλαμπος Κριτζάς
About the Contributors 589
Tabula gratulatoria
Christina Avronidaki Christos Boulotis Alexander Cambitoglou Panagiotis Chatzidakis Francis Croissant Rolland Étienne Alexandra Karetsou Vasilios Lambrinoudakis Ageliki Lebessi Anna A. Lemos Nassi Malagardis Sarah P. Morris Alcestis Papademetriou Francis Prost Katerina Romiopoulou Nicolaos Chr. Stampolidis Konstantinos Tsakos Athena Tsingarida Olga Tzachou-Alexandri Didier Viviers Evangelos Vivliodetis Eleni Zimi Forward
Athena Tsingarida
It is a great pleasure to welcome this volume in Social Fund) undertaken in collaboration with honour of Nota Kourou in the archaeological the University of Athens and Nota Kourou. She is series of the Centre of Archaeological Research now a post-doctoral research fellow of the Belgian and Culture Heritage (CReA-Patrimoine) of the National Research Fund (FNRS) at ULB and shares Université libre de Bruxelles. Te publication in with us her sound knowledge of Early Iron Age the collection of the CReA-Patrimoine refects the pottery and her lively energy. warm and fruitful relationship built up between the Centre, Nota and several of her former students I would like to thank both Anastasia and Vicky since several years. along with all contributors for achieving their task within a tied schedule. Te essays refect the wide- I frst met Nota when she came at ULB as an ranging felds of expertise of Nota extending from invited Professor at the International Chair of Aegean Greece to the Mediterranean World. Te Greek Archaeology Eleni Hatzivassiliou. During editors brought into light a signifcant scholarly her lively stay in Brussels, she inspired with her publication that goes far beyond a simple tribute. enthusiasm and deep knowledge of Early Iron Age Te important number of papers written by Aegean and the Mediterranean a large audience former students, now colleagues, further illustrates of students and scholars. On a personnal level, I the strong ties built by a talented professor who discovered, beyond the well acknowledged expert combined human and teaching qualities. Te in Greek archaeology, a person of great kindness, result is a moving token of respect, gratitude and deep sensitivity and generosity. friendship dedicated to Nota.
Te preparation of this volume was undertaken by Anastasia Gadolou and Vicky Vlachou, helped On façonne les plantes par la culture, et les hommes by many colleagues. Both Anastasia and Vicky par l’éducation. … Nous naissons faibles, nous are known in Brussels. While still a curator at the avons besoin de force ; nous naissons dépourvus de National Museum of Athens, Anastasia delivered tout, nous avons besoin d’assistance, nous naissons a lecture at ULB in the frame of our International stupides, nous avons besoin de jugement. Tout ce seminars on Pottery studies in a session organized que nous n’avons pas à notre naissance, et dont with the collaboration of our colleagues from the nous avons besoin étant grands, nous est donné par Museum, specialists in the feld of ancient ceramics. l’éducation. Vicky joined the CReA-Patrimoine in 2012 in Jean Jacques Rousseau the frame of a postdoctoral project (European Émile ou de l’Éducation, extrait
11 Abbreviations abbreviations of journals AntW – Antike Welt: Zeitschrif für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte AJA – American Journal of Archaeology ΑΑΑ – Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών AJP – American Journal of Philology ΑΔ Α/Β – Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον (Α = Μελέτες, Β = Χρονικά) AM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung ΑΕ – Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς AnnArchStAnt – Annali del Seminario di studi del ΑΕΘΣΕ – Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς mondo classico e del Mediterraneo antico: Sezione di Ελλάδας archeologia e storia antica ΑΕΜΘ – Το Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και AntCl – L’Antiquité classique Θράκη AntK – Antike Kunst ΑνθρΑρχΧρον – Ανθρωπολογικά και Αρχαιολογικά Χρονικά Antiquity – Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology ΑρχΕυβΜελ – Αρχείον Ευβοϊκών Μελετών AnzWien – Anzeiger: Österreichische Akademie der Εγνατία – Εγνατία. Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα της Wissenschafen, Wien, Philologisch-historische Klasse Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης, Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας AR – Archaeological Reports ΕΕΦΣΠΘ – Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα της Φιλοσοφικής Archaeology – Archaeology Magazine Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης ArchDelt – Archaiologikon Deltion ΕλλΚερ – Πρακτικά Επιστημονικών Συναντήσεων για ArchEph – Archaiologike Ephemeris την Ελληνιστική Κεραμική ArchEspArq – Archivo Español de Arqueología ΕπετΚυκλΜελ Επετηρίς της Εταιρείας Κυκλαδικών Μελετών ASAtene – Annuario de la Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente Έργον Το Έργον της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας AttiMGrecia – Atti e memorie della Società Magna Grecia ΚυπΣπουδ – Κυπριακαί Σπουδαί BAAL – Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Mακεδονικά – Μακεδονικά. Σύγγραμμα Περιοδικόν Libanaises της Εταιρείας Μακεδονικών Σπουδών BABesch – Bulletin antieke beschaving: Annual Papers ΠΑΑ – Πρακτικά της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών on Classical Archaeology ΠΑΕ – Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής BANEA – British Association for Near Eastern Εταιρείας Archaeology BAR IS – British Archaeological Reports, International ΑΑΙΑ Bulletin – Te Australian Archaeological Institute Series at Athens Bulletin BASOR – Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ActaArch – Acta Archaeologica (Copenhagen) Research ActaAth – Skrifer utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen BCH – Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae) (formerly BdA – Bollettino d’Arte SkrAth) BÉFAR – Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et ActaHyp – Acta Hyperborea. Danish Studies in Classical de Rome Archaeology BICS – Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the Aegaeum – Aegaeum. Annales d’archéologie égéenne de University of London l’Université de Liège BMMA – Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, AIONArch – Annali dell’Istituto universitario orientali New York di Napoli. Dipartimento di studi del mondo classico e del Mediterraneo antico. Sezione di archeologia e storia BMusHongr – Bulletin du Musée hongrois des beaux- antica arts
13 BSA – Te Annual of the British School at Athens MarbWPr – Marburger Winckelmann-Programm CahByrsa – Cahiers de Byrsa MarM – Te Mariner’s Mirror CAJ – Cambridge Archaeological Journal MB – Madrider Beiträge CCEC – Centre d'Études Chypriotes - Cahier MededRom – Mededeelingen van het Nederl. Historisch Instituut te Rome CCJB – Cahiers du Centre Jean Bérard MeditArch – Mediterranean Archaeology. Australian ClAnt – Classical Antiquity and New Zealand Journal for the Archaeology of the ClBull – Te Classical Bulletin Mediterranean World CQ – Classical Quarterly MÉFRA – Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, CR – Classical Review Antiquité CRAI – Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Minos – Minos. Revista di flología egea inscriptions et belles-lettres (Paris) MM – Madrider Mitteilungen CretChron – Kretika chronika: Keimena kai meletai tes MMJ – Metropolitan Musem Journal kretikes istorias Mnemosyne – Mnemosyne. A Journal of Classical Eirene – Eirene: Studia graeca et latina Studies Enalia – Ενάλια MonAnt – Monumenti antichi Glotta – Glotta. Zeitschrif für griechische und MonPiot – Monuments et Mémoires Fondation E. Piot lateinische Sprache NSc – Notizie degli scavi di antichità Gnomon – Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrif für die gesamte OAI – Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut klassische Altertumswissenschaf OlForsch – Olympische Forschungen GRBS – Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies OMRO – Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het HASB – Hefe des Archäologischen Seminars Bern Rijksmuseum van Oudheiden te Leiden Hesperia – Hesperia. Te Journal of the American OpArch – Opuscula archaeologica School of Classical Studies at Athens OpAth – Opuscula Atheniensia Horos – Hóros. Ένα Αρχαιογνωστικό Περιοδικό OpAthRom – Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes IJNA – Te International Journal of Nautical at Athens and Rome Archaeology and Underwater Exploration OpRom – Opuscula Romana IstMitt – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Istanbuler Mitteilungen PACT Pact. Revue du groupe européen d’études pour les techniques physiques, chimiques et mathématiques JaarbAkAmst – Jaarboek van de Akademie te appliquées à l’archéologie Amsterdam Pallas – Pallas. Revue d’études antiques JanthArch – Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Pharos – Pharos. Journal of the Netherlands Institute at JAOS – Journal of the American Oriental Society Athens JAS – Journal of Archaeological Science Prakt – Praktika tes en Athenais Archaiologikis Etaireias JdI – Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts ProcAmPhilSoc Proceedings of the American Philoso- JHS – Te Journal of Hellenic Studies phical Society JIAN – Journal international d’archéologie PP – La parola del passato numismatique RA – Revue archéologique JMA – Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology RB – Revue Biblique JRA – Journal of Roman Archaeology RBPhH – Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire JRAI – Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute RdA – Rivista di Archeologia KADMOS – Zeitschrif für vor-und frühgriechische RDAC – Report of the Department of Antiquities, Epigraphik Cyprus Kernos – Kernos. Revue internationale et pluridiscipli- REA – Revue des Études Anciennes naire de religion grecque antique
14 REG – Revue des Études Grecques ClRh – Clara Rhodos REJ – Revue d’Études Juives CVA – Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Paris 1923- RendLinc – Rendiconti dell’Accademia nazionale dei DarSag – Ch. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e flologiche des antiquités grecques et romaines d’après les textes et les monuments, Paris 1873-1919. RM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung Délos – Exploration archéologique de Délos faite par l’École française d’Athènes RStFen – Rivista di Studi fenici EAA – Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale SIMA – Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology I–VII (1958-1966) SIMA-PB – Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and EG – Μ. Guarducci, Epigrafa greca I (1967), II (1969), Literature: Pocketbook III (1974), IV (1978), Roma. SMEA – Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici Eretria – Eretria. Fouilles et recherches StEtr – Studi Etruschi FGrHist – F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen StTroica – Studia Troica Historiker, Berlin 1923- Talanta – Talanta. Proceedings of the Dutch ICS – O. Masson, Inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques, Archaeological and Historical Society Paris, 1961, réédition avec compléments, 1983. TelAviv – Tel Aviv: Journal of the Tel Aviv University, IG – Inscriptiones graecae, Berlin 1895- Institute of Archaeology Isthmia – Isthmia. Excavations by the University of TMO – Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Chicago under the Auspices of the American School of Méditerranée Classical Studies at Athens Topoi – Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World Kerameikos – Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen WorldArch – World Archaeology LGPN – P. Μ. Fraser και E. Matthews (eds). A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Oxford 1987- WS – Wiener Studien LGPN IV – P. M. Fraser και E. Matthews (eds), A ZÄS – Zeitschrif für ägyptische Sprache und Lexicon of Greek Personal Names IV (Macedonia, Trace, Altertumskunde Northern Regions of the Black Sea), Oxford 2005. Zephyrus – Zephyrus. Revista de prehistoria y LSAG2 – L. H. Jefery, Te Local Scripts of Archaic arqueología Greece, (revised edition by A. W. Johnston), Oxford 1990. ZPE – Zeitschrif für Papyrologie und Epigraphik LSCG – F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées des cités grecques, Paris 1969 [École française d'Athènes, Travaux et mémoires 18]. Abbreviations of Excavation Series and Reference Works OlForsch – Olympische Forschungen PBF – Prähistorische Bronzefunde Agora – Te Athenian Agora RE – A. Pauly και G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaf, 1893-1978. Alt-Paphos – Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos auf Zypern RES – Répertoire d’Epigraphie Sémitique, Paris 1900- ArchHom – F. Matz and H.G. Buchholz (eds), 1905. Archaeologia Homerica (Göttingen 1967– ) SEG – Supplementum epigraphicum graecum, Leiden CEG – P. Hansen, Carmina epigraphica Graeca 1923- saeculorum VIII-V a. Chr. n., Berlin and New York, 1983. SwCyprusExp – Te Swedish Cyprus Expedition CIG – A. Boeckh et al., Corpus inscriptionum graecarum, Berlin 1828-1877. Tarsus – Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus CIL – Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, Berlin 1893- TesCRA – Tesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum CIS – Corpus Inscrptionum Semiticarum CMS – Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel COS – W. W. Hallo and K. L. Younger Jr. (eds), Te Context of Scripture, 3 vols, Leiden - New York - Köln 1997-2002.
