The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics The University of Manchester’s School of Law Student Journal VOL. IV The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics is a student-led, peer-reviewed journal founded at the University of Manchester, School of Law. The journal exhibits the best academic work in law, criminology and ethics, on both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, publishing it annually. VOLUME IV OCTOBER 2015 The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics ©The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics, 2015 All rights reserved The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics and its editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed in this journal. No part of this journal may be reproduced in any form without the express consent of The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics or the University of Manchester, School of Law. All enquiries should be addressed to: Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics Williamson Building, School of Law University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL
[email protected] Typeset in Baskerville Old Face Printed in United Kingdom This year’s edition was generously funded by Jones Day. The entire editorial team are sincerely grateful for Jones Day’s support. This project would not have been possible without them. The Manchester Review of Law, Crime & Ethics Editor-in-Chief Amelia McGrath Editors Boglar Balazs Katherine Barnstead Sonam Cheema Matthew Gregson Lala Ireland Jerry Lin Matthew Lowry Elizabeth O’Loughlin Koryann Stevens Arvindh Rai Sacha Waxman Honorary Advisory Board Lesley Anderson QC Dr Nicholas Braslavsky HH Judge Nigel Bird Dinah Crystal OBE Paul Lowenstein QC Gerard McDermott QC Dr Margaret Mountford Harriet Territt Elizabeth Robertson Toby Seddon I Preface from Jones Day In preparing this forward, I have had the privilege of reading drafts of the papers forming this volume.