CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Introduction to the Metal-Rap Music Genre

According to the researcher understanding, there are lots of things in this world that become parts of art; painting, play, sculpture, film. Music is also an art which contains a sound that produced by one or more instruments.

Based on Gilbert and Pearson (1999, p. 39), music can be said as possessing or producing meanings, and on another hand, as well as having meanings, music can also be said as producing affects which cannot be explained in terms of meaning. However,

Berger briefly stated that music is integral to the attitude, a sound you have to give everything up to it, thumping beat that makes your head bang back and forth beyond your control (pp. 9-10).

There are many kinds of music genres, either basic or fusion, as mentioned before in the on the introduction in chapter I such as pop, rock, jazz, metal-rap, pop- rock, house and techno. Each of them has different characteristics one to another.

According to Gilbert and Pearson (1999, p. 38), pop music traditionally consists of songs with a strong emphasis on the importance of melody combined with romantic lyrics. While techno and house, mostly, have no lyrics and the beat has become their all importance. This statement leads the analysis to explore deeper about the metal-rap music.

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The metal-rap sometimes called rap core, or hip-rock, or gangsta thrash. Berger said that this is music made by, for, and about the young, angry, and imaginative people who are equal in society, no matter what race or color as well as gender or religion, and have a main purpose to change their life. (p. 10).

From the explanations above, we can know that the metal-rap music is a reflection of the angry young people who do not like some situations and want to make some breakthrough in their life as well as their ways walking on it.

On the other hand, there are some bad images that stick to the people who like the metal-rap music. The fans are considered as brutal and violent people, and the singers are blamed for it. Not only for the male fans, but also the women get the negative impacts by liking this music. “If there are any nice girls who are metal-rap fans, we don’t want to hear about it, really bad and super naughty” (Berger, p. 97).

2.2. Introduction to , Korn, and Eminem

Limp Bizkit was formed in 1994 and has five members in it, as the vocalist, as the bassist, John Otto in drums, as the guitarist, and completed by DJ Lethal (Bush : www.artisdirect.com).

Korn is one of the metal-rap bands which consists five members in it, James

“Munky” Shaffer and Brian “Head” Welch as guitarists, Reginald “Fieldy Snutz”

Arvizu as the bassist, the drummer David Silveria, and Jonathan Davis as the vocalist and this band is formed in 1993 (Ankeny and Torreano : www.artisdirect.com).

Stan is one of the songs written and sung by Eminem, a singer who emerged in

1999 known as the most controversial rapper ever (Ankeny and Torreano : www.artistdirect.com).

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2.3. Stylistics

Stylistics is a study of varieties of language that approach to criticize a literary text using the methods and findings of linguistics, which linguistics itself refers to the identification of linguistic features of a literary work, such as the grammatical structure of its sentences (Barry, 1995, p. 202).

Stylistics is the study of style in spoken and written texts, and style means types of items and structures offered by the language as a whole (Malmkjær, 1991, p. 438).

Stylistics focuses on what is going on with the language, what the linguistic associations are the style of language reveals. Stylistic properties are not only contexts of language in literature field, but also in other fields like advertising, religion, individual authors, politics, etc. Just like what Malmkjær (1991) said that any text is open to stylistic analysis (p. 439).

Stylistics provides an objective and scientific comments based on the concrete data and applied in a systematic way. Stylistic sees the importance of connections between literary language and everyday language (Barry, 1995, p. 207).

Stylistics demands a much more detailed of the language of texts (Coyle and friends, 1990, p. 1085). So that is why the stylistics also include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, figurative languages, the use of grammar, the active or passive voice, the distribution of sentence or word lengths, and the use of particular language registers.

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2.3.1. Use of Grammar and Distribution of Word Length

2.3.1.1. Basic Grammar Terminology

Basic grammar terminology contains of subject, verb, and object. For the analysis of the song lyrics, the researcher focuses on the use of subject based on the grammatical function. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Sixth

Edition (p. 1348), subject is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun representing the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, or in the passive sentence, that is affected by the action of the verb.

The research is concentrated in discussing about the grammatical subject function of personal pronouns like I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.

Personal pronouns refer to specific individual, frequently used in writing and speaking, also can be singular or plural. They can be classified by gender (female: she, her, hers, and male: he, him, his) and function or case (subjective, possessive, and objective)

(Yarber and Yarber, 1993, p. 56). Moreover, the personal pronouns that will be descript are you, your, and yours.