15 Introduction
Vicky Vlachou and Anastasia Gadolou
Μνημοσύνης δ᾽ ἐξαῦτις ἐράσσατο καλλικόμοιο, ἐξ ἧς οἱ Μοῦσαι χρυσάμπυκες ἐξεγένοντο ἐννέα, τῇσιν ἅδον θαλίαι καὶ τέρψις ἀοιδῆς. Hesiode, Teogony 915-7
Te present collective volume is ofered in honour the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, as implied of Nota Kourou, in celebration of her distinguished by iconography. Following her doctoral dissertation academic contribution to the archaeology of the on Sphinxes and the relevant LIMC articles, she Early Iron Age Aegean and the Mediterranean. Nota produced a number of studies highlighting issues Kourou received her BA in Art History and Classical of Early Orientalizing Greek art and its possible Archaeology at the University of Athens and then Cypriot and Near Eastern sources of inspiration. her MA and DPhil in Classical Archaeology at As a confessed admirer of J. N. Coldstream’s work, Oxford University, Somerville College. She served she frequently focused on pottery, producing a at the Department of Archaeology of the University number of studies on crucial ceramic issues of of Athens for more than thirty-fve years until her several classes of Geometric pottery. With her retirement in 2012. As a visiting professor, she has publication of the Aigion crater in 1979, she lectured at the Université de Lausanne, University of succeeded in defning a new Orientalizing phase Bern, University of Geneva, Université de Fribourg, in the evolution of the Tapsos class vases still Sorbonne, Paris I and the École Pratiques des Hautes unparalleled and barely known in Greece, but well Études, Università degli Studi di Milano, Università attested by then in Sicily and Italy. Te identifcation Orientale di Napoli, Università di Firenze, Johannes of an Attic workshop of small handmade vases in Gutenberg Universität Mainz, University of Cyprus the tradition of the “Argive Monochrome Ware” and the American University of Beirut. As an in 1987, followed by an investigation of their Onassis Scholar in 2005, she lectured in a number function and distribution in later articles, remains of Universities in the U.S.A. (New York, Columbia an important addition to the study of handmade University; Austin, University of Texas; Tampa, wares. Her monograph on the Southern cemetery South Florida University; Columbia, University of of Naxos and its pottery in 1999 constitutes a major Missouri). As the 2005 AAIA Visiting Professor, contribution to Cycladic studies: it provides a stable she lectured in Universities in Australia (Sydney, base for the study of Naxian ceramic workshops of University of Sydney and Macquarie University, the Middle Geometric period. Te identifcation Brisbane, Te University of Queensland, Armidale, of a local Naxian workshop closely following the Te University of New England, Newcastle, the Cesnola Painter in an earlier study had given new University of Newcastle). directions not only in the study of that workshop, Troughout her academic carrier, she has been but also to matters of contacts between islands engaged in a variety of scholarly subjects, tackling or painters. Her CVA for the Attic Geometric crucial problems of the Early Iron Age and amphorae in the Athens, National Museum in 2002 attempting to get answers to issues related to the ofers a complete account of the shape’s typology Aegean and the wider Mediterranean area. She and evolution in the Early Iron Age. A number started with iconography under the wise guidance of smaller studies on particular classes of Attic of N. M. Kontoleon and later of Sir John Boardman. Geometric amphorae made earlier or later have Even then, the focus of her research was always on identifed several Athenian Geometric workshops the social background and the relations between and have concentrated on their distribution, and
17 Vicky Vlachou and Anastasia Gadolou
consequently on Athenian contacts, all over the of hers she has been happy to have a large number of Aegean and beyond. excellent students now serving in the Archaeological Service or teaching at various Universities all over In several of these studies, she turned to science to the globe. investigate the provenance of ceramic wares at a time when not everyone thought it a useful or sound In preparing this volume – as a surprise to Nota – approach. She retains to the present her confdence we had to confne our invitation to a much smaller in the validity of scientifc investigation, as is number of contributors than we – and no doubt demonstrated in two large joint projects with Vassos she – would have liked to. As it would have been Karageorghis and others, one on limestone fgurines impracticable from the point of view of publication published in 2002, and another on clay fgurines to produce a volume even heavier than this one, that appeared in 2009. Trough a number of other we would like here to apologize to anyone who studies, she has contributed considerably to the feels unjustly lef out. Over forty former doctoral study of clay fgurines, their typology, iconography students – many of them now leading academics or their function and symbolism. She started in in their own right, colleagues and friends have 1994 with a joint study of Cretan clay fgurines contributed papers on topics that relate to the from Patsos and continued with various classes of diverse felds of interests Nota has pursued. Te Cypriot and Aegean fgurines, putting an emphasis invited authors were not asked to address specifc on the question of continuity-discontinuity with research questions, but rather to contribute the Bronze Age past and the interplay between the research topics they wanted to present in honour of Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Nota. Tese are organized in fve parts, embracing pottery studies and topography, interconnections in Tis approach has led her to issues of contact the Aegean and the Mediterranean, archaeological between the Aegean and the Eastern or Western approaches to cult and rituals and epigraphy. Each Mediterranean. Here she has deliberated at length section focuses on more than one concern in the on the importance of Cypriot trade during the study of early societies, presenting and discussing transitional years of the so-called “Dark Ages” fresh interpretations and new ideas based on old and the resulting close contacts with the Aegean. and new material alike. From Early Cycladic Phoenician presence in the Aegean had its place Naxos, through the Early Iron Age Mediterranean too in her studies: a number of joint investigations and Archaic Aegean to Roman Euboea, the key have identifed Phoenician cippi in Crete and theme running through the diferent approaches elsewhere, with special weight being given to a of every contributor is the understanding of Cypro-Phoenician presence in Crete, Rhodes and ancient societies, highlighting the dynamics in elsewhere in the Aegean. studying aspects of the archaeology of the wider Mediterranean region. Her feld work on Tenos has contributed greatly to our knowledge of early Tenian and Cycladic Pottery studies lay emphasis on the production of society with the identifcation and discussion of the ancient ceramics and thus the work of potters and Cyclopean wall at Xobourgo and the small sacred painters, and equally on the iconography and the pyre in front of it, named the “Pro-cyclopean relation between image and use in diferent contexts. sanctuary”. A re-study of the building identifed as Te papers of the frst section approach issues of the Tesmophorion and its comparison with the pottery workshops from diferent aspects and try Pro-cyclopean sanctuary constitutes a principal to answer distinct questions. Stylistic analysis ofers contribution to our understanding of the evolution the appropriate framework in tracing the work of of open-air shrines of the early Cyclades. Te single potters or workshops active in Attica (J. K. large numbers of undergraduate and postgraduate Papadopoulos, M. Pipili), in Corinth (K. Neef), in students that have participated in her excavations the Cyclades (Ph. Zapheiropoulou), and equally on brings us back full-circle to her University career, Cyprus, as demonstrated by the cases of Salamis (A. which is closely linked to the creation of the pottery Georgiadou) and Palaepaphos (V. Karageorghis). collection and mainly the Cypriot Collection at the Scientifc investigation has proven a powerful University Museum in Athens. Nota has been an tool for approaching and understanding craf enthusiastic teacher and to use a favorite expression production and highlighting factors that leave
18 Introduction little trace in the archaeological record (E. Aloupi Te past decades have seen the rise of interest and A. Lekka). Shape and decoration strongly in approaches to cult and rituals through depend on the infuences exerted by the varied archaeological fnds. In the fourth section, population groups that produced and used them. six papers introduce new approaches in ritual In this way, stylistic changes and the circulation studies from an archaeological perspective. of specifc pottery types eventually lead us to Domestic (O. Pilz), funerary (K. Reber) and cultic a better understanding of social and cultural (G. Papasavvas, I. S. Lemos) contexts provide the transformations (A. Gadolou, G. Bourogiannis, necessary framework for tracing ritual activity. Te J. Perreault). In the second part of the frst section, two papers that conclude this section underline contextual approaches are extended to pottery the performative aspect of rituals (M. Mikrakis, studies, dealing with cult and rituals in sanctuaries A. Leriou) in the artistic expression of both the (S. Huber, L. Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa), with funerary Aegean and Cyprus. Te idea running through the rituals and mortuary expressions (M. Marthari, fnal section of this volume is neatly summarized V. Vlachou, L. Bournias), and convivial drinking in the title of C. Morgan’s contribution, “Writing at the symposion (D. Williams and N. Massar). for Friends”. Tis section introduces new Te two papers by E. Simantoni-Bournia and A. interpretations of an 8th-century Euboean grafto Hermary provide the necessary framework for from Oropos (P. Valavanis) and the earliest Achaian mapping established routes of communication dipinto in the form of a metrical text placed on an between the Aegean, Crete and the Sicilian coast and oinochoe (C. Morgan). Preliterate Aegean seals of identify cultural entanglements one with another. the 3rd millennium BC (A. Vlachopoulos) were incorporated in this section for their capacity Te second section of this volume brings together to act as an early form of communication and six papers that ofer a comprehensive synthesis of understanding. In the last contribution of this the evidence from six distinct regions: the Saronic volume, Ch. Kritzas explores the symbolic value of Gulf (N. Polychronakou-Sgouritsa), Hephestia on some archaic grafti in linking the dangers of wine Lemnos (E. Greco), the Cycladic islands of Kythnos consumption to erotic desire. (A. Mazarakis Ainian) and Tenos (M.