BIOL 2002C 1st Edition

Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures 4 - 8 Chapter 19 Name the components of blood and their percentages: Plasma (55%), Formed Elements (45%) Name the components of Plasma and their percentages Water (91%), Proteins (7%), other solutes (2%) What are the 3 major plasma proteins in order of most to least common? Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen What are the 3 kinds of formed elements and the normal values for them? Erythrocytes (4-6 million), Leukocytes (5-10 thousand), Thrombocytes (250-400 thousand) Define the following: oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin: Oxyhemoglobin: the iron in each heme binds reversibly with 1 oxygen Deoxyhemoglobin: no oxygen is bound Carbaminohemoglobin: blood Carbon Dioxide combines with the amino acids of globin, it occurs more readily in deoxyhemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin: occurs with carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin What is the process for hemoglobin breakdown: Iron (Fe) part of heme  put into protein-iron complexes & stored in the liver and spleen  transported by protein transferrin & returned to the bone marrow for reuse Heme  broken down to bilirubin  bound to albumin and transported in blood to liver  then becomes part of bile and is excreted by the liver into small intestine  bacteria in intestines metabolize bilirubin and resulting pigments give feces their brown color & urine its yellow color Globin  is broken down into amino acids Define these RBC abnormalities: Polycythemia: too many RBC, blood is more viscous Anemia: Iron-deficiency: iron deficient or folate deficiency

Pernicious: Vitamin B12 deficient (common in the elderly) Aplastic: destruction/inhibition of hemopoietic parts of red bone marrow Sickle-cell disease: recessive, carrying both genes, has the disease Sickle-cell trait: heterozygous for the trait, carries the trait Thalassemia: deficient globin chain What are the 5 types of WBC’s and which are classified as Granulocytes and Agranulocytes: Granulocytes: Neutrophils: purple granules, contain lysosomes which rupture bacteria Eosinophils: bi-lobed, red granules, important in allergies & parasitic worms, IgE antibody Basophils: blue-black granules, bi-lobed nucleus, similar to mast cells, release histamine and heparin which work with the inflammatory response Agranuloytes: Lymphocytes: smallest, mostly found in lymphatic tissues, 2 types (t-cells which kill abnormal cell growth i.e. cancer, and b-cells which produce antibodies), these help with viral immunity Monocytes: largest, macrophages in tissue, phagocytize, important in chronic disease Explain the 3 processes that can lead to Hemostasis: a. Vascular spasm caused by: • vascular smooth muscle injury (nervous system reflex) • chemicals released by capillary endothelial cells (endothelin) and platelets (thromboxanes)

b. Platelet plug formation [Fig. 19.9] occurs due to tissue damage to __collagen_____ fibers which attracts __platelets______.

 Platelets then secrete __seratonin____(enhances vascular spasm), __ADP____ (attracts more platelets), and __thromboxane______(does both). ___Positive_____ feedback.  Platelet ___adhesion___ occurs when ___von Willebrand factor______connects collagen and platelets.  Fibrinogen connects platelets together c. Coagulation • Phase I: Prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)is made through intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. • Phase II: Prothrombin is activated to Thrombin by prothrombin activator. • Phase III: Thrombin and Ca+2 activate (polymerize) Fibrinogen to Fibrin. Define the following : Thrombus : clot in an unbroken blood vessel Embolus : clot which breaks off from blood vessel wall and travels in the bloodstream What is the Universal Donor? O, because no antigens of the RBC’s AB, because no antibodies in the serum How could hemolytic disease of the newborn occur? The mother is Rh- and the father is + and their child is born + What is a Minor and Major Cross Match? Major: Donor’s RBC’s and Recipient’s serum Minor: Donor’s serum and Recipients RBC’s Chapter 20: What is the route of blood through the heart?