X-Ray Mag Issue #54 | May 2013

Author / speaker Rod McDonald launched his latest book about the Force Z wrecks at OZTek.2013 (lower left). John Garvin presented a “behind the curtains” story of James Cameron’s successful “Deepsea Challenger” project tech talk (www.deepseachallenge.com). The filmmaker / explorer reached a depth of 10.9 km down in the Marianas Trench.(top right); A view of the 2013 OZTek Exhibtion (lower right) Tales of ‘Daring Do’ Text by Rosemary E Lunn Photos by Paul Morrall — And a Sobering Lesson from OZTek 2013 l Mo rra ll-A us t ra li a Pau

Although Facebook is a useful over 50 talks were held at Sydney’s © 2013 tool, it can never replace physi- Australian Technology Park, with del- egates sorely tempted by four halls of cal interaction with friends, col- concurrent talks—talks that covered so leagues and peers. Without a many aspects of diving, from technique, doubt there is a need for a regu- such as Stick maps to virtual cave div- lar gathering of the clans. Events ing: Instruments and techniques for con- structing maps, 3D images and even vir- like EUROTEK and OZTek serve tual cave models by John Dalla-Zuanna, a vital role drawing people in to exploration, such as Bermuda’s Deep from all over the globe, bringing Water Caves in which Professor Tom together briefly a good part of Iliffe talked about how this project is employing sonar, ROV’s and CCR divers the technical diving village, and to explore and document the island’s reinforcing the strong sense of extensive network of underwater pas- community we share. We meet sageways. Safety was reviewed, as in CCR to discuss information, tell sto- Bailout: How much? in which Ben ries, share ideas, celebrate suc- Reymenants took a fresh look at every cess, learn and laugh from our CCR diver’s worst scenario. Is the current collective mistakes, and mingle thinking of bailout gas volumes realistic, conservative or otherwise? with the top explorers, pioneers to getting au fait with the latest tech- l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A and exhibitors in our field. nology, as in Mastering the Light in Pau

which Kevin Deacon discussed a new © 2013 Michael Menduno made a valid point genre—images shot using black light when he suggested “these conferences equipment. my personal wish list was Rescue of an Mike Bennett, Nick Bird, David Doolette, may even be more important today with some amusing anecdotes along unconscious diver from depth: The new Gene Hobbs, Ed Kay, Tom Neuman, when a preponderance of misinforma- the way: Carry on diving: The lighter side UHMS Diving Committee guidelines, their Richard Vann, Richard Walker and Alan tion, in many cases perpetuated by self- of diving, with Martin Robson’s entertain- findings, and the arguments supporting Wyatt) came together to discuss ques- proclaimed Internet experts (the online ing view of the minor hiccups and dip- them, delivered by Associate Professor tions posed by the AAUS (American equivalent of TV’s talking heads), seems lomatic incidents that can only happen Simon J Mitchell. Academy of Underwater Science) and to reign supreme.” on a dive trip. The UHMS—Undersea and Hyperbaric PADI. (PADI was revising its Rescue Diver oZTek.2013 dive conference and Medical Society at www.uhms.org—is manual at this point.) exhibition certainly successfully played Dive safety and rescue an incredible source of information for there had also been much discussion its part by delivering accurate, rel- For once I got to sit and enjoy some diving and hyperbaric medicine physi- by armchair forum divers on ‘the ques- evant, educational and entertaining of the talks. (When you are organising ology worldwide. Approximately three tion’. The great question posed—and l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A content. Over the course of two days an event, you rarely get to enjoy this years ago, a number of members of the no, it was not “what is the meaning of Pau (Saturday 16 and Sunday 17 March) privilege). The talk at the very top of UHMS Diving Committee (Simon Mitchell, life, the universe and everything?”—was © 2013

55 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Paul Haynes discussing tech talk ‘Project Reclaim’ tent circulation after respiratory Lure arrest? • Does the recent advocacy for ‘compression-only resuscita- tion’ suggest that in-water rescue breaths should not be adminis- tered to a non-breathing diver? • What (if any) rules should guide the relative priority of in-water res- cue breaths over accessing sur- face support where definitive CPR can be started? Normally we (every day recrec-- reational and technical divers) would not get access to this ful flow diagram on page eight. paper for a few years, until it was It is a summary of the important made available to the Rubicon recommendations and decision- Foundation (www.rubicon-foun- making processes in the rescue of dation.org). However, the UHMS an unresponsive diver from depth. l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A has kindly given The Dive Forum The authors have stated this chart Pau (www.thediveforum.com) permis- should be considered along with