-F. Billot), Laona at Palaepaphos (M. Iacovou) and Euboea Although diferent issues and problems are (P. Karvonis). Each paper presents an attempt addressed by all the authors in this volume, most of to recreate the historical background, dating as the papers refer to or are inspired by Nota’s papers early as the Post-palatial period, through the and lectures, all gathered in a volume that we hope Early Iron Age, Archaic and Classical periods will inspire Terpsis and stimulate the mind of the and up until the Roman occupation. In the third readers in diferent ways. We would like to express section, eight contributions deal with issues of our gratitude to all the contributors to this volume mobility and interaction between the Aegean and for their willingness to accept our invitation, for the Mediterranean, an area where Nota Kourou being discreet in not revealing anything to Nota has contributed signifcant studies. Te discussion and for their congenial co-operation during its of imports and exports of pottery, metal vessels publication processes. We are grateful to the and various artefacts (H. Matthäus, M. D’Acunto, scientifc committee for reviewing all papers B. d’Agostino, M. Tiverios) constitutes an efective included in this volume and for their unfailing path for tracing patterns of interaction, alongside and positive response to any difculties that arose maritime trade. Te resultant transmission of ideas throughout. Many thanks are due to Dr. Helena in the local craf productions (X. Charalambidou, Vlachogianni and Dr. Don Evely for their valuable M.-C. Lentini) further underlines the operating assistance with the language editing of the Greek and networks and the dynamics that shaped them. English papers. Equally, to Dr. Maria Chidiroglou, Te activity of the Phoenicians in this process responsible for the photographic archives of the cannot be neglected, as it has been argued by National Archaeological Museum at Athens, for N. Kourou and is discussed in this volume by providing the photograph of the Attic skyphos (inv. Ch. Ioannou. Te contribution of P. Temelis 784), which is illustrated on the cover and for all brings us to an issue closely linked with navigating the photographs of artefacts included in this book in the Mediterranean, that of the history of the ship that are stored in the National Archaeological emblems (ακρόπρωρα, ακροστόλια). Museum. Our thanks are most certainly due to
19 Vicky Vlachou and Anastasia Gadolou
Nathalie Bloch (CReA-Patrimoine) for so nicely Rector of the Université libre de Bruxelles, Prof. and efciently producing this heavy tome. Didier Vidiers and the co-directors of the CReA- Patrimoine (Centre de Recherches en Archéologie We were fortunate to have the assistance of a et Patrimoine), Prof. Athena Tsingarida and Prof. colleague and long-time friend of Nota and Sébastien Clerbois for accepting the present Tanasis to prepare a detailed and comprehensive volume in the series of the Études d’archéologie and list of Nota’s own publications, from 1971 to the for providing valuable assistance throughout the present. We thank Evangelia Simantoni-Bournia preparation of the volume. for the eagerness with which she accepted and for producing the list of publications that follows Three generations of pupils and colleagues have and concludes our introduction. We are extremely !""#$ %#&'%(")$ *#)$ %#\,"#-")$ !.$ /01*R&$ 03#$ grateful to the A. G. Leventis Foundation, the scholarship, kindness and readiness to help and Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), the Cultural *)4%&"5$6"$-0#&%)"($17%&$408,9"$*&$*$&.9!08$0:$0,($ Foundation of Tinos (ITHΠ) and the two great appreciation of her as our teacher, our friend anonymous fnancial supporters for so generously *#)$0,($-088"*;,"5$/01*$("9*%#&$%#1"#&%4"8.$*-1%4"$ undertaking all the costs of this publication. We %#$("&"*(-7<$["8)30(>$*#)$*$40(*-%0,&$("*)"(?$3"$ would like to express our gratitude to the Pro- hope that Terpsis 3%88$!"$"#@0.")A
20 Publications by Nota Kourou
Books 15. ‘Local Naxian workshops and the import-export pottery trade of the island in the Geometric 1. Bosana-Kourou, P., Te Sphinx in Early Archaic period’, in H. A. G. Brijder (ed.), Ancient Greek Greek Art, Phd thesis, University of Oxford 1979 and related pottery. Proceedings of the international (in an electronic form in the Bodleian Library, vase symposium, Amsterdam 12 – 15 April 1984, Oxford). Amsterdam 1984, 107-112 [Allard Pierson 2. Aνασκαφές Nάξoυ. To νóτιo νεκρoταφείo της Series 5]. Nάξoυ κατά τη Γεωμετρική περίoδo. Έρευνες των 16. with R. Jones, ‘Kυκλαδική Kεραμεική στην ετών 1931-1939, Athens 1999 [Vivliotheke tes en Γεωμετρική και Aνατολίζουσα Eποχή’, Athenais Archaiologikes Hetaireias 193]. Aνθρωπολογικά 6 (1984), 62-63. 3. with V. Karageorghis, Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, 17. ‘Musical procession scenes in early Greek art. Y. Bassiakos and C. Xenophontos, Limestone Teir Oriental and Cypriote models’, in Τ. statuettes of Cypriote type found in the Aegean. Παπαδόπουλος (ed.), Πρακτικά τoυ Δευτέρoυ Provenance Studies, Nicosia 2002. Διεθνoύς Kυπριoλoγικoύ Συνεδρίoυ, Λευκωσία 20- 4. CVA, Greece Fasc. 8, Athens National Museum 25 Aπριλίoυ 1982, 1, Nicosia 1985, 415-422. Fasc. 5, Athens 2002. 18. ‘Διεπιστημoνική αντιμετώπιση της κεραμεικής και 5. with V. Karageorghis, V. Kilikoglou, M. D. ηλεκτρoνικoί υπoλoγιστές’, in Ministry of Culture Glascock, J. Karageorghis and P. Marantidou, (ed.), Πρακτικά τoυ ΧII Διεθνoύς Συνεδρίoυ Terracotta statues and fgurines of Cypriote type Kλασικής Aρχαιoλoγίας, Αθήνα 4–10 Σεπτεμβρίου found in the Aegean. Provenance studies, Nicosia 1983, Α΄, Athens 1985, 350-356. 2009. 19. with G. Alevras and S. Kalopissi, ‘Aνασκαφή στην 6. with R. Étienne and E. Simantoni-Bournia, Η Kαρδάμαινα (αρχαία Aλασάρνα) της Kω’, ArchEph αρχαία Τήνος, Athens 2013. 1985, 1-18. 20. 7. with E. Simantoni-Bournia, A. A. Lemos and L. G. ‘Ρóα Γλυκεία. Γύρω απó τα πήλινα oμoιώματα Mendoni (eds), Αμύμονα Έργα. Τιμητικός τόμος ρoδιoύ τoυ 8oυ και τoυ 7oυ π.Χ. αι.’, in Eιλαπίνη. για τον καθηγητή Βασίλη Κ. Λαμπρινουδάκη, Tóμoς τιμητικóς για τoν καθηγητή Nικóλαo Athens 2007 [Archaiognosia 5]. Πλάτωνα, 1-2, Heracleion 1987, 101-116. 21. ‘À propos de quelques ateliers de céramique fne, University Handbooks non tournée du type « Argien monochrome »’, BCH 111 (1987), 31-53. 8. H Mεταλλοτεχνία της Γεωμετρικής Περιόδου, 22. ‘A ργíτες, Κoρíνθιoι ή Ελευσíνιoι (;) Γύρω απó ένα Athens 1980. κεραμεικó εργαστήριo τoυ τύπoυ των αργίτικων 9. Oικισμοί και Iερά των Πρωίμων Ιστορικών Χρόνων, μoνόχρωμων’, in A. Gritsopoulos (ed.), Πρακτικά Athens 1985. τoυ Γ΄ Διεθνoύς Συνεδρίoυ Πελoπoννησιακών Σπoυδών, Καλαμάτα 8-15 Σεπτεμβρίου 1985, Articles 1-2, Athens 1987-88, 56-62 [Πελοποννησιακά Suppl. 13]. 10. ‘Eρυθρόμορφος λήκυθος εξ Aθηνών’, AAA IV 23. ‘Handmade pottery and trade. Te case of the (1971), 255-262. ‘Argive monochrome’ ware’, in J. Christiansen, 11. ‘Tαφικó σύνoλo απó την περιoχή Aιγίoυ’, in T. Melander (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium V. Lambrinoudakis (ed.), Στήλη. Tóμoς εις μνήμην of Ancient Greek and Related Pottery, Copenhagen Nικoλάoυ Koντoλέoντoς, Athens 1980, 303-317. August 31 – September 4, 1987, Copenhagen 1988, 314-324. 12. with A. P. Grimanis, M. Vassilaki-Grimani, S. Fillipakis and N. Yalouris, ‘Mελέτη 24. with A. Grimanis, A. Katsanos, V. Kilikoglou, κεραμεικού υλικού του κρατήρα του Aιγίου, Y. Maniatis, D. Panakleridou and M. Grimanis, Πρωτοκορινθιακών οστράκων και οστράκων ‘An Interdisciplinary Aproach of Geometric τύπου Θάψου’, in V. Lambrinoudakis (ed.), Στήλη. Pottery from Naxos. Provenance and Techological Tóμoς εις μνήμην Nικoλάoυ Koντoλέoντoς, Athens Studies’, in Y. Maniatis (ed.), Archaeometry, Athens 1980, 318-320. 1989,169-175. 13. with A. P. Grimanis, S. E. Filippakis, B. Perdikatsis, 25. ‘Έυβοια και Ανατολική Μεσόγειος στις αρχές της M. Vassilaki-Grimani και N. Yalouris, ‘Neutron πρώτης χιλιετίας (ή το προοίμιο της εμφάνισης Activation and X-ray Analysis of Tapsos Class του ελληνικού αλφαβήτου)’, ΑρχΕυβΜελ 29 Vases. An Attemptto Identify their Origin’, JAS 7 (1990-1991), 237-280. (1980), 227-239. 26. ‘Aegean Orientalizing versus Oriental art. Te 14. ‘Some problems concerning the origin and the evidence of monsters’, in V. Karageorghis (ed.), dating of the Tapsos class vases’, ASAtene 61 Te civilizations of the Aegean and their difusion (1983), 257-269. in Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean, 2000-
21 600 BC. Proceedings of an international symposium, and V. Karageorghis (eds), Eastern Mediterranean. Larnaca 18-24 September 1989, Larnaca 1991, Cyprus, Dodecanese, Crete. 16th - 6th centuries 111-123. B.C. Proceedings of the international symposium, 27. ‘À propos d’un atelier géométrique naxien’, in F. Rethymnon 13-16 May 1997, Athens 1998, 243-255. Blondé and J. Y. Perreault (eds), Les ateliers de 39. ‘A ιγαίο και Kύπρος κατά την Πρώιμη Eποχή του potiers dans le monde grec aux époques géométrique, Σιδήρου. Nεώτερες Eξελίξεις’, Πρακτικά του archaïque et classique. Actes de la table ronde Διεθνούς Aρχαιολογικού Συνεδρίου «H Kύπρος organisé à l’École Française d’Athènes, 2 et 3 octobre και το Aιγαίο στην Aρχαιότητα», Nicosia 1997, 1987, Paris 1992, 131-143. 217-225. 28. ‘H Nαξιακή παρουσία στο Aιγαίο και την Mεσόγειο 40. with E. Grammatikaki, ‘An anthropomorphic κατά την Γεωμετρική Eποχή’, in I. K. Probonas and cippus from Knossos, Crete’, in R. Rolle, E. Psarras (eds), H Nάξος διά μέσου των αιώνων. K. Schmidt. R. F. Docter and H.G. Niemeyer Πρακτικά A΄ Πανελλήνιου Nαξιακού Συνεδρίου, (eds), Archäologische Studien in Kontaktzonen der Φιλώτι 1992, Athens1994, 263-330. antiken Welt, Göttingen 1998, 237-249. 