The Magic of Medicinal Mushrooms
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Frans Vermeulen Kingdom Fungi
Frans Vermeulen Kingdom Fungi - Spectrum Materia Medica Volume 2 Leseprobe Kingdom Fungi - Spectrum Materia Medica Volume 2 von Frans Vermeulen Herausgeber: Emryss Publisher http://www.narayana-verlag.de/b3339 Im Narayana Webshop finden Sie alle deutschen und englischen Bücher zu Homöopathie, Alternativmedizin und gesunder Lebensweise. Das Kopieren der Leseproben ist nicht gestattet. Narayana Verlag GmbH, Blumenplatz 2, D-79400 Kandern Tel. +49 7626 9749 700 Email [email protected] http://www.narayana-verlag.de Contents Introduction xxix Fungi and fungal diseases xxix Fungal remedies xxx Keys xxxi Enigmatic species xxxi Believing is Seeing xxxiii Acknowledgements xxxiii Classification Kingdom Fungi xxxiv - xlvii Fungal taxonomy xlvii Biology of Fungi xlviii Differences with plants xlviii Expansion and penetration xlix Reproduction l Spores lii Metabolism lii Light liv Growing conditions lv Rapidity lv Fungal frigidity lv Constant activity to maintain intimate relationship with environment lvi Relationship to immediate environment – settling down lvii Strength and survival lix Flexibility lxi Colonizers lxiii Food and alcohol lxv Alcohol and urine lxvi Pharmaceuticals lxvii Nutritional value lxvii Fungophobia lxviii Fungophobal prose and poetry lxx Embodiment of bad properties lxxii Fungal lore lxxiii Fungophilia lxxv Mushrooms of immortality lxxvi Sacred mushrooms lxxvii India lxxvii Crossing bridges lxxviii Mediators lxxx Dangers of fungi lxxx Antidotes lxxxiii Nothing ventured, nothing gained lxxxiv Like a child lxxxv Mycotoxins -
How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011). -
Mycomedicine: a Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-Tumour Bioactivities
molecules Review Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities Rongchen Dai 1,†, Mengfan Liu 1,†, Wan Najbah Nik Nabil 1,2 , Zhichao Xi 1,* and Hongxi Xu 3,* 1 School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (W.N.N.N.) 2 Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Selangor 46200, Malaysia 3 Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.X.); [email protected] (H.X) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Mycomedicine is a unique class of natural medicine that has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years. Modern mycomedicine consists of fruiting bodies, spores, or other tissues of medicinal fungi, as well as bioactive components extracted from them, including polysaccha- rides and, triterpenoids, etc. Since the discovery of the famous fungal extract, penicillin, by Alexander Fleming in the late 19th century, researchers have realised the significant antibiotic and other medic- inal values of fungal extracts. As medicinal fungi and fungal metabolites can induce apoptosis or autophagy, enhance the immune response, and reduce metastatic potential, several types of mush- rooms, such as Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa, have been extensively investigated, and anti- cancer drugs have been developed from their extracts. Although some studies have highlighted the anti-cancer properties of a single, specific mushroom, only limited reviews have summarised diverse medicinal fungi as mycomedicine. In this review, we not only list the structures and functions of pharmaceutically active components isolated from mycomedicine, but also summarise the mecha- Citation: Dai, R.; Liu, M.; Nik Nabil, W.N.; Xi, Z.; Xu, H. -
Links Between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology Within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps Purpurea Species Complex
Toxins 2015, 7, 1431-1456; doi:10.3390/toxins7051431 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Links between Genetic Groups, Indole Alkaloid Profiles and Ecology within the Grass-Parasitic Claviceps purpurea Species Complex Mariell Negård 1,2, Silvio Uhlig 1,3, Håvard Kauserud 2, Tom Andersen 2, Klaus Høiland 2 and Trude Vrålstad 1,2,* 1 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.U.) 2 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (K.H.) 3 Department of the Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-2321-6247. Academic Editor: Christopher L. Schardl Received: 3 January 2015 / Accepted: 22 April 2015 / Published: 28 April 2015 Abstract: The grass parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia with toxic indole alkaloids. It constitutes several genetic groups with divergent habitat preferences that recently were delimited into separate proposed species. We aimed to 1) analyze genetic variation of C. purpurea sensu lato in Norway, 2) characterize the associated indole alkaloid profiles, and 3) explore relationships between genetics, alkaloid chemistry and ecology. Approximately 600 sclerotia from 14 different grass species were subjected to various analyses including DNA sequencing and HPLC-MS. -
