The Healing Power of Medicinal Mushrooms IMMUNE SUPPORT for CANCER, COLDS, and LIFELONG HEALTH

WELLNESS GUIDE | BREAST HEALTH

The Healing Power of Medicinal Mushrooms IMMUNE SUPPORT FOR CANCER, COLDS, AND LIFELONG HEALTH

By Isaac Eliaz, M.D., M.S., L.Ac. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 2

There are at least 270 species of mushrooms known to have various therapeutic properties. The practice of using mushrooms in Chinese herbal medicines has been recorded in early records of the Materia Medica. The earliest book on medicinal compounds in China, the Shen Noug’s Herbal (100-200AD), recorded the medicinal effects of several mushrooms, includingGanoderma lucidum, Wolfporia extensa, Tremella fuciformis and others.

Although mushrooms are still harvested in their natural habitats, our ability to cultivate many different mushroom species has improved greatly over the past few decades. As a result, large numbers of scientific studies on medicinal mushrooms over the past three decades, especially in Japan, China and Korea, have confirmed the traditional uses and also demonstrated new applications for health benefits.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS

While much attention in recent years has focused on various immunological and anti-cancer properties of certain mushrooms, they also offer other potentially important health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and cholesterol-lowering properties, liver protection, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-microbial properties. These properties have attracted the interest of many pharmaceutical companies, which are viewing the medicinal mushroom as a rich source of innovative biomedical molecules. Many polysaccharide-bound proteins produced by fungi (mushrooms are fungi) have been classified as anti-tumor chemicals by the US National Cancer Institute.

Medicinal mushrooms nourish your body at a fundamental level. In the 1980s, researchers at Harvard University have observed the immune-boosting properties of the cell wall polysaccharide component of medicinal mushrooms. A polysaccharide is a glucose (sugar) molecule. This specific type of long chain molecule with glucose side chains is called a beta-glucan. Beta- glucan molecules have a “lock and key” relationship with the surface receptors of important immune cells called macrophages. Macrophages literally engulf anything your body identifies as a harmful pathogen -- a virus, bacteria, and so on.

This linking-up process with the beta-glucan molecule stimulates macrophage activity, because the beta-glucan molecules latch onto the surface of macrophage cells and act as fuel. Continued research found other receptor sites on other immune cells, such as the natural killer cells, and neutrophils, which demonstrated that different shaped beta-glucan molecules produced different immune responses that dramatically improved immune responses to a number of medical conditions and diseases. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 3

YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Lymphocytes are white blood cells formed in the lymphoid tissue. They can destroy foreign particles or microbes and produce chemicals (cytokines) that act as messengers to stimulate or suppress other immune cells.

Macrophages engulf and digest abnormal cells (malignant or virus-infected) and foreign particles (antigens). They then move to lymph nodes to activate cells called T-cells.

T-Cells, also called T-lymphocytes, are involved in specific immune responses. There are many subtypes, including helper T-cells, suppressor T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells and delayed hypersensitivity T-cells.

Natural Killer Cells (NK) “explode” abnormal cells and foreign particles (antigens). The NK cells attach themselves to the surface of microbes or tumor cells and inject them with substances that cause a chemical reaction that make them explode.

Neutrophils are white blood cells that are similar to macrophages. They are the most abundant type of white blood cells and form an integral part of the immune system. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils leave your blood vessels and migrate toward the site of inflammation. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance.

Cytokines are a large class of glycoproteins (sugar proteins) that are used by your body as signals or messengers that communicate between cells, very much like hormones and neurotransmitters. While hormones are released from specific organs into the blood and neurotransmitters are released by nerves, cytokines are released by many types of cells. They play a central role in your immune system and can have effects on both nearby cells or throughout your body. Sometimes these effects are strongly dependent on the presence of other chemicals and cytokines, such as interferon, interleukin-2, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor.

MEDICINAL MUSHROOM VARIETIES

Below is a brief description of eleven popular medicinal mushroom varieties: Trametes versicolor (Coriolus ; Turkey Tails), Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Agaricus blazei (Himematsutake), Cordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar Mushroom), Polyporus umbellatus (Zhu Ling), Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Wolfiporia extensa (formerly Poria cocus; Fu ling), Tremella fuciformis (White Wood Ear), Auricularia auricular (Wood Ear), Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane).

