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Intro to Sanskrit Packet Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Vowels – Writing Practice (Pronounce as you write) Gutturals (back of tongue touches of throat) a “uh” (but) Guttural ā “ahh” (calm) Guttural Palatals (flat part of tongue touches roof of mouth) i “ih” (sit) Palatal ī “ee” (beet) Palatal Labials (uses lips) u “u” (put) Labial ū “ooh” (pool) Labial Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Vowels (continued) Cerebral or Retroflex (*tip of tongue curls up) ṛ “rrh”* (rhythm) Retroflex or cerebral ṝ “rrrruh”* Retroflex or cerebral Dental (English sounding) Ḷ “lrr” Dental Palato-guttural e “ay” (tape) Palato-guttural ai “eye” (high) Palato-guttural Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Vowels (continued) Labio-gutturals o “oh” (toe) Labio-guttural au “ow” (loud) Labio-guttural (Not actually vowels, but adding dots in these places represent additions to letters) aṁ “ahm” Anusvara “m” follows vowel aḥ “aha” Visarga emission of breath “ha” More Practice: Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Consonants – Writing Practice (Pronounce as you write) Gutturals (back of tongue touches of throat) Ka “kuh” Guttural Kha “k-ha” Guttural Ga “guh” Guttural Gha “g-ha” Guttural Ṅa “n(g)a” Guttural Palatals (flat part of tongue touches roof of mouth) Ca “cha” Palatal Cha “ch-ha” Palatal Ja “juh” Palatal Jha “j-ha” Palatal Ña “nya” Palatal Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Cerebral or Retroflex (*tip of tongue curls up to roof of mouth) Ṭa “tuh”* Retroflex Ṭha “t-ha”* Retroflex Ḍa “duh”* Retroflex Ḍha “d-ha”* Retroflex Ṇa “nuh”* Retroflex Dentals (Tongue touches base of front teeth – closest to English) Ta “tuh” Dental Tha “t-ha” Dental Da “duh” Dental Dha “d-ha” Dental Na “nuh” Dental Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Labials (uses lips) Pa “puh” Labial Pha “p-ha” Labial Ba “buh” Labial Bha “b-ha” Labial Ma “muh” Labial More Practice: Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Other Letters – Writing Practice (Pronounce as you write) Semi-vowels Ya “yuh” Palatal Ra “ruh” Cerebral La “luh” Dental Va “vuh” Labial Sibilants (hissing sound) Śa “Sha” Dental Ṣ “Sho(t)”* Cerebral Sa “sa” Palatal Aspirant (breath) Ha “ha” Guttural Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com Words संकल Sankalpa: intention/dedication; San indicates a connection to our true nature, pure being, or oneness. Kalpa is a vow, dedication, intention, or a resolve. आसन Āsana: pose, seat, or connection to the earth पाणायाम Prāṇāyāma: regulation of life force energy; conscious breathing मती or साधुमती Matī or Sādhumatī: mati is intuition or natural intelligence; sadhu is a sage (sagely intelligence or intuition) अिहं सा Ahiṃsā: non-violence, non-harming; all-loving, compassionate सेव Seva: service to others धान Dhyana: meditation शािनः Śānti (Shānti): peace नमसे Namaste: honoring of spirit Sutras 1. PYS, Book 1, Sutra 2: योगिशतवृितिनरोधः yogaś citta vṛtti nirodhaḥ (yogash Chitta vritti nirodhaha) yogaś (yogash) – yoga / union / oneness citta (chitta) – mind-stuff / thoughts / consciousness vṛtti (vritti) – modifications / fluctuations / activity / wavering nirodhaḥ (nirodhaha) – restraint / control When the thoughts or contents of the mind are no longer fluctuating or wavering from equanimous thoughts, a state of yoga—which is union, a connection to one’s authentic self or true nature—is experienced. 