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Chapter I Introduction
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background While the word “globalization” has only started to be widely used since the late 1980s, but the phenomenon of globalization has been around for much longer time.1 The characteristics of globalization can be found in the Silk Road, which not only served as a trade route that connected Asia with Middle East, Europe, and Africa but also became a place where exchange of culture, ideas, and technology could be occurred.2 Globalization itself has broad definition, since it encompasses many trends, including international trade, telecommunications, multinational corporations, cultural exchanges, spread of ideas, flows of migration, etc. Thus, it made globalization can not be clearly defined, since the definition of globalization depends on the perspective that used to analyze it.3 However, globalization can be simply defined as the process towards a single, interdependent, and integrated world.3 Thus, the process of globalization could then be characterized by the increase of connectedness between actors in the international relations. 1Peter N. Stears, 2010, Globalization in World History, New York: Routledge, p.1. 2David Christian, “Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History”, Journal of World History, Vol. 11, No. 1, Accessed from JSTOR on 19th February 2012, p.1. 3Joshua S. Goldstein, John C. Pevehouse, 2009, International Relations: 8th Edition, United States: Pearson-Longman, p.19. 4Alma Kadragic, 2006, Globalization and Human Rights, United States: Chelsea House Publishers, p.6. 2 The rapid advancement of ICT during the 20th century can be credited as one of the main reasons for the rapid progression of the globalization process that occurred during that era. -
Issue 4, 2019 Special Issue on Prevent
Issue 4, 2019 Special Issue on Prevent Co-edited by Sukhwant Dhaliwal, Rebecca Durand, Stephen Cowden Inside this issue: Feature Articles Poetry by Dean Atta Artwork on Xenofon Kavvadias Book and Conference Reviews ISSN: 2398-4139 Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies, University of Warwick Image 1: Holocauston, detail © Xenofon Kavvadias. All Rights Reserved. Feminist Dissent Feminist Dissent – Issue 4 Special Issue on Prevent Co-edited by Sukhwant Dhaliwal, Rebecca Durand, Stephen Cowden Table of Contents All artworks are by Xenofon Kavvadias. Cover Image Image 2 Editorial: A Polarised Debate – Stephen Cowden, Sukhwant Dhaliwal, Rebecca Durand (p. 1-15) Image 3 Respecting and Ensuring Rights: Feminist Ethics for a State Response to Fundamentalism Sukhwant Dhaliwal (p. 16-54) Image 4 Prevent: Safeguarding and the Gender Dimension Pragna Patel (p. 55-68) Image 5 Walking the Line: Prevent and the Women’s Voluntary Sector in a Time of Austerity Yasmin Rehman (p. 69-87) Image 6 Poetry – ‘The Black Flamingo’ Dean Atta (p. 88-90) Image 7 Feminist Dissent 2019 (4) i Feminist Dissent Safeguarding or Surveillance? Social Work, Prevent and Fundamentalist Violence Stephen Cowden and Jonathan Picken (p. 91-131) Image 8 Jihadi Brides, Prevent and the Importance of Critical Thinking Skills Tehmina Kazi (p. 132-145) Image 9 Victims, Perpetrators or Protectors: The Role of Women in Countering Terrorism Hifsa Haroon-Iqbal (p. 146-157) Image 10 Poetry – ‘I come from’ Dean Atta (p. 158-159) Image 11 The Prevent Strategy’s impact on social relations: a report on work in two local authorities David Parker, David Chapot and Jonathan Davis (p. -
Guantánamo and Illegal Detentions the Center for Constitutional Rights
Guantánamo and Illegal Detentions The Center for Constitutional Rights The Center for Constitutional Rights is dedicated to advancing and protecting the rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Founded in 1966 by attorneys who represented civil rights movements in the South, CCR is a non-profit legal and educational organization committed to the creative use of law as a positive force for social change. CCR uses litigation proactively to empower poor communities and communities of color; to guarantee the rights of those with the fewest protections and least access to legal resources; and to train the next generation of civil and human rights attorneys. Formed in order to work hand in hand with people’s movements, CCR has lent its expertise and support to a wide range of movements for social justice. We are dedicated to defending the right to political dissent, combating the mass incarceration of both citizens and immigrants, and fighting government abuse of power. We strive to complete the unfinished civil rights movement through targeting racial profiling and other modern-day manifestations of racial and economic oppression and through combating discrimination that is based on gender or sexuality. For decades, CCR has pushed U.S. courts to recognize international human rights and humanitarian protections – and we have had groundbreaking victories that established the principle of universal jurisdiction in this country and extended human rights standards to abuses committed by corporations and other non-government groups. Rescue the Constitution: Restore Habeas Corpus The ancient right of habeas corpus requires that anyone who is arrested must be brought before a judge, charged with a crime and have evidence brought forward against them. -