2.3.1.1.1. You, Your, and Yours

According to Greenbaum (1991), you, your, and yours refer to the second person

(pp. 85 and 87). Chalker (1990) said that you had functions as subject and object which can both appear in singular or plural form, though it must be followed by a plural verb.

You could correctly be used after verbs of the senses, also the form you + noun (singular or plural) could be used in short sounds, and you with the plural meaning could be followed by a noun, a number, all, or both (p. 436). 9

In other words, you is classified as a subjective personal pronoun, while your and yours are classified as the possessive pronouns which are used to show ownership or possession one person or thing by another (Yarber and Yarber, 1993, p. 63).

Based on Greenbaum (1991), there are two kinds of possessive determiners, a possessive determiner that is dependent on a noun (your) and one stands independently

(yours) (pp. 86-87).

The word your is formally and correctly used rather than you before some -ing patterns. It is sometimes used to show that the speaker/writer is talking about some typical example or member of a group (Chalker, 1990, p. 437)

For further explanation, you can often be used before -ing structures instead of your, but it is more informal.

2.3.1.2. Gerunds

Gerund, like verb, is traditionally applied either single words or phrases containing one or more auxiliaries and sometimes can also be called -ing-clause

(Huddleston, 1984, p. 313). A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun and comparing to the uses of the -ing form of verb, a gerund is used in the same ways as a noun, subject or object (Azar, 1989, p. 150).

Still according to Azar (1989, p. 150), a gerund can be used as the subject of the sentence, as the object of the verb, and used as the object of the preposition. Moreover,

Jackson (1990) adds that the -ing-clause or gerund also has a function as an object of a sentence (p. 194).

And the Azar (1989) also said that a gerund can be modified by using a possessive. For the formal English form to modify a gerund, a possessive pronoun and a possessive noun can be used (p. 182). Just like what Jackson (1989) mentions that the 10 gerunds which are modified by possessive pronoun and possessive noun are also called having a prepositional compliment function. (1990, p. 194) But usually we can find a gerund that is modified by an object pronoun which makes a sentence become the informal English form (p. 182).

In addition, a gerund or -ing-clause also has two more functions, to modify a noun and as the object compliment of a sentence (Jackson, 1990, pp. 194-195).

2.3.1.3. Verb Tenses

The verb tenses discussed in this analysis are the progressive tenses or called the continuous tenses that consist of present progressive, past progressive, and future progressive.

The progressive tenses imply that the situation continued or will continue beyond the time which is presented as being in progress (Huddleston, 1984, p. 153).

2.3.1.3.1. Present Progressive and Present Progressive with always

According to Azar (1989, p. 11), present progressive tense has a formula Subject

+ be (am, is, are) + verb -ing + Object and has several meanings. First, it expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking, for example they are talking on the phone right now. Second, it shows something generally in progress this wee, this month, or this year, for example Terry is working part time this month. And it also shows a temporary habit, for example you are drinking milk in the morning.

Present progressive with always has a formula Subject + be (am, is, are) + always + verb -ing + Object and has a function to express annoyance or anger, for example I am always picking up Mary’s dirt socks! (Azar, 1989, p. 16).

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2.3.1.3.2. Past Progressive

Based on Azar (1989, p. 24), past progressive has a formula Subject + be (was, were) + verb -ing + Object and it has a function, if there are two actions used in the past, past progressive shows an action that happens earlier and still in progress, for example

Garry came to my house when I was baking a cake. More over, Jackson (1990) also adds that past progressive has two functions. First, it shows an event that looks forward in the past time from a past point of orientation, fro example it happened in March, Rod was going to kill all his family. Second, it is used in narratives for description scene setting, for example the sun was rising over the hills (p. 93).

2.3.1.3.3. Future Progressive

Future progressive has a formula Subject + will/be going to + be + verb -ing +

Object and has a function to express an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future, for example at two o’clock tomorrow, I will be waiting in front of the Ranch

Market (Azar, 1989, p. 51).

2.3.1.4. Distribution of Word/Sentence Length

In lots of song lyrics, especially the metal-rap songs, there are usually many words written not in the original form. Most of them are having the ‘devaluation’. They are cut so they can fit to the rhythm of the songs. This devaluation is used in a speech or informal writing and spoken English form.