The Response of Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) to Heavy Metals in Pure Culture
The Response of Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) to Heavy Metals in Pure Culture Yihui Ban1, Ming Tang2*, Hui Chen2, Zhouying Xu1, Haihan Zhang3, Yurong Yang2 1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 2 College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 3 School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shannxi, China Abstract Dark septate endophytes (DSE) occur widely in association with plants exposed to heavy metal stress. However, little is known about the response of DSE exposed to heavy metals. In this study, five DSE were isolated from the roots of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. seedlings growing on lead-zinc mine tailings in China. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses, the isolates were identified as Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, Phialophora mustea, Exophiala salmonis, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. G. cylindrosporus was selected to explore responses to Pb stress. Scanning electron microscopic observations of G. cylindrosporus grown on solid medium revealed curling of hyphae and formation of hyphal coils in response to Pb. In contrast, in liquid medium, hyphae became thick and swollen with an increase in Pb (II) concentration. We interpret that these changes are related to the variation in cell wall components. We also demonstrated that fungal melanin content increased with the addition of Pb(II). Melanin, as an important component in the cell wall, is known to be an essential antioxidant responsible for decreasing heavy metal toxicity. We also measured the total soluble protein content and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in G. cylindrosporus and found that they initially increased and then decreased with the increase of Pb(II) concentrations. -
Download Chapter
7 State of the World’s Fungi State of the World’s Fungi 2018 7. Country focus: China 方睿 (Rui Fang)a, Paul Kirka,b, 魏江春 (Jiang-Chun Wei)c, 李玉 (Yu Li)d, 蔡磊 (Lei Cai)b, 范黎 (Li Fan)e, 魏铁铮 (Tie-Zheng Wei)b, 赵瑞琳 (Rui-Lin Zhao)b, 王科 (Ke Wang)b, 杨祝良 (Zhu-Liang Yang)f, 李泰辉 (Tai-Hui Li)g, 李熠 (Yi Li)h, 普布多吉 (Phurbu-Dorji)i, 姚一建 (Yi-Jian Yao)b a Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; b Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; d Jilin Agricultural University, China; e Capital Normal University, China; f Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; g Guandong Institute of Microbiology, China; h College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, China; i Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, China 48 Positive interactions and insights Country focus: China What is the current status of knowledge of fungi in China? How many different Chinese fungal species are currently known, where are they distributed, which are most important economically, and how do they help combat the effects of desertification? stateoftheworldsfungi.org/2018/country-focus.html Country focus: China 49 THERE ARE 1,789 EDIBLE and 798 medicinal fungi reported from China 50 Positive interactions and insights century that Chinese authors started to publish their ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES research on fungi in China[4]. Since then, a large amount of THAT THE USE OF FUNGI BY HUMANS work has been carried out by Chinese mycologists, resulting in published studies on more than 6,700 species[5]. -
Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. a Review
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 10(3):209–217 (2008) Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. A Review Gastón Guzmán* Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico * Address all correspondence to Gastón Guzmán, Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico; [email protected] ABSTRACT: In this review, more than 70 species of medicinal mushrooms from Mexico, which can help treat over 40 illnesses or health problems, are discussed. Among the latter, anxiety and rejuvena- tion are considered, as well as traditional beliefs about the evil eye or hearing the voice of a specifi c person. This article is based on an extensive bibliographic review, as well as the inclusion of fi eld work done by the author during several years of study in Mexico. Schizophyllum commune, several species of Pleurotus and Ustilago maydis, as well as some lichens, are the most important medicinal fungi considered for the treatment of specifi c illnesses or health problems. Many