29. ‘Sceptres and maces in Cyprus before, during 41. ‘A πό το Δένδρο της ζωής στην Eλαία της Aθηνάς. and immediately afer the 11th century’, in V. Mεταλλάξεις ενός εικαστικού σχήματος με Karageorghis (ed.), Cyprus in the 11th century B.C. ιδιαίτερο συμβολισμό’, Περίαπτο 1 (1998), 29- 39. Proceedings of the international symposium, Nicosia 42. ‘Eίδωλα της Περιπλάνησης’, in N. Loizidou, (ed.), 30 - 31 October 1993, Nicosia 1994, 203-226. Mνήμες και Σύγχρονοι Δρόμοι της Kυπριακής 30. ‘Corinthian wares and the West’, in T. Hackens Πλαστικής/ Memories and Contemporary Roads of (ed.), Ancient and traditional ceramics. Céramiques Cypriot Plastic Arts, Tessaloniki 1998, 81-99. anciennes et traditionnelles. Seminar held at the 43. ‘Euboea and Naxos in the late Geometric period. European University Centre for Cultural Heritage, Te Cesnola style’, in M. Bats and B. d’Agostino Ravello, march 19-24, 1990, Strasbourg 1994, 27-53 (eds), Euboica. L’Eubea e la presenza euboica [PACT 40]. in Calcidica e in Occidente. Atti del convegno 31. with A. Karetsou, ‘To Iερó τoυ Eρμoύ Kραναίoυ internazionale, Napoli 13-16 novembre 1996, στην Πάτσo Aμαρίoυ’, in L. Rocchetti (ed.), Sybrita. Napoli 1998, 167-177 [Collection du Centre Jean La valle di Amari fra Bronzo e Ferro, 1, Roma 1994, Bérard 16]. 81-157 [Incunabula Graeca 96]. 44. ‘Tα Aρχαία Tείχη του Ξώμπουργου’, in THNOΣ. 32. ‘A νασκαφές στo Ξώμπoυργo Tήνoυ, 1995 – 1996’, EΩA KAI EΣΠEPIA, Πρακτικά Eπιστημονικού in Prakt 151 (1996), 261-270. Συνεδρίου 4-6 Σεπτεμβρίου 1997, Athens 1999, 33. with Ν. Chr. Stampolidis, ‘À propos d’une amphore 93-104. géométrique pansue du type à trois métopes de 45. ‘Tα είδωλα της Σίφνου. Aπό τη Mεγάλη Θεά στην cercles concentriques. Reconsidération d’un cadre Πότνια Θηρών και την Aρτέμιδα’, in Πρακτικά théorique’, in BCH 120 (1996), 705-719. A΄ Διεθνούς Σιφναϊκού Συμποσίου, Σίφνος 25-28 34. ‘A new Geometric amphora in the Benaki Museum. Iουνίου 1998, Athens 2000, 351-368. Te internal dynamics of an Attic style’, in Ο. 46. ‘Phoenician presence in Early Iron Age Crete Palagia (ed.), Greek offerings. Essays on Greek art reconsidered’, in M.-E. Aubet and M. Barthélemy in honour of John Boardman, Oxford 1997, 43-53. (eds), Actas del IV Congreso internacional de 35. ‘Cypriot Zoomorphic Askoi of the Early Iron Age. estudios fenicios y púnicos, Cádiz 2 al 6 de octubre A Cypro-Aegean Interplay’, in V. Karageorghis, de 1995, Cádiz 2000, 1067-1081. R. Lafneur and F. Vandenabeele (eds), Four 47. with V. Karageorghis, Y. Maniatis, G. Basiakos, and Tousand Years of Images on Cypriot Pottery, K. Polykreti, ‘Διερεύνηση Προέλευσης Aρχαϊκών Brussels- Liège-Nicosia 1997, 89-106. Eιδωλίων Kυπριακού Pυθμού από Aσβεστόλιθο’, 36. with Α. Κaretsou, ‘Terracotta wheelmade bull in E. Aloupi, G. Fakorrelis and G. Basiakos fgurines from central Crete. Types, fabrics, (eds), Θέματα Aρχαιομετρίας, Πρακτικά του 3ου technique and tradition’, in R. Lafneur and Συνεδρίου της EAE, Athens 2000, 195-203. P. Betancourt (eds), TEXNH. Crafsmen, 48. ‘Te sacred tree in Greek art. Mycenaean versus Crafswomen and Crafsmanship in the Aegean Near Eastern traditions’, in S. Ribichini, M. Rocchi Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 6th International and P. Xella (eds), La questione delle infuenze Aegean Conference, Philadelphia, Temple vicino-orientali sulla religione greca. Stato degli University, 18-21 April 1996, Liège-Texas, Austin studi e prospettive della ricerca. Atti del colloquio 1997, 107-116 [Aegaeum. Annales d’archéologie internazionale, Roma 20-22 maggio 1999, Rome égéenne de l’Université de Liège 16]. 2001, 31-53. 37. with V. Karageorghis and E. Aloupi, ‘New 49. ‘An Attic Geometric amphora from Argos. Te Technologies in Cypriot Archaeology. A legacy of protogeometric style’, in A. Alexandri Current Research Program on Ancient Ceramic and I. Leventi (eds), Kαλλίστευμα. Mελέτες πρoς Technology’, in D. Dirksen and G. von Bally (eds), τιμήν της Όλγας Tζάχoυ-Aλεξανδρή, Athens 2001, Optical Technologies in the Humanities, OWLS IV 51-68. (1997), 3-9. 50. ‘Tenos-Xobourgo. A new defensive site in the 38. with Α. Karetsou, ‘An enigmatic stone from Cyclades’, in V. Karageorghis and Chr. E. Morris Knossos. A reused cippus?’, in N. Chr. Stampolidis (eds), Defensive settlements of the Aegean and
22 the Εastern Mediterranean afer c. 1200 B.C. 63. ‘Cycladic Naxian Late Geometric Pottery and Proceedings of an International Workshop held at History’, in M.-C. Lentini (ed.), Te two Naxos Trinity College Dublin, 7th-9th May, 1999, Nicosia- cities: a fne link between the Aegean sea and Sicily, Dublin 2001, 171-189. 14-30 June 2001, University of Athens, Central 51. ‘Tο παλαιότερο τείχος του Ξώμπουργου στα building, Kontos room, Odos Panepistimiou, πλαίσια των Kυκλαδικών οχυρώσεων’, in: Tήνος. Athens. 6-31 July, Archaeological Museum of the Kάτω Mέρη, Πρακτικά Συνεδρίων Εταιρείας island of Naxos. Regione Siciliana. Assessorato Τηνιακών Mελετών, Athens 2001, 25-41. dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali e della Pubblica Istruzione, Palermo 2001, 23-28. 52. ‘Introduction’ and entries 4-15, in O. Philaniotou (ed.), Aπό τη Nάξο του Aιγαίου στη Nάξο της 64. ‘Oι Oικισμοί των Σκοτεινών Xρόνων’, in A. F. Σικελίας, Athens 2001. Lagopoulos (ed.), H Iστορία της Eλληνικής Πόλης, ch. 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25 126. ‘Review of B. Blandin, Eretria XVII. Les pratiques 7. ‘Προσεγγίσεις στην Iστορία της Kυπριακής funéraires d’époque géométrique à Érétrie, Gollion Aρχαιολογίας’, TA NEA THΣ TEXNHΣ 38 (1995), 15. 2007’, Archaiognosia 16 (2010-2012), 385-387. 8. ‘Aνασυνθέτοντας βιβλιογραφικά το πορτραίτο της 127. ‘Review of S. Η. Langdon, Art and Identity in Dark Kύπρου’, TA NEA THΣ TEXNHΣ 49 (1996), 17. Age Greece, 1100-700 B.C.E, Cambridge-New York 2008’, Archaiognosia 16 (2010-2012), 388-390. 9. ‘Aπό τον Mυκηναϊκό Kόσμο στην Πόλη - Kράτος των Iστορικών Xρόνων’, Aρχαιολογία 63, Iούνιος 128. ‘Review of S. Gimatzidis, Die Stadt Sindos. Εine Siedlung von der späten Bronze- bis zur klassischen 1997, 8- 15. Zeit am Termaischen Golf in Makedonien, Paris 10. ‘Από το Δένδρο της Ζωής στην Ελαία της Αθηνάς. 2013’, RΑ 2013.2, 409-411. Μεταλλάξεις ενός εικαστικού σχήματος με 129. ‘Review of S. H. Langdon, Art and identity in Dark ιδιαίτερο συμβολισμό’, Περίαπτο 1 (1998), 29-39. Age Greece, 1100-700 B.C.E., Cambridge-New 11. ‘Kύπρος, Mυκήνες, Kρήτη’. KAΘHMEPINH, Eπτά York 2008’, Te Ancient World 45 (2014), 82-84. Hμέρες, 19 Mαρτίου 2000, 24-26. 130. ‘Review of R. Étienne, N. Kourou and E. Simantoni- 12. ‘Aνασκάπτοντας τη Σαλαμίνα της Kύπρου, 1952- Bournia, Η Αρχαία Τήνος, Athens 2013’, Τηνιακά 5 1974’, Aθηνά 18, Φεβρουάριος 2000, 54- 55. (2014), 407-412. 13. ‘Διαχρονική και Διαμεσογειακή Συλλογή του 131. ‘Review of S. Hadjisavvas, Te Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, I, Nicosia 2012’, RA 2015, Aρχαιολογικού Mουσείου του Πανεπιστημίου 176-178. Aθηνών. Στόχοι και Προοπτικές’, N. Θέμος (ed.), 132. ‘Review of M. Kerschner and I. S. Lemos Mουσειακές Eκθέσεις και Eπανεκθέσεις, Πρακτικά (eds), Archaeometric Analyses of Euboean and της Διημερίδας στη Σπάρτη 26/11/ 1999-28/11 Euboean Related Pottery: New Results and their 1999 ( forthcoming). Interpretations. Proceedings of the Round Table 14. ‘Un viaggio archeologico attraverso le isole Cicladi’, Conference held at the Austrian Archaeological Lezioni al Museo Archeologico di Gela, Progetto Institute in Athens, 15 and 16 April 2011, Vienna, Scuola-Museo- Il Corso, Regione Siciliana, 181-190 [OAI 15]’, RA 2016.1, 221-224. Assessorato BB.CC. e P.I, Museo Archeologico- 133. ‘Review of A. Coulié, La céramique grecque aux Gela 2003, 51-58. époques géométrique et orientalisante (XIe-VIe siècle 15. ‘Πάρις Πρέκας, ο άνθρωπος’, Πάρις Πρέκας ο av. J.-C.), Paris 2013’, AIONArch n.s. 19-20, (2012- 2013 [2016]), 321-324. ζωγράφος, Aιγόκερως, Athens 2004, 21-27. 16. ‘Οι ανασκαφές του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών στο Εntries in Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Ξώμπουργο’, Τηνιακή Ενδοχώρα, Ιανουάριος- Φεβρουάριος 2007, 8-10. 134. ‘Δρήρος’, Encyclopedia ΠAΠYPOΣ-ΛAPOYΣ, τ. Γ’, 17. ‘Φιλομμειδής, Λάγνα, Οργία, ΄Ανασσα, Παφία και 334-336. Κύπρις: Η Μεγάλη Θεά του Έρωτα στην Κύπρο’, 135. ‘Sphinx’ in LIMC VIII, 1-2. ΤΑ ΝΕΑ ΤΗΣ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ 165 (2008), 19. 136. ‘Sphinx’, in LIMC 2009, Supplementum to LIMC VIII (1997), 458-463. Translations 137. ‘Xobourgo on Tenos’, in Encyclopedia of Ancient History, online: http://www. 1. Eπιμέλεια της μετάφρασης και πρόλογος του: encyclopediaancienthistory.com J. N. Coldstream, Γεωμετρική Eλλάδα. Mετ. E. Kεφαλίδου, Aθήνα 1997. Popularizing Articles 2. Aνασκαφαί εις Λευκαντί Eυβοίας 1964-1966, AρχEυβMελ 16 (1970), 91-128. 1. ‘Λευκαντί. O αρχαιολογικός χώρος που επέβαλλε τον επαναπροσδιορισμό των Σκοτεινών Xρόνων’, Βibliographies Aρχαιολογία 42, Mάρτιος 1992, 42-46. 2. ‘Πολυστάφυλος Iστιαία και Ωρεοί’, Δίαυλος, 1. ‘Παράρτημα Eυβοϊκής Bιβλιογραφίας I (1940- Φεβρουάριος 1992, 3-4. 1971)’, (in collaboration with D. Triantafyllopoulos 3. ‘Tα επιστημονικά Συμπόσια του Iδρύματος and Ch. Farantos), AρχEυβMελ IΘ’ (1971), 671-678. Πιερίδη’, H KAΘHMEPINH: Eπτά Hμέρες, 31 Oκτωβρίου 1993, 22. 2. ‘Παράρτημα Eυβοϊκής Bιβλιογραφίας II (1940- 1972)’, (in collaboration with D. Triantafyllopoulos 4. ‘Tο Δένδρον ίσα τω θεώ σέβειν. Aπό το Δέντρο and Ch. Farantos), AρχEυβMελ IH’ (1972), της Zωής στην Eλαία της Aθηνάς’. Tο Δέντρο, εκδ. 233-244. Πινακοθήκη Πιερίδη, Αthens 1993, 1- 2. 3. ‘Παράρτημα Eυβοϊκής Bιβλιογραφίας III (1900- 5. ‘Παραπλέοντας παραστάσεις και συμβολισμούς 1939 και 1940-1974)’, (in collaboration with D. ψαριών στην αρχαία τέχνη’, Γ. Kολοκοτρώνης Triantafyllopoulos and Ch. Farantos), AρχEυβMελ (ed.), Iχθύς, Eκδ. Πινακοθήκης Πιερίδη, Athens K’ (1975), 469-492. 1995, 20-29. 6. ‘Aνιχνεύοντας την έναρξη του Eλληνισμού στην Kύπρο’, TA NEA THΣ TEXNHΣ 37 (1995), 21. Evangelia Simantoni-Bournia
26 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and influences on Naxos*
Xenia Charalambidou