2. PYS, Book 2, Sutra 46: िसरसुखमासनम् Sthira sukham āsanam. Sthira – steady or consistent, stable Sukham – happy or joyful, comfort Āsanam – seat, posture, connection to earth The seat or connection to the earth is to be steady and joyful. 3. PYS, Book 3, Sutra 24: मैतिदषु बलािन Maitryadishu balāni. maitri – friendliness, kindness adishu – and so on balani – power, strength Our source of strength comes from practicing kindness to others. 4. PYS, Book 1, Sutra 33: मैती करणा मुिदतोपेकाणां सुखदुःखपुणापुण िवषयाणां भावनातिशत पसादनम् Maitrī karuṇā mudita Upekśaṇaṃ sukha dukha puṇyāpuṇya viṣayāṇāṃ bhāvanātaśchitta prasādanam. maitrī – friendliness, kindness karuṇā – compassion muditia – delight upekśaṇaṃ – equanimity, disregard, disengagement sukha – happy dukha – unhappy apuṇya – virtuous apuṇya – unkind, wicked viṣayāṇāṃ – in the case of bhāvanātaś – by cultivating attitudes chitta – mind-stuff/thoughts prasādanam – undisturbed calmness When we cultivate attitudes of love and friendliness toward happy individuals, while also extending compassion and empathy toward unhappy individuals—those who suffer—our minds become calm and peaceful. We may simultaneously delight in others’ positive, virtuous actions, while disengaging from—or feeling a calm equanimity toward—those who exhibit unkind, angry, bitter, or resentful behavior. Mantras 1. Be Happy and Free Mantra लोकाः समसाः सुिखनो भवनु Lokāh samastāh sukhino bhavantu May all beings everywhere be happy and free from suffering. May my thoughts, words, and actions contribute to a state of unified existence. Lokāh: Location, realm; all universes or worlds in existence. Samastāh: All beings sharing that location Sukhino: Centered in happiness and joy or free from suffering. Bhav: The divine mood or a state of unified existence. Antu: May it be so. 2. Lead Us Mantra ॐ असतो मा सदमय । तमसो मा जोितगरमय । मृतोमार अमृतं गमय । Om asatomā sadgamaya. Lead us from the unreal to the real. Tamasomā jyotir gamaya. Lead us from darkness to light. Mṛtyormā amṛtaṃ gamaya. Lead us from fear to eternal peace (or lead us from the fear of death to the knowledge of immortality). sat/sad : ultimate truth asat: untrue, unreal tamas: darkness jyoti: light mṛtyormā: fear (of death) amṛtaṃ: knowledge (of immortality) gamaya: lead me 3. Peace Mantra सवे भवनु सुिखनः सवे सनु िनरामयाः सवे भदािण पशनु मा किशद् दुःखभाग् भवेत् Sarve bhavantu sukhinaḥ sarve santu nirāmayāḥ. May all be happy. May all be free from sickness. Sarve bhādranī pashyantu mā kaścid duhkha-bhāg bhavet. May all look to the good of others. May no one suffer from sorrow. Transliteration Cheat Sheet A quick chart to help find the pronunciation of transliteration that shares English letters “How do you pronounce the ‘s’ with the dot under it?” Dental Retroflex Palatal Guttural Labial (Tip of tongue at base of front teeth - most (tip of tongue curls up) (flat part of tongue touches roof (back of tongue touches English sounding) of mouth) throat) English Transliteration | Devanāgarī Transliteration | Transliteration | Devanāgarī Transliteration | Transliteration | Letter Devanāgarī Devanāgarī Devanāgarī s sa स ṣ ष ś श n na न ṇa ण ña ञ ṅ ङ t ta त ṭa ट th tha थ ṭha ठ d da द ḍa ड dh dha ध ḍha ढ a a अ, ā आ i i इ, ī ई u u उ, ū ऊ r ṛ ऋ, ṝ ॠ, ra र l la ल, ḷ ऌ, ḹ ॡ m ma म, ṃ dot above .
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