TRAMETES VERSICOLOR (CORIOLUS; TURKEY TAILS)

Trametes versicolor (“multicolored mushroom”), formerly known known as Coriolus versicolor, is a mushroom readily found in woodlands in China and Europe and is the most commonly found polypore in the oak woods of the Pacific Coast in the U.S. It grows in clusters or tiers on fallen hardwood trees and branches, frequently in large colonies. As its name implies, it is often multi-colored, with contrasting concentric bands, variously DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 4

appearing in shades of white, gray, brown, black, blue or even red. It has a thin, velvety fruiting body, usually 2- 7 cm wide, fans out into wavy rosettes, giving rise to its popular name, Turkey Tails.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Coriolus is used as one of the primary anti-cancer agents in Japan, primarily in the proprietary form known as Krestin®. Coriolus also contains various sterols, including beta-sitosterol and ergosterol.

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer action: PSK has been shown to be effective against several cancers, including cervical cancer incombination with other therapeutic agents. It appears to enhance the effect of radiation therapy. Also, PSP significantly lessened the side effects of conventional medical protocols used in the treatment of cancers of the esophagus, stomach and lungs; and it significantly increased the rate of remission in esophageal cancers.

• Cardiovascular health: Lowered cholesterol was observed in animal studies.

• Immune enhancement: PSK increases interferon production and scavenges superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals. It has demonstrated anti-viral activity, and might even inhibit HIV infection.

• Miscellaneous uses: Improvement of symptoms and increased immunity has been reported in cases of recurrent genital herpes. In noncontrolled studies improvement has been reported in the symptoms of lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. It is useful for the treatment of infections or inflammation of the respiratory, urinary and digestive tracts, or for treating hepatitis B and other liver problems.

GANODERMA LUCIDUM (REISHI)

Ganoderma lucidum is a visually striking polypore with a hard woody texture and a shiny, varnished appearance. It primarily grows on oaks, plum trees and other hardwoods, and has a 2-20 cm semi-circular or kidney-shaped cap, variously colored white, yellow, blue, red, purple or black. Ganoderma species are found worldwide, though the Chinese and Japanese species have been studied the most extensively for their therapeutic value. It is somewhat rare in the wild, and so in recent years has been commercially cultivated, making it more widely available. In the West it is usually known by its Japanese name, reishi.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Ganoderma presents a wide variety of active components, including alkaloids, proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides (including Beta-D-glucans), ergosterol and other sterols, triterpenes, neucleotides (including adenosine), volatile oils, minerals, vitamins and lipids.

MEDICINAL USES

• Athletic performance: Enhances oxygenation of the blood, reducing and preventing altitude sickness in high altitude mountain climbers.

• Cardiovascular health: Lowers cholesterol levels and reduces blood and plasma viscosity, as demonstrated in a DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 5

controlled study of patients with high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

• Immune enhancement: Acts potently against sarcoma, stimulates macrophages and increases levels of tumor-necrosis factor (TNF-a) and interleukins.

• Immunopotentiation: Anti-HIV in in vitro and in vivo animal studies; protects against ionizing radiation.

• Liver health: Reduces liver enzyme levels (SGOT and SGPT) in hepatitis B patients.

• Respiratory health: Clinically improves 60-90 % of 3,000 patients with chronic bronchitis, especially older patients with bronchial asthma. Regenerates bronchial epithelium (bronchial tract lining).

• Miscellaneous uses: Demonstrates analgesic, anti-inflammatory, liver detoxification and other protective actions.

AGARICUS BLAZEI (HIMEMATSUTAKE)

Agaricus blazei is unusual among the medicinal mushrooms, in that it is not native to Asia. In fact, it was exported from Brazil by the Japanese to be commercially cultivated. It is a mushroom that thrives in warmer climates, grows directly out of the ground, and has the appearance of a classic mushroom, with a slightly pear-shaped stalk and domed, gilled cap.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Highest known levels of Beta-1,3-glucans, polysaccharides, and sterols (including ergosterol).

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer effects: Has demonstrated powerful anti-tumor activity in animal studies.

• Anti-microbial properties: Shown to have anti-bacterial effects, especially against Salmonella.

• Cardiovascular effects: Regulates cholesterol and blood sugar levels in animal studies.

• Immune enhancement: Shown to increase interferon and interleukin activity.