© 2013 sion to upload the paper on their the relevant comments made in forum. the related sections of the paper. “what are the recommendations does this change the ascent? it should only be printed once This flow diagram was created for rescuing a submerged unre- • Is it necessary to hold the vic- you have downloaded it. This is so that it could be printed out sponsive compressed gas diver?” tim’s head in a particular posi- because the UHMS wants to track and pinned to every diving club The team started looking into tion? the downloads of this paper, so or dive centre notice board, lami- this and found that it was hard • Is it necessary to press on the please send everyone to this link: nated and put in with their first aid to find anything written in diving victim’s chest to ensure exhala- http://www.thediveforum.com/ and oxygen kits, and included in literature on rescuing an uncon- tion? incidents-safety-information/1329- every emergency action plan. It scious diver. A project was set up • Once you reach the surface, is uhms-39-paper-unconscious-diver- is an exceptionally useful rescue to develop definite guidelines, it possible to assess breathing in recovery.html (You will need to resource for all divers.

and three years later a paper was the water? register on The Dive Forum before l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A

published. • Can effective rescue breaths you can download the paper.) Safe exploration Pau Simon Mitchell’s presentation be delivered in the water? once you have downloaded Another presentation came from (and the paper) covered a num- • What is the likelihood of persis- the paper, you will find a very use- another diving doctor—this time © 2013 ber of questions: Dr Richard ‘Harry’ Harris. Having located at the northern end of Another view over the OZTek exhibition • If the regulator is out of the briefly observed Harry Harris in New Zealand’s South Island, near mouth, should it be replaced? action at Rebreather Forum Mount Arthur. It is Australasia’s hour dive, Craig Challen set a • If the diver is in the tonic (rigid) 3, I was curious see more. He deepest underwater cave with new record depth of 194 metres, or clonic (grand mal) phase of teamed up with fellow Wet Mule ‘summer’ water temperatures with the cave continuing to ‘go’. a seizure, should the ascent be team member Craig Challen for of less than 7°C. Exploration has A year later, the Wet Mules team delayed until the clonic phase a talk on extreme exploration been going on here for a number again comprising David Bardi, has passed? entitled, Beyond 200 metres. The of years, with various teams of Craig Challen, John Dalla-Zuanna, • Are there any special consider- Wet Mules discussed the factors experienced cave divers coming Harry Harris, Ken Smith and Sandy ations for rescuing CCR divers? limiting safe exploration at these together to progress the cave at Varin returned, armed with two • What is a ‘safe’ ascent rate? depths based on their expe- regular intervals. Back in 2007, a objectives. They wanted to see if • If the rescuer has a decompres- riences diving New Zealand’s major leap forward was achie- Pearse was connected with near- sion obligation, should they take Pearse Resurgence. ved by David Apperley and Rick by Nettlebed Cave. With the assi- the victim to the surface? the Pearse River Resurgence is Stanton MBE. stance of Nelson’s Speleological • If the regulator is in the mouth Over the years, expeditions Group, dye tracing from the and the victim is breathing and l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A An excited OZTek audience wait- had repeatedly pushed this cave Spillway in Netttlebed confirmed a Pau has decompression obligations, ing in anticipation to hear Simon system, and in 2011 during a nine deep connection at >120 metres.

© 2013 Mitchell begin his presentation.

56 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO tech talk Jayne Jenkins, OWUSS Rolex Scuba Industry stalwart (and pre- OZTek Australasian Vice vious OZTek award winner) Terry President, received Cummins, presented explorer Jill an OZTek Industry Heinerth with the OZTEk Media Recognition Award Award for her sustained work on ‘We Are Water’

Attention then focused on Craig Challen human physio- Daring do civilian dive team, that included pushing the cave once again. two days later. logy when we Time for a change of Paul Haynes. Four habitats were installed at 7, He tied off to technical dive tempo and location. Haynes’ story could have been l Mo rra ll-A us t ra li a 16, 28 and 38 metres, gas was sta- the end of Harry l Mo rra ll-A us t ra li a to these kinds Enter stage left taken straight out of any Boys Pau ged and build up dives commen- Harris’ line and Pau of depths. (220 OZTek Speaker Paul Own Manual. It had everything in scootered on a metres = 23 bar Haynes. His delicious it. The danger, the toys, the failu- © 2013 © 2013 short distance of pressure). rip roaring yarn of re, the boys, and the ticking only to discover another steep Whilst the technology still func- ‘daring do’ had me giggling in touch’. However, the bell was in a clock. In cinematic terms think descent. Craig Challen made tions, the body does not. Extreme my seat. It was entitled, Operation visible place, and the wreck Where Eagles Dare meets the final tie off at 221 metres and pressure causes respiratory com- Reclaim: The gripping story of the would inevitably be visited by div- Michael Caine’s Italian Job fea- returned to the surface. His total plications—in a nutshell, the gas is race by a combined British civilian ers who do not always respect turing James Bond 007. I was runtime was 17 hours. so dense that the body perceives and military expedition to recover the British laws. What to do? enraptured. If you ever get the the passage way continues to it as an issue when breathing, and ship’s bell from HMS Prince of Wales. haywood left the bell on the chance to listen to Haynes regale go, and the technology is capa- therefore starts coughing to deal seabed, surfaced and this story in the future, grab it for ble of going deeper. The obstacle with the problem. It can tragically rang the Receiver of the sheer irreverent giggle factor to on-going exploration is human lead to an inability to match ven- Wreck (the U.K. of hearing how the bell came physiological limits. tilation with the demands of phy- Government Agency home in time for tea and medals. two short videos were played of sical work at great depth - see that overseas U.K. ship-