For example, He is going to finish hi s work tomorrow, in speech, going to is often pronounced gonna (Azar, 1989, p. 44).

Moreover, McConochie and Osman (1979) say that in writing a song someone can use some informal contractions like gotta (have got to) or gonna (am going to) (p.

35). 12

Another example, I’m havin’ a lunch now, is a present progressive sentence. But the formula of present progressive is Subject + be (am, is, are) + verb -ing + Object, which has already mentioned before. To become a verb -ing, the word havin’ should be added ‘g’, so it is written I’m having a lunch now.

And there are also some personal pronoun words that being cut in the metal-rap song lyrics. For examples, I like what ya do with my car and We see em crying. Both ya and em are the exchangeable forms of the words you and them. So those sentences are written I like what you do with my car and We see them crying.

2.3.2. Choice of Words

This part discusses about the extreme choice of words, the words which are generally considered highly inappropriate and unsuitable for use on the public. These words usually called the dirty or filthy words. The words that will be explained are fuck, bullshit, shit, bitch and ass.

The words are also commonly known as ‘slang’, the very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people (Oxford Dictionary Sixth Edition, p. 1258).

Moreover, in the lyrics, we will also find the words phat, damn and diss. The explanations about those words are written bellow.

2.3.2.1. Fuck

Perhaps one of the most interesting and colorful words in English language is fuck. It is the one magical word which just by its sound can describe pain, pleasure, love, and hate. Fuck itself can be used as a verb or adverb, an exclamation and a noun. But it also can be modified by prepositions and give the word fuck a new function as an adjective. 13

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Sixth edition (p. 545), fuck, as a verb or adverb, means to have sex with somebody and to express anger, disgust or surprise. Moreover, Green (1998) says that the word fuck as a verb can be meant to cheat, to betray, to deceive to stop, abandon or give up, and also to trifle with, to blunder, to make a mess, to interfere, to use or exploit for one’s benefit (p. 454).

Fuck as a noun, based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Sixth edition

(p. 545), means an act of sex and an emphasis to show that you are angry, annoyed or surprised. Green (1998) adds some more meanings from the word fuck as a verb, there are a despicable person usually with qualifying adjective, a description of something obscene or pornographic, and anything at all in a negative way (p. 453).

And the word fuck as an exclamation can be meant as an exclamation or expression of anger, surprise, disbelief, dismay, resignation especially in combs, and dismissal or rejection (Green, 1998, p. 454).

In addition, sometimes the word fuck is accompanied by a preposition which makes it turns into an adjective. Based on the lyrics, we will find that the word fuck is modified by the preposition up, so the words fucked up means distressed, unhappy, ruined, wounded, miserable, or exhausted. Moreover, in the lyrics will be founded the word fuck + verb -ing that also has a function as an adjective which written fucking and has a meaning excellent, superb, or the best (Green, 1998, pp. 454-455).

Patridge (1984) adds that the words fucked up can also be replaced by the words fed up, and fucking as an adjective also means a qualification of extreme contumely (p.

433).

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2.3.2.2. Bullshit

Bullshit is one of slang words that often used by people in public conversations.

This word has functions as a noun, a verb, and an exclamation that all the functions have similar meanings which are something rubbish, nonsense, or lies (Green, 1998, p. 166).

Just like what Patridge (1984) says, bullshit is clearly stated as an empty talk (p.

152).

2.3.2.3. Shit

The other word that is considered to be vulgar and extreme to be used in a public is shit. This word falls into many grammatical categories, such as being a noun, verb, adjective and exclamation.

As a noun, shit means something’s or someone’s dirt, criticism or unfair treatment, an unpleasant person, and something nonsense – this also the same meaning with bullshit. Shit as a verb means to empty the bowels and to be very frightened. Its usage as an adjective means very bad. And also as an exclamation, it means a swear word that many people find offensive (Oxford Dictionary Sixth Edition, p. 1230).

The clearer meanings of shit are described by Green. According to Green (1998, p. 1061), shit as a noun means any inferior, rubbishy, shoddy or pretentious thing, one’s possessions, one’s actions, one’s life, the best, the ideal, the ultimate things or people, and a general abstract term, a thing, a situation, an opinion or idea, the precise meaning varies as to the context. Shit as an adjective applied to any thing or person considered bad, unpleasant, an inferior. As a verb, shit can also be meant to tell lies, to deceive, or to exaggerate. And last, shit is also an exclamation of fury, irritation, and disappointment.

