Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to

Vowels – Writing Practice (Pronounce as you write)

Gutturals (back of tongue touches of throat) a “uh” (but) Guttural ā “ahh” (calm)

Guttural

Palatals (flat part of tongue touches roof of mouth) i “ih” (sit) Palatal

ī “ee” (beet) Palatal

Labials (uses lips) u “u” (put) Labial

ū “ooh” (pool) Labial

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Vowels (continued)

Cerebral or Retroflex (*tip of tongue curls up) ṛ “rrh”* (rhythm) Retroflex or cerebral ṝ “rrrruh”* Retroflex or cerebral

Dental (English sounding) Ḷ “lrr” Dental

Palato-guttural e

“ay” (tape) Palato-guttural ai

“eye” (high) Palato-guttural

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Vowels (continued)

Labio-gutturals o

“oh” (toe) Labio-guttural au “ow” (loud) Labio-guttural

(Not actually vowels, but adding dots in these places represent additions to letters) aṁ “ahm” Anusvara “m” follows vowel aḥ “aha” Visarga emission of breath “” More Practice:

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Consonants – Writing Practice (Pronounce as you write)

Gutturals (back of tongue touches of throat)

Ka “kuh” Guttural

Kha “k-ha” Guttural “guh” Guttural

Gha “g-ha” Guttural

Ṅa “n(g)a” Guttural

Palatals (flat part of tongue touches roof of mouth) “cha” Palatal

Cha “ch-ha” Palatal

Ja “juh” Palatal

Jha “j-ha” Palatal

Ña “nya” Palatal Going Deeper with Dara: Intro to Sanskrit (Images from www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com and www.hitxp.com) www.livingandteachingyoga.com

Cerebral or Retroflex (*tip of tongue curls up to roof of mouth)

Ṭa “tuh”*

Retroflex

Ṭha “t-ha”* Retroflex

Ḍa “duh”* Retroflex

Ḍha “d-ha”* Retroflex

Ṇa “nuh”* Retroflex

Dentals (Tongue touches base of front teeth – closest to English) “tuh” Dental

Tha “t-ha” Dental

Da “duh” Dental

Dha “d-ha” Dental

Na “nuh” Dental

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Labials (uses lips) “puh” Labial

Pha “p-ha” Labial

Ba “buh” Labial

Bha “b-ha” Labial

Ma “muh” Labial

More Practice:

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Other Letters – Writing Practice (Pronounce as you write) Semi-vowels “yuh” Palatal

Ra “ruh” Cerebral

La “luh” Dental

Va “vuh” Labial

Sibilants (hissing sound) Śa “Sha” Dental Ṣ “Sho(t)”* Cerebral

Sa “” Palatal Aspirant (breath) Ha “ha” Guttural

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Words

संकल Sankalpa: intention/dedication; San indicates a connection to our true nature, pure being, or oneness. is a vow, dedication, intention, or a resolve.

आसन Āsana: pose, seat, or connection to the earth

पाणायाम Prāṇāyāma: regulation of life force energy; conscious breathing

मती or साधुमती Matī or Sādhumatī: mati is intuition or natural intelligence; sadhu is a sage (sagely intelligence or intuition)

अिहं सा Ahiṃsā: non-violence, non-harming; all-loving, compassionate

सेव Seva: service to others

धान Dhyana: meditation

शािनः Śānti (Shānti): peace

नमसे Namaste: honoring of spirit

Sutras

1. PYS, Book 1, 2: योगिशतवृितिनरोधः yogaś vṛtti nirodhaḥ (yogash chitta vritti nirodhaha)

yogaś (yogash) – yoga / union / oneness citta (chitta) – mind-stuff / thoughts / consciousness vṛtti (vritti) – modifications / fluctuations / activity / wavering nirodhaḥ (nirodhaha) – restraint / control

When the thoughts or contents of the mind are no longer fluctuating or wavering from equanimous thoughts, a state of yoga—which is union, a connection to one’s authentic self or true nature—is experienced.