Introduction Naxos town, the sanctuary of Yria was already in use in the Late Bronze Age and an open-air cult Tis article focuses on the island of Naxos, its local developed there, in all likelihood, during the Late ceramic traditions and imports on the island as Helladic IIIA2-C period. A stratum containing evidence of cultural interconnections with other Mycenaean, possibly Sub-Mycenaean, as well as regions in the Early Iron Age. Naxos is considered Protogeometric and Geometric sherds, located in one of the most signifcant regions of the Aegean the area of the later temples, may suggest continuity in the socio-economic history of ancient Greece of cult.5 during the Iron Age. Such attention also ties Protogeometric burials have been found in all of into a current interest in island archaeology. the following burial grounds that comprise the Archaeologists are increasingly realizing that so-called Northern Cemetery in Naxos town: islands – due to their physical circumstances – Aplomata6, Plithos7 and Grotta, including the constitute naturally defned micro-cosmoi and thus area underneath the Metropolis cathedral and should be considered important ‘laboratories’ for its square (from now on called Metropolis). the study of socio-economic processes in the past.1 Grotta-Metropolis8 have yielded Protogeometric Te same geographical constraints dictate that tombs which included burials of the members of island communities are forced to make strategic the local elite.9 choices to be either isolated or connected.2 In the Geometric period on Naxos, there is Naxos (Fig. 1) remains the only island in the an increase in the amount of evidence for cult Cyclades with evidence for continuous occupation places and burials (evidence from the settlements from the beginning to the end of the Early Iron Age. remains scanty both in the Protogeometric and Te Late Helladic IIIC settlement of Grotta, in the the Geometric periods). Te Yria sanctuary northern part of modern Naxos town, is reported presents a unique opportunity for following to have been abandoned towards the end of this the subsequent phases of evolution of its cult period but, at the same site, a small quantity of late buildings.10 In addition to Yria, the sanctuary at Sub-Mycenaean/Early Protogeometric pottery, as Kaminaki or Lakkoi, north-east of Aplomata, well as an Early Protogeometric burial (grave 12) functioned from the Late Geometric to the Roman at Aplomata,3 may be indicative of the existence of a new cultural horizon.4 In the fertile plain near
light on this issue of ‘historic’ importance for Naxos. 5 Lambrinoudakis 1992, 215; Simantoni-Bournia * My sincere thanks to Dr Ph. Zapheiropoulou 2000, 211; Simantoni-Bournia 2002, 270. for giving me permission to study and publish the ceramic material from the Tsikalario cemetery. For the 6 On Aplomata: Kontoleon 1960; 1961, 194-200; needs of this article, I would also like to thank Prof. 1963, 153-155. E. Simantoni-Bournia, Assist. Prof. A. Vlachopoulos, 7 Most recently Zapheiropoulou 2011; Reber 2011. Assist. Prof. A. Kotsonas and Dr George Bourogiannis 8 Βoth terms are employed in order to separate the for reading the manuscript and for fruitful discussions two excavations’ contexts, but both belong to the same on this topic. MN = Archaeological Museum of Naxos. archaeological context which comprises the area of 1 Cf., for example, Broodbank 2000. Grotta. 2 Knapp 2008. 9 See e.g. Lambrinoudakis 1988, 235-238, 245; 3 Kontoleon 1960, 259; Kourou 2015, 84-85. Lambrinoudakis 2004, 61-63. 4 Vlachopoulos and Charalambidou forthcoming. 10 Lambrinoudakis 1991; 1992; 2002; 2004, 63-64; Te ongoing study of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron 2006a, 282; 2006b, 66-67; Simantoni-Bournia 2000; Age horizons at Metropolis is expected to shed more 2002; Ohnesorg 2005.
375 Xenia Charalambidou
Fig. 1. Map of Naxos (afer Vlachopoulos 2006b, 272. Courtesy Fig. 2. View of a tumulus in the necropolis of Tsikalario (photo of A. G. Vlachopoulos). by the author).
period.11 As regards Naxian burial sites, the burial graves – and was used until Roman times.18 ground of Plithos remained in use (from the Late In inland Naxos, apart from a small number of Protogeometric) until at least the Late Geometric pottery fnds from diferent sites,19 important period.12 No Geometric graves have been identifed evidence comes from Early Iron Age cult sites at Aplomata - this burial plot is considered to and the cemetery of Tsikalario (see below). From have been relocated further south at Plithos - 13, the Middle Geometric period onwards, we have but the area of the graves yielded Protogeometric, evidence of cult ceremonies from the countryside Geometric and early Archaic sherds.14 Te function sanctuary at Gyroulas in Sangri.20 Other cult sites of the area of Grotta-Metropolis is signifcantly from the Late Geometric period onwards include changed from the Early Geometric period the sanctuary at Phlerio, in the valley of Melanes, onwards, despite the fact that Geometric burials in the area of the quarries,21 while on Mount Zas are not entirely absent (see the Middle Geometric evidence for Iron Age cult activities dates to the 8th “Kontoleon amphora” that comes from a grave15): and 7th centuries BC.22 raised circular platforms made of stones and pebbles Te necropolis of Tsikalario in the region of were now used for funerary meals connected to the Tragaia is, so far, the only systematically excavated cult/veneration of the Naxian ancestors who were Iron Age cemetery in inland Naxos. Excavations earlier buried on the same area.16 In c. 700 BC the were conducted in the 1960s, bringing to light enclosures in Metropolis were covered by a low, a necropolis that was probably founded in the elliptical tumulus, raising the venerated ancestors Geometric period.23 A signifcant number of to the status of civic founders of the Naxos-town Tsikalario’s funerary structures can be placed in community.17 the Middle Geometric period, mainly the Middle In the southern part of modern Naxos town a Geometric II. Te most representative funerary new (?) burial area comprising several burial structures at Tsikalario are circular and elliptical plots, named the Southern Cemetery, was funerary tumuli which, so far, appear to be unique, probably established in the Geometric period – judging from the earlier Early Geometric II
18 Kourou 1999, 27f. 19 Cf. Philaniotou 2004, 90-91. 11 Bikakis 1985, 6-10; Karouzos and Kontoleon 1937;
Karouzos 1939. 20 Lambrinoudakis et al. 2001.
12 Zapheiropoulou 2011, 734 (cf. Kourou 1999, 214). 21 Lambrinoudakis 2004, 67; 2005.
13 Kourou 2015, 87. 22 Morris 2007, 100-106.
14 Kontoleon 1960, 259-261; 1961, 199-200; 1963, 23 Doumas 1963, 279-280; Papadopoulou- 153-155. Zapheiropoulou 1965, 515-522 and 1966, 391-395; Zapheiropoulou 1983, 1-4; 2001a, 285-292; 2001b, 7-11; 15 Kontoleon 1945-1947. 2008-2009, 49-55; Charalambidou 2008-2009, 57-69;
16 Lambrinoudakis 1988, 238. 2011, 139-147; 2010-2012; 2013; Vlachopoulos and 17 Lambrinoudakis 1988, 238-245; 2004, 62. Charalambidou forthcoming.
376 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos in terms of their shape and size, both on Naxos Protogeometric period, especially from the Late and in the Cyclades (Fig. 2). Other types of burials Protogeometric onwards, when Naxos and other and structures have been found at the site, such as Cycladic islands received ceramic imports, mainly a cist grave alongside rectangular enclosure no 11 from Attica and Euboea, or imitated in their local (Cist Grave 11, Fig. 5a-b; see below) and pyres pottery tradition, especially in fne wares, the bordered by small, irregular, stone enclosures; in pottery styles of these centres.29 one instance, a pit grave was found in the vicinity of Te artistic direction of Naxian workshops in the two pyres.24 More sporadic burials were deposited Protogeometric period was signifcantly infuenced in the necropolis area later in the Geometric and by Attic workshops.30 Attic imports reached the Archaic periods.25 Several funerary contexts were island of Naxos and are known from contexts both found intact while others had been robbed. from coastal and inland Naxos. In coastal Naxos, Te shape of the funerary structures, the tumuli, an illustrative example is an Late Protogeometric and the variety of the grave goods which, in cist grave at Metropolis, a cremation burial (“grave addition to assorted ceramic wares (some of them II, Metropolis 1984”), which contained the ashes examples of high-quality crafsmanship), include of the deceased and three pouring vessels (two fne weapons, gold jewellery and jewellery made of wheel-made and painted Attic imports and a coarse precious stones,26 may indicate that this necropolis Naxian handmade jug).31 Te grave was marked by was a Naxian cemetery with elite status. a stone slab, 1.35 m high, signalling that this was the tomb of a signifcant person. In inland Naxos, Ceramic evidence on Naxos: indicators one Attic Late Protogeometric amphoriskos, found of cultural interconnections in Filoti, comes from an unknown burial context and remains the earliest piece of evidence of Early Te contacts of Naxos were recently reviewed by Iron Age occupation in the region so far.32 Kourou, who argued: “Being a large island situated In the Geometric period, the Attic Middle on the main sea route from north to south in Geometric style becomes a common idiom for the Aegean and on one less busy from mainland many regions of the Greek world, including Greece to Eastern Mediterranean, Naxos remained Naxos.33 Apart from Attic imports found in Naxos constantly open to interaction with other areas. town, and to a smaller extent in the cemetery of It followed current fashions and techniques Tsikalario, the wheel-made fne and semi-fne promptly.”27 Te rather small difusion of Naxian Naxian pottery, especially in Naxos town,34 ceramic products in the Mediterranean – only the ofen shows an Atticizing favor in the Middle surrounding Cycladic islands, Crete and Samos Geometric. Coldstream argued that even in the are known to have received substantial numbers of second half of the 8th century BC, when a sudden imports from Naxos – can be explained by Naxos movement away from uniformity and towards the having a mainly agriculturally-based economy emergence of distinct local styles becomes evident, supported by the islands’ rich hinterland.28 the Cyclades, including Naxos, still borrow ideas Te accessibility of Naxos and the Cyclades in from Attica, especially in the early part of the general in the emerging Aegean trade networks Late Geometric.35 of the Early Iron Age is already apparent from the
29 Lemos 2002, 27f; Coldstream 2008, 164-195, 24 Papadopoulou-Zapheiropoulou 1966, 393; 467-469; Equally numerous are the Late Helladic IIIC Charalambidou 2010-2012, 154, 158, 161. imports from Attica in both the cemeteries of Aplomata
25 Papadopoulou-Zapheiropoulou 1966, 391, 393, and Kamini, and the fortifed settlement at Grotta (see 395; Charalambidou 2010-2012, 154. Vlachopoulos 2006a, 343-344; 2012, 221-229, 289-291). 26 One must keep in mind that a signifcant number 30 Kourou 1994, 281. of the Tsikalario graves were robbed and thus the full 31 Lambrinoudakis 1988, 238; Kourou 2015, 88-89. range of their contents remains unknown to us. 32 Kourou 1999, 183-198. 27 Kourou 2015, 89. 33 Coldstream 1983, 18 28 Cf. Kourou 1984, 111; 1994. For an overview of the also-limited presence of Late Mycenaean Naxian 34 Kourou 1999, especially 90-95; 2004, 78-79; pottery in the Aegean and the ‘passive’ role of the Coldstream 2003, 90-92; 2008, 165-171. On Tsikalario, island in mercantile activity of the 12th century BC, see see Charalambidou 2008-2009, esp. 59-60. Vlachopoulos in press. 35 Coldstream 1983, 20. Cf. also Kourou 2004, 79.