CORDYCEPS SINENSIS

Cordyceps sinensis also known as Caterpillar Mushroom or fungus, is found in high mountainous regions of China, and elsewhere in Asia. Its popular name derives from its peculiar mode of growth: it grows as a parasite on insect larvae and caterpillar cocoons, which it uses as a food source. It also grows on truffles, though commercially farmed Cordyceps are grown on a rice medium. Its finger-like fruiting body is generally 4-11 cm long. Cordyceps have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many conditions including fatigue, respiratory and kidney diseases, and cardiac dysfunction.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Several polysaccharides include CO-N, SN-C and CO-1, all of which have demonstrated anti-tumor activity. It also contains approximately 25% protein, as well as 8% fats (13% saturated and 82% unsaturated), adenosine and other nucleotides, vitamin B12, and cordycepic acid, an alternate structure of quinic acid.

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-aging: Functions as a restorative tonic, safe for use by the elderly. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 6

• Athletic enhancement: Improves athletic performance; three week supplementation period resulted in significant improvements in maximal oxygen consumption, with potential improvements in ventilatory threshold and time to exhaustion, suggesting benefits.

• Cholesterol regulation: Lowers LDL and increases HDL cholesterol; lowers triglycerides.

• Immune enhancement: Has immune regulating and stimulating properties; increases phagocyte, macrophage and NK cell function; enriches bone marrow; has demonstrated anti-tumor activity.

• Anti-aging: functions as a restorative tonic, safe for use by the elderly.

• Sexual enhancement: helps restore low libido.

CORDYCEPS SINENSIS (CATERPILLAR MUSHROOM)

Polyporus umbellatus, also known as Grifola umbellata, is a white-to-gray mushroom that grows in dense rosettes from a single stem. It is found in deciduous woodlands in China, Europe and Eastern and Central North America, growing from dead tree stumps or the roots of birches, maples, beeches and willows.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Ergosterol, soluble polysaccharide I (Gu-I), a-hydroxy-tetracosanoic acid, biotin, protein and various minerals (including potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron).

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer actions: Used in the treatment of lung and other cancers; has demonstrated pronounced anti-tumor activity in in vitro and in vivo animal studies; helps reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy.

• Immune enhancement: Stimulates and enhances the performance of the immune system, accelerates production of IgM, and strengthens the power of monocytes.

• Liver health: Can help alleviate symptoms of chronic hepatitis; was used as part of an herbal formula that cured 17 of 39 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and brought about significant improvement in 19 others.

• Miscellaneous uses: Has demonstrated antibiotic activity in vitro against staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, may help promote hair growth.

GRIFOLA FRONDOSA (MAITAKE)

Grifola frondosa (“leaf-like braided fungus”) is a polypore that grows in colonies of overlapping fan- or leaf- shaped caps, massed together at the base of deciduous trees (typically oak, elm, maple or beech) or on stumps, often in clusters weighing 5-10 pounds. The caps, or fruiting bodies, are 2-7 cm in diameter and range in color from gray to brown. In the west Grifola is commonly known by its Japanese name, maitake (“dancing mushroom”), as well as by the popular name, Hen of the Woods. It grows in temperate forests in parts of Europe and China, Northeastern Japan and the U.S. (mainly in the Northeast). DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 7

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Over 25% protein, various polysaccharides, including Beta-1, 3- and 1, 6-glucans, B-complex and other vitamins, high molecular weight polymers, nucleotides, unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, and sterols, such as ergosterol. One of its protein-bound polysaccharides, the D-fraction, is being extensively studied for its potent anti-tumor and immune-regulating effects.

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer actions: Has demonstrated anti-cancer effects in 63 patients with lung, stomach and liver cancers, as well as leukemia; has been shown to be protective against the harmful effects of chemotherapy; has inhibited breast cancer growth and metastasis in animal studies; and is the subject of ongoing human clinical trials with breast, prostate and colorectal cancer patients.

• Cardiovascular health: Reduced high blood pressure in animal studies.

• Immune enhancement: Stimulates macrophage, NK cell, T-cell and interleukin-1 activity; has demonstrated powerful anti-HIV activity in in vitro studies in both the U.S. and Japan, preventing up to 97% destruction of T-helper cells.