l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A the lines being tied off at depth— reference 1 in footnote. wrecks by satellite

Pau one of Harry Harris’ dive, the other I sat there drinking in the tan- phone). Their reaction? was Craig Challen’s. What struck talising crystal clear deep-water The bell should remain © 2013 me was the soundtrack of the footage Craig Challen and with the ship. Richard Taylor received an OZTek video, because of the grunting Harry Harris had shot, showing Then the word went Industry Recognition Award from AUP’s and coughing. These noises may a cave continuing to go, with around that good Tony Davis not sound much to you, but it my heart noticeably thudding. I money could be made

ced. Dave Bardi and Sandy Varin indicated a real and significant have nothing but admiration for l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A for recovering the bell. A

dived to 180 metres followed by threat to both divers. the Wet Mules; they quietly get Pau non-British private collec- seven hours in-water deco. we are right on the edge of on with remote exploration. To tor wanted it in his board the next day, Harry push the cave depth © 2013 room. The Ministry of Harris tied off to the end by another 27 metres is Simon Mitchell presented Pete Mesley with the Defense realised that this

of Craig Challen’s 2011 a significant achieve- OZTek Outstanding Achievement Award for historical bell was in l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A

line in 194 metres, and ment at these depths. “exceptional contributions to the growth and imminent danger of Pau proceeded to lay a However, I personally development of technical diving” being claimed as ‘a tro- further 70 metres of line hope that this extreme phy’. © 2013 in large passageway, project is put on hold Very briefly in the early 2000s, An urgent case for salvage was Pioneering shark expert, photogra- tying off at 207 metres. until technology is able during a British expedition to the made by Lord Clifford, the Chair pher and cinematographer, Valerie He had a total run time to catch up and sup- Force Z wrecks, diver Gavin of the Force Z Survivors Taylor received a standing ovation of 10.5 hours in-water, port the body far more Haywood chanced upon HMS Association, who requested full when she was given the OZTek Lifetime in reasonable comfort, effectively and efficien- Prince of Wales ship’s bell. It was U.K. Government support should Achievement Award by Jayne Jenkins thanks to the habitats tly. protruding from the sand beneath be given to a U.K. civilian dive and surface supplied the starboard gunwale at the for- team preparing to recover and suit-heating systems. ReF. 1): Mitchell SJ, Cronje FJ, Meintjes ward end of the wreck. Haywood return the bell to the Royal Navy.

l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A Happiness to heartbreak WAJ, Britz HC. Fatal respiratory failure

weather stopped Pau during a ‘technical’ rebreather dive was instantly faced with a moral This support turned into a full-scale For me, one of the most signifi- at extreme pressure. Aviation, Space play, with the final push and Environmental Medicine 2007; dilemma. He knew he was diving military operation, following an ini- cant moments of the conference

dive being done by © 2013 Volume number (78) 2 a protected site—‘look, no tial conversation with the U.K. was a rebreather accident analy- Gala hosts Michael Menduno and David Strike

57 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO tech talk Brian Kakuk waxing lyrical about scientifically significant underwater Bahamian caves. join the

l Mo rra ll-A us t ra li a rebreather

sis session. Billed as Oxygen cell fail- Pau revolution ure in rebreathers: Critical safety les- sons from relevant cases, this was a © 2013 very rare and exceptional presenta- tion and a key teaching moment for though a potential contributing fac- not stand up well in the harsh cold the 200 odd delegates crammed into tor in both fatalities appears to be a light of day.