Sonic, Infrasonic, and Ultrasonic Frequencies
SONIC, INFRASONIC, AND ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES: The Utilisation of Waveforms as Weapons, Apparatus for Psychological Manipulation, and as Instruments of Physiological Influence by Industrial, Entertainment, and Military Organisations. TOBY HEYS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2011 1 ABSTRACT This study is a trans-disciplinary and trans-historical investigation into civilian and battlefield contexts in which speaker systems have been utilised by the military-industrial and military-entertainment complexes to apply pressure to mass social groupings and the individuated body. Drawing on authors such as historian/sociologist Michel Foucault, economist Jacques Attali, philosopher Michel Serres, political geographer/urban planner Edward Soja, musician/sonic theorist Steve Goodman, and cultural theorist/urbanist Paul Virilio, this study engages a wide range of texts to orchestrate its arguments. Conducting new strains of viral theory that resonate with architectural, neurological, and political significance, this research provides new and original analysis about the composition of waveformed geography. Ultimately, this study listens to the ways in which the past and current utilisation of sonic, infrasonic, and ultrasonic frequencies as weapons, apparatus for psychological manipulation, and instruments of physiological influence, by industrial, civilian, entertainment, and military organisations, predict future techniques of socio spatialised organisation. In chapter one it is argued that since the inception of wired radio speaker systems into U.S. industrial factories in 1922, the development of sonic strategies based primarily on the scoring of architectonic spatiality, cycles of repetition, and the enveloping dynamics of surround sound can be traced to the sonic torture occurring in Guantanamo Bay during the first decade of the twenty-first century. -
September 2004 Urgent Action AI Index: ACT 60/017/2004
Public September 2004 Urgent Action AI Index: ACT 60/017/2004 In Focus An insight into the stories behind UAs Guantánamo Bay – a human rights scandal Over the past year, Urgent Action letter-writers have sent over 10,000 letters of protest to US authorities on behalf of six men held under a US Military Order at the US Naval Base in Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. The conditions in which these men and other Guantánamo detainees are held are believed to have increased their susceptibility to making coerced statements – statements which, US authorities have said, will be admissible in trials by military commission. The majority of almost 600 detainees at the US military base are held in maximum security blocks in small cells, for up to 24 hours a day and with very little out-of-cell exercise time. They are also subjected to repeated interrogations sometimes for hours at a time and without the presence of a lawyer, raising fears that statements may be extracted under coercion. A first-hand account of conditions at Guantánamo emerged following the release in March 2004 of Shafiq Rasul, Asif Iqbal and Rhuhel Ahmed, three UK citizens known as the "Tipton Three" after their small home town. They allege they were beaten, shackled in painful positions during interrogations and subjected to sleep deprivation. They also report being photographed naked and subjected to anal searches after being shackled for hours. This led them to confess to being in a video of a Bin Laden rally in Afghanistan, despite the fact that court, workplace and university records show they were in the United Kingdom when the video was shot in 2000. -
6 Michael Winterbottom and Mat Whitecross, Dirs. the Road To
Michael Winterbottom and Mat Whitecross, dirs. The Road to Guantánamo , 2006. “The ‘music treatment.’” 6 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/GREY_a_00024 by guest on 29 September 2021 Across an Invisible Line: A Conversation about Music and Torture SUZANNE G. CUSICK AND BRANDEN W. JOSEPH From the moment the use of music as a component of physical and psychological torture at U.S.-run detention centers, such as those in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, was brought to light, it has been a topic of discussion in both academic circles and the popular press. Conferences devoted to the topic of music and torture have taken place at the Human Rights Project at Bard College in New York State (2009), the Hebbel-am-Ufer in Berlin, Germany (2010), and La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona, Spain (2010). Both the Society for Ethnomusicology and the American Musicological Society have passed resolutions condemning the use of music in interrogation techniques, and in October 2009 an alliance of prominent popular musicians, including members of Pearl Jam, Nine Inch Nails, and Rage Against the Machine, cosponsored a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) public records request filed by the National Security Archive in hopes of shedding light on the extent to which their music—and that of other groups—has been used within techniques of so-called no-touch torture. Suzanne G. Cusick, professor of music at New York University, was one of the first academic musicologists to investigate the variety of issues sur - rounding the intersection of music and torture, and her publications on the topic have been pioneering both within the discipline of musi - cology and within the humanities as a whole. -