• Miscellaneous uses: Reduces blood sugar; protects the liver; helps with recovery from hepatitis B

WOLFIPORIA COCOS

Wolfiporia cocos, formerly known known as Poria cocos, is a tough tuberous fungus that grows underground from a sclerotium on the roots of conifers and hardwoods. It somewhat resembles a white sweet potato, and is widely used as a food, as well as a medicine, by native peoples across its geographical range, which spans Eastern Asia, parts of Australia, West Africa and the southeastern region of the U.S. A single poria has been known to weigh as much as 30 pounds, and it was used by Native Americans (who knew it as tuckahoe) to make a form of bread, known by the white settlers as Indian Bread.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Poria contains various polysaccharides, triterpenes, resins, ergosterol and other sterols, as well as choline, phospholipids, fatty acids (including lauric and caprylic acid) and several minerals (including potassium, calcium and iron).

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer actions: Has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth in animal studies.

• Immune enhancement: Pachyman, one of its polysaccharides, and poriatin, a triterpine extract, have been shown to increase macrophage activity in animal studies; also that poriatin may be helpful with autoimmune conditions.

• Liver health: An extract of poria is reported to have cured 11 patients, and produced significant improvement in 16 others, in a trial of 30 people with chronic viral hepatitis. The sclerotium is currently used in China to treat jaundice. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 8

TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS (WHITE WOOD EAR)

Tremella fuciformis (“trembling fungus”) is a translucent white jelly fungus that grows on deciduous trees (oak, maple, poplar, willow) in temperate climates worldwide. It has a shapeless, gelatinous fruiting body, usually 5-10 cm across, often with wavy ridges. In drier weather it dehydrates to the point of invisibility, only to swell up again when it rains. Although rather flavorless it is widely eaten in Asia.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Polysaccharides, glycoproteins, sterols (including ergosterol), fatty acids (lauric, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and others) and phospholipids (including phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine).

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer effects: Has demonstrated anti-tumor properties in animal and in vitro studies, stabilizes white blood cell levels in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, and stimulates white blood cell activity, and increased natural killer cell activity in animal studies.

• Cardiovascular effects: Lowered LDL-cholesterol in animal studies.

• Immune enhancement: Increases macrophage phagocytosis, has demonstrated enhanced resistance to bronchitis.

• Liver support: In a clinical trial a polysaccharides extract demonstrated a success rate of 56.3% for a group of patients with chronic active hepatitis and 76.9% for patients with chronic persistent hepatitis.

AURICULARIA AURICULAR

Auricularia (“wood ear”) is a type of jelly fungus that is found growing either on live trees or fallen logs in the dense deciduous and coniferous forests of southern China. The fruiting body is a broad cup, sometimes shaped like a human ear, approximately 10 cm in diameter. The surface is smooth and glossy, with a light brown coffee-like color. It is harvested in summer and fall.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Polysaccharides (mannan, glucuronic acid and methyl pentose), lecithin, cephalin, ergosterol, sphingomyelin.

MEDICINAL USES

• Antioxidant activity: Increases SOD activity in key organs such as the brain and liver, and inhibits MAO activity in the brain.

• Cardiovascular health: Has an anticoagulant effect, inhibiting blood platelet aggregation.

• Cholesterol levels: Promotes healthy levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipids.

• Digestive enhancement: Promotes the health of the cells that line the stomach, without interfering with gastric acid secretion and pepsin activity; has a protective effect on the pancreatic islet cells which secrete insulin.

• Immune enhancement: Stimulates DNA and RNA synthesis by human lymphocytes.

• Wound healing: Stimulates the healing of wound margins. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 9

LENTINUS EDODES

Lentinula edodes is a light amber gilled mushroom that grows on fallen broadleaf trees, such as beech, oak, chestnut and alder. It grows wild in such Asian countries as China and Japan, where it has been prized both for its culinary and medicinal properties for millennia. It has been cultivated for at least a thousand years, and is probably the first mushroom ever to be farmed. Lentinula is best known in the West by its Japanese name, shiitake.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

It is the source of two very well-studied extracts of proven pharmacological value: lentinan, a cell wall polysaccharide rich in Beta-glucans; and LEM (Lentinula Edodes Mycelium Extract), a protein-bound polysaccharide complex, over 25% proteins (dry weight), contains all the essential amino acids (lysine and arginine are especially plentiful), B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, ergosterol, minerals (including calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc), enzymes, carbohydrates and lipids.

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer effects: Lentinan, in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, has demonstrated an anti-tumor effect in human clinical trials, as well as an increase in survival time in patients with breast and gastric cancers.

• Anti-microbial effects: Lentinan has been shown to be protective against various bacteria, viruses (including influenza) and parasites. Lignin derivatives have also demonstrated activity in vitro against herpes simplex I and II, polio, measles and mumps.