the room. Thanks to the kind permis- double O2 sensor failure. Most All too often we as divers discount sion of the coroners, police and the rebreathers use three sensors and a such analysis when we are safely families, two recent rebreather voting logic algorithm. Both divers seated in our warm armchairs, deaths were broadly analysed to had sensors more than two years old because we feel that we would not help prevent future deaths. in their units. make the same decisions. Yet, here The packed, standing-room-only The session began with a very are two divers, in quick succession, audience listened to Drs Mitchell and strong statement from Fock request- who have done exactly the same Fock, as they lead a discussion on ing that attendees do not post he- thing. the fatalities, with supporting com- said/she-said facilitator opinions, as it was a sobering session, and we ments from rEvo CEO Paul the coroner had not yet ruled on at left the room older, wiser divers Raymaekers. Data from both final least one incident, adding that there appreciating that data from acci- dives was available because of the was ”already too much misinforma- dents is not typically forthcoming, or on-board Ambient Pressure Diving tion online”. Fock then dived into a even made available to the general recorder, or black box. presentation of the circumstances of diving community, because of liti- It should be noted that the official both accidents. gious factors. Both cases and conclu- cause of both deaths was not known The handset data of both dives sions are currently being written up at the time of this presentation, was shown and evaluated, and the for publication, after the coroner’s hushed audience was able to determination is released. observe the PP02 readouts for all So what was the take home mes- three cells throughout the dive. It was sage from this talk? Be prepared to Poseidon MkVI also noted that the divers had sup- recognise, diagnose and deal with The world’s first fully automatic, recreational rebreather pressed alarms given by the unit. double sensor failures, because they the doctors then asked the audi- WILL OCCUR with existing sensor Now available at ence to consider what decision they technology. Poseidon Rebreather Centers personally would have made if they the manufacturers present at this worldwide. Visit poseidon.com for your nearest center and had seen the same data on a dive, talk (APD, VR, Innerspace Systems, for further information on and take time to step back and rEvo) recommended not using sen- the Rebreather Revolution. reflect on this. Fock and Mitchell neu- sors older than 18 months because trally observed that these divers they are prone to failure. One advo- believed at the time, that they were cated way of dealing with sensor making reasonable and rational replacement, which was promulgat- decisions both pre- and during the ed at the session, is to replace your dives, even though they would prob- sensors one at a time in six-month ably agree that these decisions do intervals (to maximize the probability

of independence between sensors). www.poseidon.com It seemed fitting that Liam Allen received My personal suggestion? We are all l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A the OZTek Technical Diver of the Year busy people with many good inten- Pau Award from the EUROTEK Technical Diver tions. Give your rebreather manufac- of the Year, Richard Lundgren © 2013

58 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO It was a tech talk bittersweet conference. Event organiser David Strike announced that he was retiring and this would be his last OZTek

turer your credit card details, and ask EUROTEK would l Mo rra ll-A us t ra li a them to automatically dispatch a be a good time Pau

new cell to you every six months. to have ‘extra © 2013 As an aside, last year an interna- Roz hands’. At tional safety meeting was held about OZTek my clone could have sat in on Master of Ceremonies for the OZTek rebreathers called Rebreather Forum other presentations I wanted to 2013 Awards. The evening was a very 3. A number of the presentations are watch. It didn’t help the suffering happy one, with much playful banter now available online for free for you much either when I caught up with and laughter from the audience and to download. Follow this link—www. delegates who had seen my second those present on the stage. rf30.org/presentation—and you will choice talks, because they raved the OZTek Award Winners were

find a talk by Dr Arne Sieber on O2 about what a riveting presentation I Liam Allen (Diver of the Conference), Sensor Technology for Rebreathers, had missed. As is always the case, I Jill Heinerth (Media Award), Jayne Kevin Gurr on Knowing Your Limits: didn’t get to hear everything, but I Jenkins (Industry Recognition Award),