377 Xenia Charalambidou
Another production centre, namely Euboea, continued until the end of the 8th century BC, saw a fow of imports to Naxos from the Late when the role of Euboea in the Mediterranean was Protogeometric period onwards and demonstrates taken over by the Corinthians.44 stylistic infuence on Sub-Protogeometric and In the Geometric period, infuences on Naxian Geometric (especially Late Geometric) Naxian workshops and imports to Naxos are not limited workshops.36 Euboean imports appear on the exclusively to the above-mentioned centres, i.e. island probably as early as the Early Protogeometric Attica and Euboea. Infuences from other centres period, judging from imports attributed to and trends in the Naxian production of fne/ Euboean workshops in Grotta37 and the Early semi-fne wares indicate Naxos’ range of contacts. Protogeometric burial (grave 12) at Aplomata.38 Tere are vessel shapes, such as the two Naxian Tere are also instances where we witness the examples of a pyxis with globular body and rising coexistence of Attic and Euboean imports in the handles from Tsikalario, a type known so far only same Naxian burial context, such as in the Late from Naxos and Kimolos, that point to infuences Protogeometric cist “grave I, Grotta 1971”.39 Te from the Argive-Corinthian type of pyxis.45 Imports Sub-Protogeometric style which fourishes among (note, however, that as of now we know mainly Euboean workshops is also evident - but not about fne and semi-fne ceramic wares) come from favoured - among Naxian workshops; the majority other regions as well, from neighbouring ones, of these examples are found in the burial ground such as from the island of Paros,46 to more distant at Plithos and comprise Euboean imports as well ones, as from Eastern Mediterranean regions (see as local imitations.40 In the Late Geometric period below). Corinthian imports mainly appear late in Euboean infuence on Naxian ceramic production the Geometric period, while East Greek wares are is strong, as is illustrated, for example, by the well represented from the Late Geometric period Naxian Cesnola workshop.41 onwards. Cretan imports on the island are rare, Kourou stresses the role of the Euboeans in Naxian a fact rather difcult to explain in view of the interconnections and trading links with other presence of securely identifed Naxian imports on regions. Tis is seen not only in the material fnds Crete in the Geometric period.47 on Naxos but is also made evident by the fact that A small group of ceramic wares found on Naxos, Naxian pottery is ofen found with substantial either imports or Naxian products, demonstrates quantities of Euboean pottery in Mediterranean some contacts, direct or indirect, with regions contexts, thereby suggesting that the Naxians might of the Eastern Mediterranean, including Crete. have participated in Euboean maritime expeditions Tey further hint that Naxos was open to cultural (known as early as the 10th century BC) in the interconnections, and illustrate the various ways Mediterranean.42 Te most secure evidence of of transmission of material types from the Eastern their ‘afliation’ comes from the period of Greek Mediterranean to the Aegean. In this direction, colonization, when a second Naxos, the earliest Kourou suggests that contacts are not always Greek colony on Sicily (734 BC), was founded by bidirectional and the presence of infuences or imports the Chalcidians with colonists from the Cycladic from one party does not necessarily mean the presence island of Naxos.43 Euboean imports to Naxos of Naxian pottery there. Te art fows out and develops in a broader and more general context and refects mainly the drive and path of the center, not 36 Kourou 1994, 281; 2004; 2015, esp. 89-92. 37 Kourou 1994, 281. 38 Kontoleon 1960, 259; Kourou 2015, 84-85: among the grave goods of this burial, a one-handled cup with 377. a high conical foot and three sets of compass-drawn 44 Kourou 1994, 281. concentric circles has recently been identifed by Kourou as a probable Euboean product. 45 Coldstream 2003, 90; 2008, 97, 119, 122; Charalambidou 2010-2012, 161, fg. 9. 39 Kontoleon 1971, 174; Kourou 2015, 89-92. 46 E.g. Charalambidou 2008-2010, 62 (Tsikalario); 40 Kourou 1999, 97-99, 205-206; Reber 2011. Kourou 1999, 18, 54-56, MN 485, fgs 17γ, 33a-β 41 Kourou 1998, 170-174; 2004, 80; Aloupi and (Southern Cemetery/Naxos town). Kourou 2007, 289-293. 47 Kourou 1984, 111-112; 1994, 275-279; 2004, 81 42 Kourou 1994, 264-265, 291-292. (about Naxos and Crete, see most recently Kotsonas 43 Cf. more recently Lentini 2015, 309; Malkin 2013, 2011, 144-146).
378 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos
3 4
Fig. 3. Embossed gold plaque MN 3567 in child’s Late Helladic IIIC Middle Advanced burial at Kamini (afer Vlachopoulos 2006, col. pl. 13. Courtesy of A. G. Vlachopoulos). Fig. 4. Late Helladic IIIC Middle Advanced bird askos from tomb Γ΄ at Kamini (afer Vlachopoulos 2006, pl. 47. Courtesy of A. G. Vlachopoulos). the recipient.48 Links with Eastern Mediterranean of fertility Astarte.52 According to Karageorghis regions date back to the Bronze Age, especially the these plaques were probably either imported Late Bronze Age, and are demonstrated by various from the Eastern Mediterranean or were locally categories of material remains, from artifacts to produced by somebody who was familiar with possible infuences in the construction style of the similar plaques which he/she saw in this region.53 Late Helladic IIIC fortifcation wall at Grotta.49 Vlachopoulos maintains that infuence from the Of course the socio-economic background in Eastern Mediterranean is possible, and echoed the Mycenaean period was diferent from that in by other artifacts from Naxos, such as jewellery, the Early Iron Age,50 therefore any comparisons but that these plaques should not be considered should frst take into account diferences in the as imports, but rather as Aegean productions, for political and cultural sphere of the two periods. their iconography depicts a child and not a female.54 Among the most well-known Late Bronze Age Another artifact that illustrates the complex nature artifacts cited as evidence of contacts, direct or of cultural connections between Naxos and the indirect, with the Eastern Mediterranean are four Eastern Mediterranean is a bird askos (Fig. 4), embossed plaques (Fig. 3) made of thin sheets of ΜΝ 1735 (discovered with a second one, possibly gold that were placed in a child’s Late Helladic IIIC Late Helladic IIIC Late)55 from tomb Γ΄ at Kamini, burial at the site of Kamini in Naxos town: these which is most probably dated to Late Helladic IIIC either depict the deceased child51 or the goddess Middle Advanced period.56 It was associated with a
48 Kourou 1994, 267. 52 Karageorghis 1998. 49 Summarized in Lambrinoudakis and Philaniotou-Hadjianastasiou 2001, 163-166 and 53 Karageorghis 1998. Simantoni-Bournia 2004, 48, note 81. See also 54 See more recently Vlachopoulos 2006a, 282; 2012, Vlachopoulos in press. 264-269. 50 Vlachopoulos and Charalambidou forthcoming. 55 Zapheiropoulos 1960, 334, fg. 3; Guggisberg 1996, 51 Vlachopoulos 1995, 195-201; 2002, 66; 2006a, 277- 118, no 413. 284, fg. of drawings 39, pls 82-83, 85, col. pl. 13. 56 Zapheiropoulos 1960, 333-335, 339; Vlachopoulos
379 Xenia Charalambidou
5a 5b
Fig. 5a. Te Cist Grave 11 (Group I) and its vicinity (Groups II and III) (drawing by R. Bournia, digitized by D. Nenova). Fig. 5b. Te complex with Cist Grave 11 near rectangular funerary structure no 11 (afer Papadopoulou-Zapheiropoulou 1965, 520, drawing 18).
child burial. Desborough, describing the askos MN 1735 that belongs to type Ia of his typology observes the detachment of the spout from the handle and its placement close to the tail.57 According to Desborough and Demetriou this practice of placing the spout near the tail was ofen encountered among Cypriot vessels and thus the Naxian vessel probably and more specifcally with Cist Grave 11, an intact owed its form to Cypriot models. Lemos points out tomb that included, among other grave goods, that it seems more likely that Desborough’s type three items that fall within the framework of our I, the type with bird’s head, originated within the discussion. Cist Grave 11 (Group I) is the central Aegean, possibly in the Dodecanese, from where it component of a larger context (Fig. 5a) which also was transmitted in Late Helladic III C to Cyprus. comprises an assemblage of vessels found outside Later, the type was reintroduced to the Aegean at the grave (Group II is probably related to a funerary sites that had maintained contact with Cyprus.58 rite or rites and associated with the cist grave) and, According to Lemos, both of Desborough’s types59 to the south of the grave, a pithoid vessel inside a can claim Aegean predecessors.60 slab lined theke with a cover slab (Group III). Tis In the Geometric period, ceramic wares that complex is located to the west of a rectangular indicate connections with Eastern Mediterranean funerary structure (no 11) (Fig. 5b).61 Te interior regions are known from Middle Geometric Naxian of Cist Grave 11 (Group I) includes vases that contexts onwards, namely from a grave from the cannot probably be dated earlier than the Middle Southern Cemetery in Naxos town and another one Geometric II period, judging from the presence of from the Tsikalario cemetery in inland Naxos. For one kantharos with high handles (MN 3876: Fig. 7; the needs of this article I will begin with Tsikalario, see below), a shape which Coldstream dated from the Middle Geometric II period onwards.62 Te earliest vase of Group II in the vicinity of the cist 2006a, 131-134 fg. of drawings 26, pl. 47-48, col. pl. grave is a fat Naxian Atticizing pyxis (MN 3881), 10-11; 2012, 370-371. See also Desborough 1972, 254, 262-263, 272, no 42; Misch 1992, 156, Abb. 133; Demetriou 1994, 49; Lemos 1994, 234; Guggisberg 1996, 118, no 412. 61 Preliminary reports for this burial context: 57 Desborough 1972, 262-263, 272. Papadopoulou-Zapheiropoulou 1965, 520-522; 58 Lemos 1994, 231. Zapheiropoulou 2001a, 291, fg. 25. More analytically 59 Desborough’s type I has a bird’s head and a spout about this context, see Charalambidou 2008-2009, on the back, whereas his type II has a spout on the side particularly 61; Charalambidou 2010-2012, esp. 169- of the head. 172; Charalambidou 2013. 60 Lemos 1994, 234. 62 Coldstream 2008, 23.
380 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos
6
Fig. 6. Representative vases, the fgurines and the bird vase from the interior of the Cist Grave 11 (Group I) (drawings by B. Konnemann and the author). Fig. 7. Kantharos MN 3876 from Cist Grave 11 (Group I) (photo by H. Iliadis).
which dates from Middle Geometric I.63 It is possible though that this vase was an antique by the time of its deposition. Many vessels from the Cist Grave 11/Group I (as 7 well as from Group II) were of small dimensions (Fig. 6); this feature may be an indicator that the cist grave belonged to a child or adolescent (if fgurines, present in this Tsikalario context, with indeed we suppose there is only one person buried child burials, especially burials of girls.65 in the grave). Te presence of ffy-four small Te small fast-pouring vessels, together with the perforated clay objects, similar in shape to spindle cups and the Naxian kantharos with depictions whorls but which were probably used as beads, were of plastic birds on the handles (Fig. 6-7),66 found discovered in the cist grave: they may be a further inside the grave (as well as the cups and bowls found indicator that the burial belonged to a female child/ among the group of vessels outside the grave), were adolescent.64 Tis assumption also accords with the association in the Aegean of bird vessels and 65 Lemos 1994, 234; Xagorari 1996, 54; Kotsonas 2008, 324. 63 On this pyxis: Charalambidou 2008-2009, 60, 66 For this kantharos, see Papadopoulou- fg. 3a-b; 2010-2012, 159, fg. 8; 2013, 83, fg. 6. Zapheiropoulou 1965, 521, pl. 655b; Charalambidou 64 Te suggestion that this burial might have belonged 2008-2009, 61, fg. 6a-b; 2010-2012, 169, fg. 15; 2013, to a female child/adolescent due to the presence of 84, fg. 9. Tis kantharos has been pointed out by beads in the shape of spindle whorls in the burial is also Coldstream (2003, 92) as further evidence of contact reported by Guggisberg 1996, 119. For the connection with Northern Greece on account of its terminals but he of beads with female burials, see e.g. Strömberg 1993, interpreted the terminals in a diferent way (as knobs) 69, 77, 92. than I have proposed (as birds).