medicinal mushrooms are also edible and are currently sold in the marketplace. Amanita muscaria is the only toxic mushroom used in traditional medicine, as well as some hallucinogenic species of the genus Psilocybe. KEY WORDS: medicinal mushrooms, relationships, traditions, distribution, ethnomycology, Mexico I. INTRODUCTION Guzmán12,13 published two works on this subject. Unfortunately, with the development of Different ethnic groups in Mexico have extensive modern civilization, Indian traditions are affected knowledge about the use of many species of fungi, by the introduction of foreign medicinal products including medicinal mushrooms. However, this and by progress in modern medicine, as well as by knowledge about medicinal fungi has been insuf- the development of agricultural and cattle practices, fi ciently documented. -
Claviceps.Identifica
A Laboratory Guide to the Identification of Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps africana in Grass and Sorghum Seed Samples sponsored by: The Mexican Seed Trade Association The American Seed Trade Association The Oregon Seed Trade Association Texas Seed Trade Association April 19, 1999 authors: Stephen Alderman, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Produc- tion Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 Debra Frederickson, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Gene Milbrath, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Oregon Department of Agriculture, 635 Capitol St. NE, Salem, OR 97301 Noe Montes, M. Sc., INIFAP Plant Physiologist, A. P. 172. Cd. Rio Bravo, Tam. Mexico. CP 88900. (Currently visiting research assistant at Texas A&M Expt. Stn., Corpus Christi) Jesus Narro-Sanchez, M.Sc., INIFAP Plant Pathologist, A.P. No. 112, Carr. Celaya-San Miguel de Allende km 6.5, Celaya, Guanajuato. CP 38000 Gary Odvody, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Texas A&M University, Route 2, Box 589, Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Corpus Christi, TX 78406 A complete copy of this manual is available at the Oregon Department of Agriculture website: http://www.oda.state.or.us Contents Introduction and overview to the genus Claviceps ................................................ 1 Life cycle ............................................................................................................... 2 Host range and distribution .................................................................................. -
CICABI 2018 1St International Congress of Food Science and Biotechnology Ambato, 25-29 June 2018
CICABI 2018 1st International Congress of Food Science and Biotechnology Ambato, 25-29 June 2018 Edited by C. Arteaga, C. Franco, J. Silva, D. Terán Special Issue CHIRIOTTI EDITORI This Special Issue of the Italian Journal of Food Science collects the presentations given at the “CICABI 2018. 1st International Congress of Food Science and Biotechnology” organized by the Engineer and Food Science Faculty (Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos) of the Technical University of Ambato (Universidad Técnica de Ambato), held at Ambato, Ecuador on June 25-29, 2018. These papers were reviewed by the Scientific Committee of CICABI 2018 before their presentation but they did not undergo the conventional reviewing system of the Italian Journal of Food Science. Chiriotti Editori srl- Pinerolo - Italy © Copyright 2018 ISSN 1120-1770 ITALIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE (RIVISTA ITALIANA DI SCIENZA DEGLI ALIMENTI) 2nd series Founded By Paolo Fantozzi under the aegis of the University of Perugia Official Journal of the Italian Society of Food Science and Technology Società Italiana di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari (S.I.S.T.Al) Initially supported in part by the Italian Research Council (CNR) - Rome - Italy Recognised as a “Journal of High Cultural Level” by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage - Rome - Italy Editor-in-Chief: Paolo Fantozzi - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università di Perugia Via S. Costanzo, I-06126 Perugia, Italy - Tel. +39 075 5857910 - Telefax +39 075 5857939-5857943 e-mail: [email protected] Co-Editors: -
Anew Drug Design Strategy in the Liht of Molecular Hybridization Concept