CO2 Sensors, and Nigel Jones on was certainly spoilt for choice thanks Pete Mesley (Industry Recognition Redundant Oxygen Sensors: Theory to OZTEk organiser David Strike. Award), Liz Rogers (Image Award), and Heresy. Click on ‘Video Link’ and So I had been educated, inspired, Richard Taylor (Industry Recognition you will hear the talk illustrated by and seen all the latest new toys in Award) and Valerie Taylor (Lifetime supporting slides. In addition, there is the exhibition. The only thing left was Achievement Award). also a PDF download available for to celebrate success at the OZTek there was however a bittersweet both Arne’s and Kevin’s talks. Please Gala Awards Dinner. This is held on moment, because it was the night pass this website onto anyone you Sunday night, at the conclusion of that Strike announced his retirement know who is interested in or dives a the conference at a wow of a venue from organising OZTek. Whilst most rebreather. in Cockle Bay Wharf. (Unfortunately, people can take a good guess at there is no way that Broad Street on just how much work goes into making Moving forward a wet Sunday night in Birmingham the magic happen, they never really There are times when I wish I could could ever compete with Darling see the whole of the trick. To consist- be cloned. During the run up to Harbour.) We enjoyed the view over ently pull off a successful conference pre-dinner drinks through these harsh economic times in the balmy certainly does take experienced wiz- dusk, whilst ardry. No wonder Menduno present- catching up with ed Strike ‘The Wizard of OZTek’ friends. Award. it was clear to i sincerely look forward to seeing everyone OZTek continue to flourish in the present that future, whilst wishing David and Sylvia David Strike and Strike a very happy retirement, and Michael many thanks for all they have done Menduno glee- to serve the recreational and techni- fully enjoyed cal diving industry. ■ being the joint The author acknowledges and wish- The es to thank Graeme Gourlay and l us t ra li a Mo rra ll-A OZTek.2013 Michael Menduno for their assistance Pau Speakers with this article. and MC’s © 2013

59 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO “Цифровой” ‘YankTek ahead’ журнал IV Digital непечатный, экологически чистый журнал для разумных дайверов, которые любят жизнь TEKDiveUSA.2014 www.ivmag.org/ivdigital TEKDiveUSA LLC is excit- and technical diving, while giving rebreathers, safety and tech- ed to announce that people who are out there doing niques. IV Digital magazine - exciting projects, a platform to “TEKDiveUSA will be held on paperless eco-friendly magazine they have retained The share their story with others. This Saturday 17 and Sunday 18 Underwater Marketing is the perfect opportunity to get May 2014 in Florida, so scrib- for Diver Sapiens, who enjoy life. Company to help organise the entire technical community ble the date down and reserve www.ivmag.org/ivdigital and promote TEKDiveUSA, engaged—regardless of agency that weekend now. We will be affiliation or philosophy—together announcing the venue, website, a two-day advanced and as one unified group. It will be sponsors and exhibitor details technical diving confer- great to see everyone sharing soon. However, we the camaraderie, thing is that because we are all this to be an international event. ence and specialist exhibi- experiences, and be motivated can confirm that quality face time divers, we love talking about div- After all, when you look at the tion, similar in approach to by, and from each other. It’s truly TEKDiveUSA will Even though this and exposure that ing and everyone is very friendly. major exploration teams around going to be an inspirational diving be held every two you get with leading I’ve seen delegates have some the world, they are comprised both EUROTEK and OZTek. conference.” years, and we will conference is called pioneers and explor- really in-depth conversations with of people from many countries. Rosemary E Lunn, Business be considering a TEKDiveUSA, it ers. It is a bit like the speakers on the stairs, at the Since we belong to a global Randy Thornton, CEO of Development Director of The west coast venue for is not going to be being back stage at bar or over breakfast.” community, we are confident TEKDiveUSA LLC stated, “We Underwater Marketing Company TEKDiveUSA.2016. a top rock concert “We have been involved with the international diving commu- decided to launch TEKDiveUSA stated, “I am delighted to “One of the things America-centric. when you bump diver education for many years. It nity will feel most welcome! So after being inspired by some say we have already got a I love about these into the likes of Bill is the foundation of everything we please join us on Saturday 17 and great experiences we’ve had at number of top drawer speakers big international advanced and Stone, Richard Pyle, Rick Stanton do,” observed Randy Thornton. Sunday 18 May 2014 in Florida for other events around the world. on board. Associate Professor technical diving conferences is or Evan Kovacs. The really cool “By learning about our craft, TEKDiveUSA.” ■ And after seeing just how popu- Simon J Mitchell, (Head of we are able to push lar Rebreather Forum 3 was last Anaesthesiology at the University boundaries of explora- year, it seemed the obvious next of Auckland), Richard Lundgren, tion further in the safest step to take. It has been many (deep wreck explorer), The manner possible. I look years since we have had a tech- Phantom Cave Team and Dr Neal forward to opening the nical diving conference in this W Pollock (Research Director at door and giving new country and it felt like the DAN) have already said, ‘Yes divers who are curi- right time for the USA we’d love to come and talk, ous about advanced to have it’s own home Roz.’ and technical diving, grown event. “We are currently drafting a peek at this genre. “The prime focus a really interesting lecture You certainly don’t of TEKDiveUSA schedule covering every- need to be a hard is to edu- thing from physiology, core tekkie to come to cate and cave diving, TEKDiveUSA, just some- entertain. imaging and one who wants to get We want wreck div- more out of their per- to help ing, through sonal diving. further to equipment, “Even though this the edu- conference is called Cr e a tive Cr e a tive cational Associate TEKDiveUSA, it is not Professor Simon J Bard o aspects of going to be America- Bard o advanced Mitchell, Head of centric. We consider Anaesthesiology Br ow n - Br ow n - Randy at the University Rosemary ‘Roz’ of Auckland J as o n Thornton E Lunn, J as o n

60 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO dive fitness Ed.— always consult a physician first before beginning any exercise or fitness program.