2. PYS, Book 2, Sutra 46: िसरसुखमासनम् Sthira sukham āsanam.

Sthira – steady or consistent, stable Sukham – happy or joyful, comfort Āsanam – seat, posture, connection to earth

The seat or connection to the earth is to be steady and joyful.

3. PYS, Book 3, Sutra 24: मैतिदषु बलािन Maitryadishu balāni.

maitri – friendliness, kindness adishu – and so on balani – power, strength

Our source of strength comes from practicing kindness to others.

4. PYS, Book 1, Sutra 33:

मैती करणा मुिदतोपेकाणां सुखदुःखपुणापुण िवषयाणां भावनातिशत पसादनम् Maitrī karuṇā mudita Upekśaṇaṃ dukha puṇyāpuṇya viṣayāṇāṃ bhāvanātaśchitta prasādanam.

maitrī – friendliness, kindness karuṇā – muditia – delight upekśaṇaṃ – , disregard, disengagement sukha – happy dukha – unhappy apuṇya – virtuous apuṇya – unkind, wicked viṣayāṇāṃ – in the case of bhāvanātaś – by cultivating attitudes chitta – mind-stuff/thoughts prasādanam – undisturbed calmness

When we cultivate attitudes of love and friendliness toward happy individuals, while also extending compassion and empathy toward unhappy individuals—those who suffer—our minds become calm and peaceful. We may simultaneously delight in others’ positive, virtuous actions, while disengaging from—or feeling a calm equanimity toward—those who exhibit unkind, angry, bitter, or resentful behavior.

Mantras

1. Be Happy and Free

लोकाः समसाः सुिखनो भवनु Lokāh samastāh sukhino bhavantu

May all beings everywhere be happy and free from suffering. May my thoughts, words, and actions contribute to a state of unified existence.

Lokāh: Location, realm; all universes or worlds in existence. Samastāh: All beings sharing that location Sukhino: Centered in happiness and or free from suffering. Bhav: The divine mood or a state of unified existence. Antu: May it be so.

2. Lead Us Mantra ॐ असतो मा सदमय । तमसो मा जोितगरमय । मृतोमार अमृतं गमय ।

Om asatomā sadgamaya. Lead us from the unreal to the real. Tamasomā jyotir gamaya. Lead us from darkness to light. Mṛtyormā amṛtaṃ gamaya. Lead us from fear to eternal peace (or lead us from the fear of death to the knowledge of immortality).

sat/sad : ultimate truth asat: untrue, unreal tamas: darkness jyoti: light mṛtyormā: fear (of death) amṛtaṃ: knowledge (of immortality) gamaya: lead me

3. Peace Mantra

सवे भवनु सुिखनः सवे सनु िनरामयाः सवे भदािण पशनु मा किशद् दुःखभाग् भवेत्

Sarve bhavantu sukhinaḥ sarve santu nirāmayāḥ. May all be happy. May all be free from sickness.

Sarve bhādranī pashyantu mā kaścid duhkha-bhāg bhavet. May all look to the good of others. May no one suffer from sorrow.

Transliteration Cheat Sheet A quick chart to help find the pronunciation of transliteration that shares English letters “How do you pronounce the ‘s’ with the dot under it?”

Dental Retroflex Palatal Guttural Labial (Tip of tongue at base of front teeth - most (tip of tongue curls up) (flat part of tongue touches roof (back of tongue touches English sounding) of mouth) throat)

English Transliteration | Devanāgarī Transliteration | Transliteration | Devanāgarī Transliteration | Transliteration | Letter Devanāgarī Devanāgarī Devanāgarī

s sa स ṣ ष ś श

n न ṇa ण ña ञ ṅ ङ

t ta त ṭa ट

th थ ṭha ठ

d द ḍa ड

dh ध ḍha ढ

a a अ, ā आ

i i इ, ī ई

u u उ, ū ऊ

r ṛ ऋ, ṝ ॠ, र

l ल, ḷ ऌ, ḹ ॡ

m म, ṃ dot above