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We will also find in the lyrics the word shitty which has a function as an adjective. It means unpleasant, disgusting, tedious, or futile (Green, 1998, p. 1063).

Patridge (1984) adds that shitty as an adjective also means shabby or very resentful (p.

1055).

2.3.2.4. Bitch

The word bitch is commonly used by a man or a male. According to Green

(1998), bitch has two functions, it could be as a noun and a verb. Bitch as a noun means term for a woman usually judged an unpleasant one, or a person, neither necessarily negative nor aimed solely at women, nor used solely by men. This word is considered to be more provoked than a whore or a prostitute (pp. 94-95).

In other words, bitch as a noun can be translated to be a lewd woman. There is a statement proofs that bitch is more provoked that a whore or prostitute says ‘I may be a whore but I can’t be a bitch’ (Patridge, 1984, p. 84).

2.3.2.5. Ass

Green (1998) says that ass is one of the slang words that can be uses for all terms

(p. 32). Ass is a noun which means a stupid person, or can be a rude way of telling somebody to hurry (Oxford Dictionary Sixth Edition, p. 65).

2.3.2.6. Phat

Phat is a word that originally used by black people. Phat is an adjective which can be used to describe an attractive woman, or rich, or a general term of approval, admiration (Green, 1998, p. 908).

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2.3.2.7. Damn

In the lyrics, the word damn has a function as an exclamation. Damn or damned is an expressive of reprobation (Patridge, 1984, p. 289). And according to Oxford

Dictionary Sixth edition, damn as an exclamation means a swear word that people used to show that they are annoyed or disappointed (p. 332).

2.3.2.8 Diss

We will also find a word diss in the lyrics which according to Oxford Dictionary

Sixth edition (p. 373) means a verb to show a lack of respect to someone especially by saying insulting things.

Patridge (1984) also says that the word diss is a semi joke which also shows disrespect (p. 313).

2.3.3. Figurative Languages

Figurative language is one of the most productive sources of linguistic change

(Malmkjær, 1991, p. 309). According to Wagner and Radner (1974), figurative language is an activity of full perception by human mind that requires the effort of joining one aspect of experience to something else (p. 91).

Figurative language can also be called figure of speech. A figure of speech is a technique which ordinary meanings can be altered and readers can be forced into seeing the world in a new way (Laughlin, 1989, p. 31). Kennedy and Gioia (2005) say that in its broadest definition, figure of speech means to occur whenever a speaker or writer, for the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words. Figure of speech is not a device to state what is demonstrably untrue, but it often states truth that more literal language cannot communicate, it emphasizes the truth (pp. 118-119).

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Figure of speech refers us to tangible words, it is more than just a way of playing with words (Kennedy and Gioia, 2005, p. 133). Figures of speech have an affect on how people think and act, to characterize a problem as a thing that not only can be experienced but also can be dissected (Laughlin, 1989, p. 35). In other words, figurative language is the way a speaker or writer wants to emphasis something or truths that a language cannot communicate literally and needs deeper understanding through the person’s minds and experiences.

2.3.4. Simile and Metaphor

People use simile and metaphor in everyday speech without knowing them. For example, showing a metaphor (“The test is a piece of cake”) and showing a simile

(“Your face like a tomato”).

A metaphor is an implicit simile, an implicit statement of comparison. For example ‘my love is like a red rose’ is a simile, the presence of like in it marks a comparison between my love and red rose explicitly. However, ‘my love is a red rose’ is a metaphor, differ from simile, the comparison is left implicit (Malmkjær, 1991, p. 310).

A simile is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than, or a verb such as resembles. It expresses a similarity, but the things compared have to be dissimilar in kind. While on the other hand, a metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literal sense, it is not (Kennedy and Gioia, 2005, p. 121).

Drury (1991) concludes that a metaphor, which fuses together two separate things, offers no comfortable distance between objects. And a simile, which points out a likeness between different things, is more easygoing and seems more natural (pp. 45-

46). 18

In addition, we can differentiate a metaphor from a simile not only by the use of a connective (like, resemble, similar to, the same as, etc.) but also in general, simile is only limited to one characteristic that two things have in common, while metaphor is unlimited.