Text by Gretchen M. Ashton, CFT, SFT, SFN, NBFE. Founder of ScubaFit® Fitness for diving is not one-size- fits-all. Just as important as the proper fit for a wetsuit, BC, fins and mask, it is essential for div- ers to find the best combination of exercise for good health, div- ing performance and other per- sonal fitness goals.

The ideal fitness for diving program addresses the health of the individual diver, reduces the risks on human physi- ology associated with the stresses of the underwater environment, develops the strength, stamina and coordination for handling gear and improves perfor- For Divers mance for diving. All of this can only be accomplished with a balanced exercise program that incorporates aerobic exer- cise, good nutrition, strength training and flexibility. Fitness Programs peter symes Exercise is preparation for diving. Pushing the body through training adaptions of diver needs to improve their fitness level. Exercise can feel natural and be fun. Zumba, water aerobics, belly dancing be as simple as cross training. physical exertion to improve stamina, Further, the consensus among medi- While training is key for optimum perfor- and kick boxing are available to divers. strength and endurance exceeding the cal dive professionals is that the weight mance, genetics also plays a role in pre- Training with a partner or dive buddy is Exercise methods and results may be dif- physical demands of diving does not loss sometimes experienced when div- disposing divers to be ‘good at’ various also a great way to stay motivated. ferent for men and women. Depending always feel good. But workouts on dry ing is not permanent weight loss, and physical activities. Participating in fitness if fun equates to competitive sports, on individual goals and fitness level, land are necessary so that divers can the increased hunger following diving activities in which the individual diver remember that divers who are athletes women seem to benefit more from mod- feel comfortable in the water. activities is typically not the result of a excels will bring greater success and may need to change their exercise rou- erate exercise sessions every day, while Diving is not a workout, nor should div- profound caloric expenditure because of enjoyment. tine in preparation for diving. This can men can produce results with high inten- ers think of it as such. If diving feels dif- diving. A wide range of fun and socially sup- translate into adding weeks to a pre- sity and perhaps shorter duration work- ficult for any reason in any condition, the portive group exercise classes such as competition training schedule but can outs a few days each week.

61 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO fitness Criteria for fitness for diving Exercise Develops and maintains: 1. Cardio-respiratory fitness 2. Healthy body weight 3. Overall strength and endurance 4. Flexibility and range of motion

Exercise has some risk. Like any of functioning beyond that required Exercise combinations fied instructors that can contribute form of physical activity exercise, if of the body at rest and to prepare Divers will find a wide variety of exer- to the skill, safety, health and fitness not properly performed, may result for a particular increased level of cise activities to choose from. Most of the individual diver. in injury. Fortunately, the benefits of physical activity. of these activities singularly do not when divers are researching traditional exercise outweigh the risk. the next priority is maintaining a meet the criteria for fitness for diving and selecting diving and exercise Some exercise programs are high- healthy body weight, which is pri- but can be combined activities it is important to er risk than others. The health and mary in reducing the risks associated to accomplish the remember the criteria for fitness of the individual diver is sig- with poor health and diving. Being fit best training for divers. fitness for diving. Along nificant when selecting an exercise may include some aspect of weight it is very important with good nutrition, divers program. The type and intensity of loss. Weight loss done well always for divers to know can best prepare for div- exercise must be appropriate to the incorporates a balanced program as much as possible ing with a combination individual diver. of aerobic exercise, resistance train- about their health of exercise methods that Remember: Exercise is not recom- ing and just the right amount and and the type provide aerobic exercise, mended for 24 hours before or after type of nutrition. of exer- strength training and flex- diving activity. Also important is overall ibility. body strength and increased Fitness facilities (includ- Criteria of fitness for diving levels of physical endur- ing home gyms and out- The greatest positive impact of ance. Placing demands on door exercise circuits) exercise for divers begins with activi- the body with resistance usually offer all of the ties that maintain good health and training maintains, prevents components of fitness reduce the risks associated with the loss and/or adds muscle. for diving under underwater environment. This is best Resistance training comes one roof (or achieved by improving cardio-respi- in many forms both static sky). A diver can ratory fitness (fitness of the heart and and dynamic including vari- participate in lungs) with aerobic exercise. ations of weight lifting and aerobic dance Aerobic exercise is performed by body weight movements. It is best to cise classes and moving the large muscles of the train muscles with movements similar they indoor cycling body repeatedly and for a dura- to the way they are used in diving. are con- sessions, utilize tion that requires the heart, Muscle moves, supports and pro- sidering. The cardio machines lungs and other sys- tects the body throughout all activ- purpose and including tread- tems of the body to ity stabilizing joints and protecting appropriateness of an exer- mills, bikes, row- Parutakupiu / wikimedia commons adapt to an the skeleton. Muscle burns calories cise program is defined by the ers, and ellipticals, increased even when the body is resting. needs, preferences, goals and best develop strength with free weights, level last but not least, flexibility and interests of the individual diver. benches, cables and resistance range of motion are important Divers may encounter both dive equipment, and if they wish, benefit for strength when performing and fitness professionals who sell from the supervision of both exercise activities of daily living and par- themselves as the one-and-only-best and nutrition professionals. ticipating in fitness, athletics and instructor or recommend a specific For divers wishing to exercise out- recreational activities such as exercise method as the ‘answer for doors, there are endless options diving. Flexibility and range everything’. This be-all-and-end-all from hiking to road cycling, swim- of motion are maintained approach is a red flag. There are a ming, running, walking, stroller with stretching exercises and number of successful ways to learn strides, and boot camp style pro- by strength training muscles to dive, many forms of exercise to grams in parks and on beaches. in proper balance. choose from, and numerous quali- while traditional exercise pro-