Visit to Guantánamo Bay
House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Visit to Guantánamo Bay Second Report of Session 2006–07 Report, together with formal minutes and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 10 January 2007 HC 44 Published on 21 January 2007 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 Foreign Affairs Committee The Foreign Affairs Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the administration, expenditure and policy of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and its associated agencies. Current membership Mike Gapes (Labour, Ilford South), Chairman Mr Fabian Hamilton (Labour, Leeds North East) Rt Hon Mr David Heathcoat-Amory (Conservative, Wells) Mr John Horam (Conservative, Orpington) Mr Eric Illsley (Labour, Barnsley Central) Mr Paul Keetch (Liberal Democrat, Hereford) Andrew Mackinlay (Labour, Thurrock) Mr Malcolm Moss (Conservative, North East Cambridgeshire) Sandra Osborne (Labour, Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock) Mr Greg Pope (Labour, Hyndburn) Mr Ken Purchase (Labour, Wolverhampton North East) Rt Hon Sir John Stanley (Conservative, Tonbridge and Malling) Ms Gisela Stuart (Labour, Birmingham Edgbaston) Richard Younger-Ross (Liberal Democrat, Teignbridge) Powers The committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publication The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/foreign_affairs_committee.cfm. Committee staff The current staff of the Committee are Steve Priestley (Clerk), Gosia McBride (Second Clerk), Imran Shafi (Committee Specialist), Kevin Candy (Committee Assistant), Catherine Jackson (Secretary), Chintan Makwana (Senior Office Clerk) and Alex Paterson (Media Officer). -
Keeping Liberty at Bay How the United States' Guantánamo Bay
Keeping Liberty At Bay How the United States’ Guantánamo Bay Detention Facility Violates Detainees’ Rights by Limiting Habeas Corpus Protections and How a 1979 Supreme Court Case Can Provide a Solution Becky Briggs, Esq.* “Enhanced interrogation” techniques included shackling a detainee in stress positions and confined spaces, prolonged sleep deprivation, and 83 episodes of waterboarding. During one waterboarding session, a detainee—Zubaydah—“became completely unresponsive, with bubbles rising through his open, full mouth.” He described the experience as follows: “It felt like an eternity, to the point that I found myself falling asleep despite the water being thrown at me by the guard[.]”1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 2 I.The Factual Background Behind the Suspension of Habeas Corpus Relief .............................................................................................. 3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38JQ0SW1W Copyright © 2021 Regents of the University of California. * BecKy Briggs, Esq. Criminal Defense Attorney licensed in Colorado, Virginia, and Federal District Courts. J.D. Villanova, 2008; B.A. Bryn Mawr College, 2004; DSW University of Southern California, 2019; L.L.M. Candidate, University of San Diego, 2021. I would like to thank Amin R. Yacoub for his valuable comments and edits to this article. I would also like to thank the editors at the Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law for patiently editing this article and for their valuable comments. 1 Eliza Relman, A Guantánamo Bay Detainee’s Drawings Show the Brutal CIA Torture He Endured at a Secret US-run Prison in Thailand, INSIDER (Dec. 15, 2019, 2:09 PM), https://www.businessinsider.com/guantanamo-detainee-drawings-cia-torture-2019-12. 2 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW [Vol. -
Representing Muslims: Islamophobic Discourse and the Construction Of
Representing Muslims: Islamophobic discourse and the construction of identities in Britain since 2001 Leonie Jackson BA, MA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 This work or any part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purposes of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless otherwise indicated). Save for any express acknowledgments, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Leonie Jackson to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature……………………………………….. Date…………………………………………….. 1 Abstract Employing critical race theory as a theoretical and analytical framework, this thesis explores the nature, structure and purpose of Islamophobic discourse, and offers two central contributions to the scholarly debate on Islamophobia. First, it contributes to the literature on the nature of Islamophobia by analysing the form and structure of discourse that seeks to represent Muslims and Islam in a number of social and political sites. Second, the thesis addresses a significant gap identified in the scholarly literature, which has largely overlooked the purpose that Islamophobic discourse serves for those employing it. In order to address the nature and structure of Islamophobic discourse, the thesis analyses representations of Muslims and Islam in dominant national community cohesion and counterterrorism discourses; rearticulation of these discourses at the local level in the West Midlands town of Dudley; the use of Islamophobic discourse by the English Defence League; and the ways in which Islamophobic narratives were used to mark national boundaries in Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands and France. -