• Cardiovascular health: Has been shown to decrease serum cholesterol levels, helps lower blood pressure.

• Immune enhancement: Has immunopotentiation properties, increasing the activity of peritoneal macrophages, NK cells, helper T cells, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1. LEM may be useful in the treatment of AIDS, as it inhibits the cytopathic effect of giant cell formation, and may interrupt the initial stages of HIV infection.

• Liver support: Has demonstrated liver protective action, both LEM and a polysaccharide fraction have been useful in treating hepatitis B.

• Miscellaneous uses: Lentinan successfully reversed drug-resistant tuberculosis in 3 patients.

HERICIUM ERINACEUS (LION’S MANE)

Hericium erinaceus (“spiny hedgehog”) is a snow-white, globe-shaped fungus composed of downward cascading, icicle-shaped spines. Its striking appearance gives rise to its various common names, Lion’s Mane, Monkey’s Head and Hedgehog Fungus. It grows up to 40 cm in diameter on dead or dying broadleaf trees — such as oak, walnut, maple and sycamore — and is found in China and Japan, as well as parts of Europe and North America. It is considered a gourmet mushroom, long popular with forest folk, with a flavor variously described as reminiscent of lobster or eggplant. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 10

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

16 amino acids (7 of which are essential), as well as various polysaccharides, including PHE (a polysaccharide), which are being researched for their immune-modulating and anti-tumor properties.

MEDICINAL USES

• Anti-cancer effects: Helps in the treatment of esophageal and gastric cancers, may extend the life-span of cancer patients.

• Digestive enhancement: Promotes proper digestion; effective against gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastritis.

• Immune enhancement: Protects the gastrointestinal tract against environmental toxins, inflammation and tumor formation, an extract was used as part of a protocol that helped increase T and B lymphocytes in mice.

• Miscellaneous uses: Enhances overall energy and vigor, stimulates nerve growth factor. DR. ELIAZ | WELLNESS GUIDE | MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS | 11

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ISAAC ELIAZ, MD, MS, LAc

Dr. Isaac Eliaz, a pioneer in the field of integrative medicine since the early 1980’s, is a respected author, lecturer, researcher, product formulator and clinical practitioner.

Dr. Eliaz is a frequent guest lecturer on integrative medical approaches to health, immune enhancement, and cancer prevention and treatment. He has also taught several courses on Tradi- tional Chinese Medicine for medical doctors and licensed acupuncturists. As an innovative formulator of dietary supplements, Dr. Eliaz developed and currently holds the patents for several of his unique herbal formulations. Many of these products are available through ecoNugenics, Inc. as well as from leading integrative medical professionals.

In order to substantiate nutritional approaches to health, Dr. Eliaz regularly participates in clinical studies and has been published in well-recognized, peer-reviewed journals. In addition, many of Dr. Eliaz’ formulations have been submitted for validation in inde- pendent human clinical studies whose results have been published in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. Eliaz continually studies, integrates and applies the best of health practices of both western medicine and complementary and alternative approaches. A native of Israel, Dr. Eliaz lived in the Far East and in Latin America before returning to study medicine at Tel Aviv University. While studying for his degree, Dr. Eliaz’ interest turned towards the role of alternative therapies in daily health. This led to his eventual research and personal experience with yoga, shiatsu, and acupuncture as therapeutic modalities.

After graduating medical school in 1986, Dr. Eliaz established a highly successful clinical practice in Tel Aviv, utilizing his training in both western and eastern medicine. While maintaining a clinical practice, Dr. Eliaz pursued graduate studies in clinical herbology at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and classical Chinese medicine with teachers in Israel and Europe.

In 1989 Dr. Eliaz moved to the San Francisco Bay area in order to continue his studies at the American College of Traditional Chi- nese Medicine, earning a Master of Science degree in 1991. During this time he also energetically sought-out leading practitioners of alternative medicine to broaden his knowledge and experience. Since 1991 Dr. Eliaz has maintained a busy private practice in northern California that focuses primarily on integrative, holistic protocols for cancer patients.

The guiding mission of Dr. Eliaz’ professional life is achieving the integration and synergy of multiple healing modalities from both ancient and modern paradigms into a holistic practice of medicine. It is the heart of his clinical practice, of his research, and a mission that he communicates with great passion and clarity.

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