Aasimovic / wikimedia commons peter symes

62 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Crewmembers at sea aboard fitness USS Nimitz doing calisthenics inside Exercise hangar bay

grams are deemed the safest and tures that improve remain the mainstay of a sound fit- flexibility include ness for diving plan, other physical those body postures activities in which divers are known described for praise to participate include yoga, crossfit and worship in the and kettlebells. Each of these inter- Bible and Tai Chi. ests must be combined with other Tai Chi originated forms of exercise for a balanced in China as a mar- and safe exercise program and to tial art with focus meet the criteria for fitness for div- on body awareness ing. and breathing and is described as moving Yoga with its various body pos- meditation. tures primarily meets the criteria of According to stretching for diving. Yoga does not NCCAM, “The goal is replace cardio exercise or strength similar in all: to con- training for diving and (along with sciously produce U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 3rd Class Elizabeth Thompson good nutrition) must be supple- the body’s natural mented with both. The practice relaxation response, character- the fitness portfolio combined with the more calories burned and the of yoga includes breathing ized by slower breathing, lower bursts of high intensity, momentum likelihood that more fat is burned. techniques and spiritual blood pressure, and a feeling and varying duration. The fitness However, ideally fat reduction is meditation based in ancient of calm and well-being. achieved with CF happens the accomplished with aerobic exer- Indian philosophy. Relaxation techniques same way it does with any of its cise as oxygen is necessary to Research on the ben- (also called relaxation individual components if they were metabolize fat as fuel. Intense exer- efits and risks associated response techniques) performed at the same fast pace cise can become anaerobic (lack with yoga vary widely may be used by some and high intensity. Divers who par- of oxygen) and therefore not as because of the many to release tension and to ticipate in CF may or may not be in efficient for fat loss. forms, teaching styles counteract the ill effects of better physical condition than div- Research discounting CF is and intensities of yoga. stress.” ers who participate in more conser- abundant, while research sup- A good source for the sci- For more information see vative forms of exercise. porting CF is limited. Some units ence of yoga is the National the NCCAM fact sheets on the 70% and 80% training heart of the U.S. Army embraced CF for Center of Complementary “Relaxation Techniques for rates are the most effective in military preparedness, while the and Alternative Medicine Health: An Introduction”. preparing the body for diving. U.S. Navy Center for Personal and (NCCAM), an agency of the Typically, CF works the individual Professional Development advised National Institutes of Health CrossFit (CF) combines above these heart rate ranges, caution because of the high inci- (NIH). body weight exer- and the body begins to adapt dence and severity of injuries with the NCCAM also describes cises, gymnas- to the exercise method itself. CF. The Navy also stating CF is other relaxation techniques tics, Olympic Depending on the selected activi- not in line with their ‘core values’ such as “progressive relax- weightlifting, ties, the short 20-minute brackets because of the exercises named ation, guided imagery, bio- calisthenics, of exercise utilized by CF may not after women. feedback, self-hypnosis and power lifting, produce the same results as aero- while some say CF changes lives, deep breathing exercises”. strong man movements, bic exercise maintained for a suffi- i.e. helping participants go from Divers can combine these tech- plyometrics and some running cient length of time to complete all being unfit to healthy, CF crosses niques with traditional stretching and rowing into a hybrid of of the adaptations of the body to all boundaries of proper form and exercises for improved flexibil- cross training and a form of peri- prepare for diving. safe use of equipment. For most, ity, breathing control and stress odization that deviates from its the weight loss from CF has to do it is considered too high risk versus reduction. pure origin. with energy expenditure. Generally the benefits of exercise. other options for spiritual medi- cF is a collection of nearly speaking, the harder an individual Fitness professionals have known tation, breathing and body pos- every functional exercise in exercises (at any form of exercise) long before CF came along that peter symes Kennguru / wikimedia commons