www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 12 December 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 “Drug Design strategy and chemical process maximization in the light of Molecular Hybridization Concept.” Subhasis Basu, Ph D Registration No: VB 1198 of 2018-2019. Department Of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University A Draft Thesis is submitted for the partial fulfilment of PhD in Chemistry Thesis/Degree proceeding. DECLARATION I Certify that a. The Work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by me under the guidance of my supervisor. b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma. c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the thesis. d. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute. e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary. IJCRT2012039 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 284 www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 12 December 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 f. Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources I have put them under quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving required details in the references. (Subhasis Basu) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This preface is to extend an appreciation to all those individuals who with their generous co- operation guided us in every aspect to make this design and drawing successful. -
2 the Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity
15 2 The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity Anabela Martins Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, School of Agriculture (IPB-ESA), Portugal 2.1 Origin and Diversity of Fungi Fungi are difficult to preserve and fossilize and due to the poor preservation of most fungal structures, it has been difficult to interpret the fossil record of fungi. Hyphae, the vegetative bodies of fungi, bear few distinctive morphological characteristicss, and organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algal groups, and oomycetes can easily be mistaken for them (Taylor & Taylor 1993). Fossils provide minimum ages for divergences and genetic lineages can be much older than even the oldest fossil representative found. According to Berbee and Taylor (2010), molecular clocks (conversion of molecular changes into geological time) calibrated by fossils are the only available tools to estimate timing of evolutionary events in fossil‐poor groups, such as fungi. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi from the division Glomeromycota, gen- erally accepted as the phylogenetic sister clade to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, have left the most ancient fossils in the Rhynie Chert of Aberdeenshire in the north of Scotland (400 million years old). The Glomeromycota and several other fungi have been found associated with the preserved tissues of early vascular plants (Taylor et al. 2004a). Fossil spores from these shallow marine sediments from the Ordovician that closely resemble Glomeromycota spores and finely branched hyphae arbuscules within plant cells were clearly preserved in cells of stems of a 400 Ma primitive land plant, Aglaophyton, from Rhynie chert 455–460 Ma in age (Redecker et al. 2000; Remy et al. 1994) and from roots from the Triassic (250–199 Ma) (Berbee & Taylor 2010; Stubblefield et al. -
Things Fungi” Festival August 24 & 25, 2018 Connor Forestry Center Kemp Natural Resources Station 9161 Kemp Road, Woodruff, WI
The “All Things Fungi” Festival August 24 & 25, 2018 Connor Forestry Center Kemp Natural Resources Station 9161 Kemp Road, Woodruff, WI Friday - August 24 6:30 pm An Introduction to Fungi & Mushrooms Dan Lindner, Research Plant Pathologist, USFS Fungi make up their own Kingdom, distinct from plants, animals and other microorganisms. Join us for a brief introduction to this fascinating Kingdom, including what fungi do in ecosystems and why they are important to humans. Basic features needed to identify fungi will also be covered, including edible and poisonous fungi. Common Mushrooms of Kemp Station Anne Small, Northstate Mycological Club Learn what species of mushrooms can be found at Kemp and the surrounding areas, including edibles, poisonous and other interesting fungi, including methods of identification and the roles that these fungi play in the forest. Saturday – August 25 9:00 am A Foray in the Kemp Forest Wander the forest at Kemp Station and collect mushrooms! Join with others on the hunt, or enjoy a solo hunt. Please bring your own collection vessel (i.e., basket) and knife. 10:30 am Foray Finds Dan Lindner and Anne Small will lead a discussion examining the morning’s foray finds. 12:15 pm Lunch A light lunch will be available to participants who reserve a “Free Lunch” ticket by Monday, August 20. Book Signing, Cora Mollen, author of “Fascinating Fungi of the North Woods” Bring your copy of Cora’s book to be signed! (Available on Amazon.com, search for “Fascinating Fungi of the North Woods, 2nd Edition”) 1:30 pm Cultivating Gourmet and Medicinal Fungi Lindsey Bender, Chief Mycologist, Field & Forest Fungi are nature’s decomposers – responsible for breaking down complex organic material no other organisms can.