The “Journey of Death” 1
THE JOURNEY OF DEATH – OVER 700 PRISONERS ILLEGALLY RENDERED TO GUANTANAMO BAY WITH THE HELP OF PORTUGAL 28 January 2008 THE “JOURNEY OF DEATH” 1 - OVER 700 PRISONERS ILLEGALLY RENDERED TO GUANTANAMO WITH THE HELP OF PORTUGAL - Reprieve can now conclusively show that Portuguese territory and airspace has been used to transfer over 700 prisoners to torture and illegal imprisonment in Guantanamo Bay. Through comparing flight logs obtained from Portuguese authorities, 2 information from the US Department of Defence showing dates of arrival of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, and unclassified testimony from many of the prisoners themselves, 3 Reprieve is for the first time able to name 728 prisoners rendered to Guantanamo Bay through Portuguese jurisdiction. 1 So said Adil Al-Zamil, prisoner transported on Flight RCH108Y through Portuguese jurisdiction to Guantanamo Bay: “I call the journey to Guantanamo ‘the journey of death.’ I discreetly wished that the plane would fall to end the pain I felt.” Source: Kuwaiti Gitmo Detainees Speak Out about Abuse, By Rania El Gamal, Kuwait Times, December 1, 2006 2 Flight logs obtained by Ana Gomes MEP in 2006 reveal that on at least 94 occasions aircraft crossed Portuguese airspace en route to or from Guantanamo Bay between 2002-2006 . On at least 6 occasions rendition aircraft flew directly from Lajes in the Azores to Guantanamo. See appendix for full copies of the logs. 3 The US Department of Defence has released ‘in-process’ records of Guantanamo inmates, detailing when prisoners were first weighed and measured on entry to the prison. It is possible confirm the identities of prisoners transported to Guantanamo through Portuguese jurisdiction by matching the ‘in- process’ dates of particular prisoners held in Guantanamo with flights contained in the Portuguese flight logs. -
THE GUANTÁNAMO BAY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT the Reminiscences of Feroz Ali Abbasi Columbia Center for Oral History Columbia Univers
THE GUANTÁNAMO BAY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT The Reminiscences of Feroz Ali Abbasi Columbia Center for Oral History Columbia University 2011 PREFACE The following oral history is the result of a recorded interview with Feroz Ali Abbasi conducted by Ronald J. Grele and Kanishk Tharoor on May 31, 2011. This interview is part of the Guantánamo Bay Oral History Project. The reader is asked to bear in mind that s/he is reading a verbatim transcript of the spoken word, rather than written prose. 3PM Session One Interviewee: Feroz Ali Abbasi Location: London, United Kingdom Interviewer: Ronald J. Grele and Kanishk Tharoor Date: May 31, 2011 Q: This is an interview through the Columbia University Oral History Research Office with Feroz Abbasi? Today's date is May 31, 2011. The interview is being conducted in London. The interviewers are Kanishk Tharoor and Ron Grele. This is an interview for the Columbia University Oral History Research Office. I guess where we would like to begin is with your early life, to understand who you were as young man, coming of age as a Muslim in England. Abbasi: Subhaana Rabbiyal A`laa. What do you mean, what age do you want me to start at? Q: Start wherever you want to start. Wherever you feel the beginning is. Abbasi: The beginning? I will just cover my background from the beginning in brief. I was born in Entebbe, Uganda. My father is Pakistani. My mother is Nubian. Her background is that the grandfather, or the great grandfather, came from southern Sudan, and then settled in northern Uganda. -
Guantanamo: Honor Bound to Defend Freedom
Guantanamo: Honor Bound to Defend Freedom Study Guide Prepared by Jennifer Shook, dramaturg GUANTANAMO BAY, CUBA: Over 9,500 troops are stationed at Camp America, the main section of the base at “Gitmo.” Since the first president of Cuba, an American citizen, signed the lease in 1903, the U.S. has had “complete jurisdiction and control” over the territory, but Cuba retains sovereignty. In Rumsfeld’s words, it seemed the “least worst place” to detain suspected terrorists. In January 2002, the first 20 detainees were brought to Camp X-Ray, a set of makeshift cages originally constructed to house Haitian boat people and Cuban refugees. By the time the construction wing of Halliburton completed Camp Delta in April 2002, there were approximately 300 detainees. Former supervisor Major General Miller developed systems of incentives like a graduated housing system; in Delta’s Camp Four, cooperative detainees could sleep in communal dorms, play soccer, and wear white robes. A two-story complex modeled on an Indiana maximum-security prison is scheduled to open in June of 2006. In October 2003, after much internal debate, the Red Cross broke their silence to report “worrying deterioration” in the prisoners’ mental health. One in five was on anti-depressants. In June 2004, after repeated denials of “ERFing” (punishment by the “Extreme Reaction Force,” reported to include forced shaving, beating, flushing prisoners’ heads down toilets, pepper spray), news broke of a former military policeman and guard who suffered a brain injury while playing the role of a detainee in an “ERF” training session. The U.S.