381 Xenia Charalambidou
8a
Fig. 8a-b. Two handled juglet of Cypriot type, MN 3877, from Cist Grave 11 (Group I) (drawing by B. Konnemann, photo by D. Nenova).
8b
probably used for libations and/or funeral feasts.67 Zapheiropoulou has identifed this vase as possibly Te slow-pouring vessels discovered inside the cist Cypriot;72 this assignment seems compatible with grave, an aryballos and a two handled fask/juglet its fabric characteristics based on macroscopic of Cypriot type (MN 3877; Fig. 8),68 are shapes observations73 (it has a fne, well-levigated light red that appear in child burials.69 Slow-pouring vessels clay - 10R, 6/6 to 6/8).74 Te vase has a faring lip, are usually thought to have contained unguents or two circular-sectioned handles attached to the neck scented oils.70 ridge, globular body and fat base.75 Te decoration Of these two slow-pouring vessels found inside is largely obliterated, except for some traces of the grave, the juglet falls into the tradition of the paint (7.5YR, 2.5/1 or 5YR, 2.5/1) that includes the Black-on-Red (BoR) style. It is widely known that imprint of a small circle on the shoulder. a most important centre of production for this No matter whether this vase is Cypriot or an category of wares was Cyprus, while imitations of this style, either close to the Cypriot models, or more ‘freely’ manufactured, were made in Crete production see more recently, Cyprus: Screiber 2003a; 71 and the Dodecanese (mainly Rhodes and Kos). 2003b; Iacovou 2004; Bourogiannis 2012; Georgiadou 2016. Dodecanese: Bourogiannis 2000; 2009; 2012. Crete (Cypriot vases and Cretan imitations): Coldstream 67 Cf. Boardman 1988, 173; Kourou 1999, 175. 1984; Kotsonas 2008, 170-174, 284-287; 2011, 141-144; 68 Tis vessel has been reported in Papadopoulou- 2013, 244-246; Bourogiannis 2012. Zaphieropoulou 1965, 521, pl. 656d and Zapheiropoulou 72 Zapheiropoulou in Stampolidis 2003, 258, no 137. in Stampolidis 2003, 258, no 137; Zapheiropoulou 2004, 73 A sample for chemical analysis cannot be taken 414, fg. 5. See also Coldstream 2003, 92; Charalambidou from such a complete vase. 2008-2009, 61; 2010-2012, 156, 166, 171; 2013, 82-83. 74 Te colour of the clay has been described with 69 Kourou 1999, 175. Munsell Color Chart 2000. Very small rare inclusions 70 See e.g. Kurtz and Boardman 1971, 209; Kourou are barely visible with naked eye. 1988, 321-322; Bourogiannis 2000, 17-18; Kotsonas 75 Dimensions: Height 12 cm, rim diam 4.6 cm, base 2008, 310. diam. 3.4 cm, max. body diam. 7.6 cm, distance between 71 On the Black-on-Red style and centres of handles 6.9 cm, weight 96 gr.
382 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos imitation of a Cypriot type, it does not necessarily 3790+3873) were discovered among the group of point to direct contacts with Cyprus. Such a vessel vessels in the vicinity of the grave (Group II).81 could have been brought to the island by Naxians Bird fgurines MN 372782 and 373183 (Fig. 9-10), or sailors/traders/warriors of other origins. Apart both found inside the cist grave and attributable from serving as a clue for direct or indirect contacts to Naxian production, share some similarities, with the Eastern Mediterranean, its importance but also exhibit diferences especially in form. also lies in the fact that vessels of the BoR style are Both handmade fgurines have fne light red very rare in the Cyclades.76 Te fact that this vase (2.5YR, 6/6) to reddish-yellow clay (5YR, 6/6). Te from Tsikalario is the only evidence so far of this majority of (rounded to sub-rounded/sub-angular) category in a Cycladic burial context, dated in the inclusions are white, but grey ones are also visible. Middle Geometric II or no earlier than the Middle Te fabric also contains a considerable amount of Geometric II period, demonstrates the signifcance gold (and silver) mica. Few traces of dark grey (to of this fnd. Furthermore, this vase was found not reddish-brown) paint are preserved. in coastal Naxos town, a port open to trade and Tese two fgurines are similar with respect to economic transactions, but in inland Naxos. It is body shape: both have a fat body, extended wings possible that such a vase could have been acquired and probably a fan-shaped tail. Teir supporting from a more central location, probably Naxos town. elements, on the other hand, difer: MN 3727 Tis would provide important evidence about the (Fig. 9) has a small, hollow, tubular support and circulation of diferent types of imported wares MN 3731 (Fig. 10) has two legs instead. Figurine from coastal Naxos to the hinterland. Even if this 3727 has two longitudinal perforations: one assumption proves valid, it would still be difcult running through the body and a second running to assert whether these wares reached Tsikalario through part of the tubular support. Figurine 3731 through gif exchange or trade. Tis evidence has a hole running from the top to the bottom of for interconnection is also compatible with the its body. fact that, along with imports, Naxian products, Because of its support, MN 3727 can more even coarse wares, had a wider circulation on the easily be identifed as an attachment for a vessel island than originally thought: the frst results of or other object. Muhly notes the difculties in macroscopic, petrographic and chemical analysis of distinguishing between bird-shaped attachments ceramic material from Tsikalario and Naxos town77 and free-standing bird fgurines, particularly since indicate that certain Early Iron Age coarse wares similar supports could be used for both.84 She also from Naxos town have the same or very similar holds that bird fgurines in the Early Iron Age fabrics as some coarse wares from Tsikalario and usually served as attachments to vessels or other were therefore probably produced in workshops objects and that free-standing bird fgurines were using raw materials from the same regions. not particularly common at that time.85 Tere Te same context at Tsikalario included six are no vessels discovered so far from Tsikalario fgurines.78 Tree anthropomorphic fgurines (MN burial context 11 that can be associated with 3728-30, Fig. 6),79 two bird fgurines and one bird MN 3727. Another possibility is that this fgurine vessel (MN 3726-3727, 3731, Fig. 6, 9-10, 12)80 were originally came from a diferent context, but was found inside Cist Grave 11. A third bird fgurine re-used here or that it was attached to an object (MN 3789; of a diferent type [ a cock?] than the not preserved in the burial context, e.g. a piece bird fgurines from the interior of the cist grave) of wood. Furthermore, it is not easy to determine and an amphoriskos with a horse on the lid (MN whether the hole running through part of the body of MN 3727 (in addition to the perforation through its tubular support) was made as a ventilation hole
76 See also Dugas and Rhomaios 1934, 109, nos 1 and 2, pl. L, B. 77 Charalambidou et al. forthcoming. 81 Charalambidou 2013, 80-81, 85-87, fgs. 3b, 11. 78 About these fgurines a preliminary presentation 82 Dimensions: length 7 cm, max. preserved width appears in Charalambidou 2013; a more detailed 5 cm, diam. of the support 1.3 cm. presentation of this assemblage will appear in a 83 Dimensions: max. preserved length 4.6 cm, max. forthcoming article. preserved width 4.2 cm. 79 Charalambidou 2013, 85-87, fg. 12. 84 Muhly 2008, 77. 80 Charalambidou 2013, 85-87, fg. 11. 85 Muhly 2008, 77, 98.
383 Xenia Charalambidou
9a 9b
Fig. 9a-b. Bird fgurine MN 3727 from Cist Grave 11 (Group I) (drawing by B. Konnemann, photo by D. Nenova).
for fring or whether the hole running vertically made contemporaneously. Like Tsikalario fgurine through the body of the other fgurine, MN 3731, MN 3731 (Fig. 10), the Southern Cemetery bird was also made for fring or in order to hold a piece fgurines have a fat body and long legs; any further of wood (a peg) to secure a join.86 comparison regarding shape is difcult because Terracotta bird fgurines are not common in the 3731 is missing its head and a signifcant part of Early Iron Age Cyclades. So Naxian examples its body. Te Southern Cemetery fgurines have are valuable in helping us understand the simple and stylized linear painted decoration, morphological development and the context of classifed into four slightly varying types. Te these fgurines during this period. In addition to painted decoration of 3731 is also linear, but badly the Tsikalario fgurines, twenty-six bird fgurines preserved; only traces of horizontal and vertical (Fig. 11) have been found on Naxos in another lines with dots (?) in between can be discerned. funerary context, in the Southern Cemetery in Tsikalario fgurine MN 3727 (Fig. 9) has a fat Naxos town, in the Middle Geometric I tomb body, extended wings and a fan-shaped tail like A-1937.87 All the bird fgurines from Tsikalario the Southern Cemetery bird fgurines, but it difers and the Southern Cemetery were made of Naxian from them in that it has a shorter neck and a hollow clay. While they exhibit some similarities in form support instead of legs. Only a few traces of dark – they all have fat body and extended wings –, paint are preserved on the surface of MN 3727. they also have morphological diferences which In the Cyclades, bird fgurines, aside from these can also be explained by the fact that they were not from burials on Naxos, are known so far from the following contexts:88 1) a trench south of the Zagora temple on Andros that can probably be dated to the 86 For similar difculties in determining the function of these holes/perforations, see Muhly 2008, 77. 87 Kourou 1999, 24-25, no 57 [ΜΝ 383-391, 393-400 and 403-410], 69-81, 179-182. 88 Kourou 1999, 76.
384 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos
10a
Fig. 10a-b. Bird fgurine MN 3731 from Cist Grave 11 (Group I) 10b (drawing by B. Konnemann, photo by D. Nenova).
the Southern Cemetery on Naxos and may also be Naxian.92 Te type of fgurine with a small, fat body and extended wings is known in the Aegean, especially on Crete and Rhodes.93 To the corpus of known bird fgurines of this type from Crete and Rhodes, we can add a well preserved terracotta bird, recently published, from the sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite at Syme Viannou. Dated to c. 840-810 BC, it has a narrow and featureless head, fat body, extended wings, fan-shaped tail and a slender, Late Geometric period,89 2) the north-east slope of tubular support with a hole bored vertically through the Acropolis at Kastro on Siphnos90 and, 3) from its centre.94 Muhly observes similarities with the what is probably a cult context on Delos.91 As Naxian birds from the Southern Cemetery. Te Kourou remarks, of the three, the Zagora fgurine form and perforated tubular support of the Cretan shares the most similarities with those from piece also fnd parallels with Tsikalario fgurine MN 3727.
89 Cambitoglou 1981, 91, no 290, fg. 51; Cambitoglou et al. 1988, 227, inv. 1243, pl. 274a-c. 92 Kourou 1999, 77-78. 90 Brock and Mackworth-Young 1949, 22, no 5, 93 Detailed references in Kourou 1999, 77; more pl. 6.3-4. recently about Crete, see Muhly 2008, 77-78, 98-100. 91 Laumonier 1956, 46, no 28 (A 3635), pl. 2. 94 Muhly 2008, 100, 107, no 297, pl. 60.
