CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Introduction to the Metal-Rap Music Genre According to the researcher understanding, there are lots of things in this world that become parts of art; painting, play, sculpture, film. Music is also an art which contains a sound that produced by one or more instruments. Based on Gilbert and Pearson (1999, p. 39), music can be said as possessing or producing meanings, and on another hand, as well as having meanings, music can also be said as producing affects which cannot be explained in terms of meaning. However, Berger briefly stated that music is integral to the attitude, a sound you have to give everything up to it, thumping beat that makes your head bang back and forth beyond your control (pp. 9-10). There are many kinds of music genres, either basic or fusion, as mentioned before in the on the introduction in chapter I such as pop, rock, jazz, metal-rap, pop- rock, house and techno. Each of them has different characteristics one to another. According to Gilbert and Pearson (1999, p. 38), pop music traditionally consists of songs with a strong emphasis on the importance of melody combined with romantic lyrics. While techno and house, mostly, have no lyrics and the beat has become their all importance. This statement leads the analysis to explore deeper about the metal-rap music. 5 6 The metal-rap sometimes called rap core, or hip-rock, or gangsta thrash. Berger said that this is music made by, for, and about the young, angry, and imaginative people who are equal in society, no matter what race or color as well as gender or religion, and have a main purpose to change their life. (p. 10). From the explanations above, we can know that the metal-rap music is a reflection of the angry young people who do not like some situations and want to make some breakthrough in their life as well as their ways walking on it. On the other hand, there are some bad images that stick to the people who like the metal-rap music. The fans are considered as brutal and violent people, and the singers are blamed for it. Not only for the male fans, but also the women get the negative impacts by liking this music. “If there are any nice girls who are metal-rap fans, we don’t want to hear about it, really bad and super naughty” (Berger, p. 97). 2.2. Introduction to Limp Bizkit, Korn, and Eminem Limp Bizkit was formed in 1994 and has five members in it, Fred Durst as the vocalist, Sam Rivers as the bassist, John Otto in drums, Wes Borland as the guitarist, and completed by DJ Lethal (Bush : www.artisdirect.com). Korn is one of the metal-rap bands which consists five members in it, James “Munky” Shaffer and Brian “Head” Welch as guitarists, Reginald “Fieldy Snutz” Arvizu as the bassist, the drummer David Silveria, and Jonathan Davis as the vocalist and this band is formed in 1993 (Ankeny and Torreano : www.artisdirect.com). Stan is one of the songs written and sung by Eminem, a singer who emerged in 1999 known as the most controversial rapper ever (Ankeny and Torreano : www.artistdirect.com). 7 2.3. Stylistics Stylistics is a study of varieties of language that approach to criticize a literary text using the methods and findings of linguistics, which linguistics itself refers to the identification of linguistic features of a literary work, such as the grammatical structure of its sentences (Barry, 1995, p. 202). Stylistics is the study of style in spoken and written texts, and style means types of items and structures offered by the language as a whole (Malmkjær, 1991, p. 438). Stylistics focuses on what is going on with the language, what the linguistic associations are the style of language reveals. Stylistic properties are not only contexts of language in literature field, but also in other fields like advertising, religion, individual authors, politics, etc. Just like what Malmkjær (1991) said that any text is open to stylistic analysis (p. 439). Stylistics provides an objective and scientific comments based on the concrete data and applied in a systematic way. Stylistic sees the importance of connections between literary language and everyday language (Barry, 1995, p. 207). Stylistics demands a much more detailed of the language of texts (Coyle and friends, 1990, p. 1085). So that is why the stylistics also include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, figurative languages, the use of grammar, the active or passive voice, the distribution of sentence or word lengths, and the use of particular language registers. 8 2.3.1. Use of Grammar and Distribution of Word Length 2.3.1.1. Basic Grammar Terminology Basic grammar terminology contains of subject, verb, and object. For the analysis of the song lyrics, the researcher focuses on the use of subject based on the grammatical function. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Sixth Edition (p. 1348), subject is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun representing the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, or in the passive sentence, that is affected by the action of the verb. The research is concentrated in discussing about the grammatical subject function of personal pronouns like I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them. Personal pronouns refer to specific individual, frequently used in writing and speaking, also can be singular or plural. They can be classified by gender (female: she, her, hers, and male: he, him, his) and function or case (subjective, possessive, and objective) (Yarber and Yarber, 1993, p. 56). Moreover, the personal pronouns that will be descript are you, your, and yours. 2.3.1.1.1. You, Your, and Yours According to Greenbaum (1991), you, your, and yours refer to the second person (pp. 85 and 87). Chalker (1990) said that you had functions as subject and object which can both appear in singular or plural form, though it must be followed by a plural verb. You could correctly be used after verbs of the senses, also the form you + noun (singular or plural) could be used in short sounds, and you with the plural meaning could be followed by a noun, a number, all, or both (p. 436). 9 In other words, you is classified as a subjective personal pronoun, while your and yours are classified as the possessive pronouns which are used to show ownership or possession one person or thing by another (Yarber and Yarber, 1993, p. 63). Based on Greenbaum (1991), there are two kinds of possessive determiners, a possessive determiner that is dependent on a noun (your) and one stands independently (yours) (pp. 86-87). The word your is formally and correctly used rather than you before some -ing patterns. It is sometimes used to show that the speaker/writer is talking about some typical example or member of a group (Chalker, 1990, p. 437) For further explanation, you can often be used before -ing structures instead of your, but it is more informal. 2.3.1.2. Gerunds Gerund, like verb, is traditionally applied either single words or phrases containing one or more auxiliaries and sometimes can also be called -ing-clause (Huddleston, 1984, p. 313). A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun and comparing to the uses of the -ing form of verb, a gerund is used in the same ways as a noun, subject or object (Azar, 1989, p. 150). Still according to Azar (1989, p. 150), a gerund can be used as the subject of the sentence, as the object of the verb, and used as the object of the preposition. Moreover, Jackson (1990) adds that the -ing-clause or gerund also has a function as an object of a sentence (p. 194). And the Azar (1989) also said that a gerund can be modified by using a possessive. For the formal English form to modify a gerund, a possessive pronoun and a possessive noun can be used (p. 182). Just like what Jackson (1989) mentions that the 10 gerunds which are modified by possessive pronoun and possessive noun are also called having a prepositional compliment function. (1990, p. 194) But usually we can find a gerund that is modified by an object pronoun which makes a sentence become the informal English form (p. 182). In addition, a gerund or -ing-clause also has two more functions, to modify a noun and as the object compliment of a sentence (Jackson, 1990, pp. 194-195). 2.3.1.3. Verb Tenses The verb tenses discussed in this analysis are the progressive tenses or called the continuous tenses that consist of present progressive, past progressive, and future progressive. The progressive tenses imply that the situation continued or will continue beyond the time which is presented as being in progress (Huddleston, 1984, p. 153). 2.3.1.3.1. Present Progressive and Present Progressive with always According to Azar (1989, p. 11), present progressive tense has a formula Subject + be (am, is, are) + verb -ing + Object and has several meanings. First, it expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking, for example they are talking on the phone right now. Second, it shows something generally in progress this wee, this month, or this year, for example Terry is working part time this month. And it also shows a temporary habit, for example you are drinking milk in the morning. Present progressive with always has a formula Subject + be (am, is, are) + always + verb -ing + Object and has a function to express annoyance or anger, for example I am always picking up Mary’s dirt socks! (Azar, 1989, p.