385 Xenia Charalambidou
Kourou argued that depositing small bird fgurines 11 in graves, as seen on Naxos, is a practice that goes back to the Mycenaean era. Te intermediate chains directly linking the tradition to the Mycenaean era are evidenced on Cyprus as early as the 10th century BC and it is likely that it is from here that the tradition was reintroduced to the Aegean; the reappearance of this custom may be associated with Cypriot infuences in the Aegean that were part of a more general phenomenon of interaction with the island.95 Typological similarities between Cypriot bird fgurines with fat body and the bird fgurines from the Southern Cemetery are convincingly demonstrated by Kourou.96 Since the Southern Cemetery bird fgurines are among the earliest known bird fgurines in the Aegean, they are interpreted as an early example of the reintroduction of the type into the Aegean and, in particular, the Cyclades. Tis type of bird fgurine, which is believed to have had a Mycenaean pedigree, is known during the Dark Ages mainly from Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete. Kourou believes that its presence in these locations reveals the path by which the type survived.97 Te recently published bird fgurine from the sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite at Syme Viannou on Crete, which has been dated to the second half of the 9th century BC and which bears similarities to bird fgurines from Naxos, ofers another hint about Crete’s contribution to the difusion of this type and the island’s interrelations with Naxos, which have already been noted, in particular, with pottery. Te Middle Geometric (II) context of the Tsikalario 12 cist grave indicates that the Tsikalario fgurines MN 3727 and 3731 can also be considered among the earliest appearances of bird fgurines in the Aegean in the Early Iron Age.98 Tsikalario artifact MN 3726, also discovered inside Cist Grave 11 (Fig. 12), can best be described as a bird vessel rather than a bird askos since it has no spout; nevertheless, it shares similarities with bird askoi on account of its arched handle and hollow
95 See Kourou 1999, 78-79, 181, 203. For the export Fig. 11. Representative bird fgurines from tomb A-1937 in the of the bird motif to Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age Southern Cemetery (afer Kourou 1999, pl. 47). and its reintroduction to Greece cf. also Walcek Averett Fig. 12. Bird vase MN 3726 from Cist Grave 11 (Group I) (photo 2007, 160-161. by H. Iliadis). 96 Kourou 1999, 181. 97 Kourou 1999, 203. 98 Cf. also Nicholls 1970, 14 and Papadopoulos 1990, 22 who observes that bird fgurines are not common until the 8th century BC, becoming numerous by the late 8th century.
386 Ceramics, cultural interconnections and infuences on Naxos body. Te shape of its base may indicate that the object upon which it rested had some kind of projecting component; the nick on the underside of the bird could have been used as a socket and the postulated component of its rest as a peg. Its arched handle, on the other side, may argue that it could also have been hung. Te shape of this vessel fnds parallels within the Aegean. In his detailed study about zoomorphic vessels, Guggisberg considers the Tsikalario vessel, which has no spout, a development of a type traced to vessels such as an Early Protogeometric bird vessel from the Athenian Kerameikos, which is considered a descendant of a Sub-Mycenaean/Early Protogeometric type.99 Terefore, from this context at Tsikalario (the interior of Cist Grave 11), we have, among the other grave goods (both Naxian and imported), the two-handled juglet from the Eastern Mediterranean, and the two Naxian bird fgurines, which probably originate from a type whose earliest appearance in the Early Iron Age can be traced back to Cyprus. Te deceased buried inside Tsikalario Cist Grave 11 is/are associated with various types of Naxian and imported ceramic Fig. 13. Lekythos in human form from the sanctuary of Yria wares, including vases, bird and anthropomorthic (afer Simantoni-Bournia 2004, pl. 9.1. Courtesy of E. fgurines and the bird vase, revealing a ‘package’ of Simantoni-Bournia). symbols and meanings. Tsikalario bird fgurines MN 3727 and 3731 and bird vessel MN 3726, as well as the kantharos with birds on its terminals Cypriot infuence). As intermediate stations for (MN 3876), certainly have symbolic signifcance; the difusion of the type from the Near East and the same holds for the Southern Cemetery bird Cyprus, Simantoni-Bournia mentions Rhodes and fgurines from Naxos town. Bird representations Samos,102 regions with which Naxos had contacts are regarded as symbols of fertility, signifers of from an early stage. Te second artifact is a Naxian divine epiphany; in funerary contexts they are also clay mask (Fig. 14), also from the sanctuary of Yria, associated with the departing soul of the deceased.100 which imitates Cypriot models, dated again to the Infuences from the Eastern Mediterranean are also end of the 8th-beginning of the 7th century BC.103 evident on Naxos at the turn from the Geometric to the Archaic period and are exemplifed in a Concluding remarks Naxian lekythos in human form (Fig. 13), dated to the frst decade of the 7th century BC, which Among the large corpus of Early Iron Age was found at the sanctuary of Yria attributed to ceramic fnds from Naxos, we now see that the cult of Dionysos.101 Certain characteristics of some provide important evidence for cultural the form of this lekythos relate to fgurines from interconnections with Eastern Mediterranean Cyprus as well as Crete, Rhodes and Samos (under regions and possible ways in which such wares and traditions were transmitted to the island. Naxos’ location in the centre of the Cyclades was 99 Guggisberg’s category A-10 Variety A: Guggisberg certainly an important factor in these processes. 1996, 250, 259, 261. Te island was open to various trade routes within 100 For the symbolic signifcance of bird fgurines the Aegean and those that led to the East and was in funerary and cult contexts, as well as in Greek vase-painting, see Papadopoulos 1990, 22; Carter 1995; Guggisberg 1996, 311-313; Xagorari 1996, 54-55; Kourou 1999, 179-182; Gadolou 2011, 261-262. 102 Simantoni-Bournia 2004, 48. 101 Simantoni-Bournia 2004. 103 Simantoni-Bournia 2004-2005, 119-132.
387 Xenia Charalambidou
Fig. 14. Clay mask from the sanctuary of Yria (afer Simantoni-Bournia 2004-2005, fg. 2. Courtesy of E. Simantoni-Bournia).
thus frequented by many diferent groups, such Naxian sanctuary at Yria: they equally demonstrate as the Euboeans, Cretans etc. Tis interplay of infuence in form/style from the Eastern interactions took place in Naxian ports, especially Mediterranean and they served as votive oferings that in Naxos town, where the majority of imports and/or were used in cult rites in the sanctuary. would have arrived. Furthermore, we see the circulation of some ceramic goods imported from regions such as Attica, Paros and the Eastern Mediterranean, in inland Naxos. Another important factor in the transmission Bibliography of wares and traditions is that Naxian potters incorporated elements of ceramic traditions from Aloupi, E. and Kourou, N. 2007. ‘Late Geometric other regions into the Naxian ceramic repertoire. slipped pottery. Technological variations and At the same time, the consumers who ordered workshop attributions (Euboean, Cycladic and these wares for funerary or cult use, ofen members Attic workshops)’, in A. Mazarakis Ainian (ed.), of local elites, adopted the symbols employed on Oropos and Euboea in the Early Iron Age, Acts of an these objects. Tis can be seen in the small Middle International Round Table, University of Tessaly, Geometric Naxian bird fgurines found in both a June 18-20, 2004, Volos, 287-318. coastal (Naxos town) and an inland (Tsikalario) funerary context. It is also made evident by the early Bourogiannis, G. 2000. ‘Te Black-on-Red pottery 7th-century BC Naxian lekythos and the roughly found in Cos: from pots to trade or immigrants’, contemporary Naxian clay mask found in the AIONArch 7, 9-23.
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392 About the Contributors
Eleni Aloupi-Siotis, PhD Sandrine Huber THETIS Authentics LTD Université de Lorraine, EA 1132 Hiscant-MA 4 Diagoras str, GR11636 Athens [email protected] [email protected] Maria Iacovou Marie-Françoise Billot Archaeological Research Unit IRAA-Institut de Recherche sur l’Architecture Antique University of Cyprus, Nicosia USR 3155 CNRS-AMU-Universités de Lyon 2 et des [email protected] Pays de l’Adour (Pau) Christina Ioannou [email protected] CNRS UMR 8167, Mondes sémitiques Leonidas C. Bournias [email protected] Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports Vassos Karageorghis Ephorate of Antiquities of Athens Former Director of Antiquities,Cyprus [email protected] [email protected] Giorgos Bourogiannis Pavlos Karvonis Te A.G. Leventis Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Center for Antiquity Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm Academy of Athens [email protected] [email protected] Xenia Charalambidou Charalampos Kritzas Research Associate, Fitch Laboratory Director Emeritus, British School at Athens Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports [email protected] [email protected] Matteo D’Acunto Anna Lekka Department of Asia, Africa and Mediterranean Directorate of the Management of the National Archive University of Napoli “L’Orientale” of Monuments, Documentation and Protection of [email protected] Cultural Goods Bruno d’Agostino Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports Professor Emeritus [email protected] Via Luigi Rizzo 36 Irene S. Lemos 00136 Roma Merton College, Oxford Universiry [email protected] [email protected] Anastasia Gadolou Maria Costanza Lentini Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities Polo Regionale di Catania Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports Via V. Emanuele 266 [email protected] 95124 Catania [email protected] [email protected] Anna Georgiadou Anastasia Leriou Post-doctoral researcher University of Athens University Lyon 2-HiSOMA, Gerda Henkel Stifung Te Archaeological Society at Athens [email protected] [email protected] Emanuele Greco Marisa Marthari Director Emeritus Director Emerita Italian Archaeological School of Athens Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports [email protected] [email protected] Antoine Hermary Hartmut Matthäus Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist. Culture & Com, CCJ, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Aix en Provence, France Institut für Klassische Archäologie [email protected] [email protected]. Natacha Massar Nagia Polychronakou-Sgouritsa Department of Antiquities, Royal Museums of Arts and Professor Emerita History Department of History and Archaeology Parc du Cinquantenaire, Brussels University of Athens [email protected] [email protected] Alexandros Mazarakis Ainian Karl Reber Department of History, Archaeology and Social Director, Ecole suisse d’archéologie en Grèce Anthropology (IAKA) Université de Lausanne (IASA) University of Tessaly [email protected] [email protected] Evagelia Simantoni-Bournia Manolis Mikrakis Professor Emerita School of Architecture Department of History and Archaeology National Technical University of Athens University of Athens [email protected] [email protected] Catherine Morgan Petros Temelis All Souls College, University of Oxford Professor Emeritus [email protected] University of Crete [email protected] Cornelius Neef Professor Emeritus, University of Amsterdam Michalis Tiverios [email protected] Member of the Academy of Athens Professor Emeritus Lydia Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa Aristotle University of Tessaloniki Professor Emerita, Department of History and [email protected] Archaeology University of Athens Panos Valavanis [email protected] Department of History and Archaeology University of Athens John K. Papadopoulos [email protected] Department of Classics, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Andreas G. Vlachopoulos University of California, Los Angeles Department of History and Archaeology [email protected] University of Ioannina, [email protected] Giorgos Papasavvas Archaeological Research Unit Vicky Vlachou Department of History and Archaeology Chargée de Recherches, F.R.S.-FNRS University of Cyprus, Nicosia Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB - CReA-Patrimoine) [email protected] [email protected] Jacques Y. Perreault Dyfri Williams Director, Department of History Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB - CReA-Patrimoine) University of Montreal [email protected] [email protected] Photini Zapheiropoulou Oliver Pilz Director Emerita Institut für Altertumswissenschafen Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports Arbeitsbereich Klassische Archäologie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz [email protected] Maria Pipili Director Emerita Research Center for Antiquity Academy of Athens [email protected]