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exercise improves health. The results being said, some divers love CF and par- achieved with CF can be achieved with ticipate regularly without injury. a wide variety of proven exercise meth- ods including sophisticated applications Kettlebells (KB) Although KB have been of periodization and cross training in a around as long as dumbbells, they seem more efficient and safe manner. to be growing in popularity. Recent cF participants are more likely to have studies reported in the Strength and sustained serious injury to internal organs, Conditioning Research Journal sought to life threatening break down of muscle “determine whether performing continu- fibers—called Exertional Rhabdomyolysis ous two-handed KB swings would create (ER)—and injury to joints. an energy cost capable of improving eR can be experienced when partici- cardiorespiratory fitness” and the “effects pants are not well adapted to a fitness of weightlifting vs. kettlebell training on activity, from military type training or vertical jump, strength and body compo- long-distance events such as marathons. sition”. Some individuals are more susceptible to the studies revealed that the KB work- ER than others. outs show some cardio, strength and instructors must know their client well. weight loss benefits. Yet, the treadmill Divers who choose CF are best served by and traditional weightlifting produced instructors with a broad fitness education a slightly lower heart rate (more condu- over and above a CF certification. That cive to training for diving), “significantly higher oxygen consumption and calorie expenditure” and “sig- nificantly greater strength and performance gains”. the first and only biomechani- cal study assessed spinal load-

ing during various KB exercises. peter symes “The KB swing (regardless of style of swing or snatch) appears to needs to be supplemented with one or Exercise programming for diving is is essential for fitness for diving, and the create a hip-hinge squat move- more of the exercise criteria for diving. as unique as the individual diver. The type of exercise performed must be a ment pattern together with pat- Aerobic exercise in the heart rate train- health profile of the diving community, good fit for each individual diver. ■ terns of rapid muscle activation- ing zones recommended for divers and an understanding of the stresses of the relaxation cycles that elicit con- good nutrition should be added to all underwater environment on human Gretchen M. Ashton is registered with the siderable magnitudes of load on three of these activities. physiology, and sound research provide National Board of Fitness Examiners. An the spine,” stated researchers. Yoga also needs to be supplemented divers with a great deal of information. advanced diver, International Sports Sci- “This type of exercise results with strength training. CF and KB provide Using this information, divers can partici- ences Association Elite Trainer, and world in unique compression and strength training, but also need flexibility pate in a wide variety of safe, fun and champion athlete, Ashton developed the shear load ratios in the lumbar to create a balanced exercise program effective forms of exercise to become ScubaFit® program and the comprehen- spine which may explain why it for diving. Further, CF and KB are typically and stay fit for diving. sive FitDiver® program, which includes causes discomfort in the lower forms of strength training with higher risk Just as each piece of dive gear has the first mobile app for scuba diver fitness. backs of people who otherwise of injury than traditional resistance train- its purpose and must fit properly for suc- Ashton is the co-author of the PADI Scu- tolerate very heavy loads.” ing and according to research may not cessful and enjoyable diving, each com- baFit Diver Distinctive Specialty course. For As with yoga and CF, KB produce better results. ponent of a balanced exercise program more information, visit: Scubafit.com

GiryaGirl / wikimedia commons

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Edited by Kelly LaClaire

Baleen filters differently that previously supposed U.S. scientist Professor Alexander together to form a food-trapping net ple plates from both bowhead and Werth recently published a study in and do not remain motionless as pre- humpback whales in a purpose-built the Journal of Experimental Biology viously thought. flow tank to test how they behaved investigating how bowhead and “People presumed that baleen was in conditions similar to the wild, and humpback whales capture prey using simply a static material, but my work despite their different feeding styles, baleen. showed that it is a highly dynamic he found that the bowheads’ and he found that, in flowing water, material whose porosity (empty space humpbacks’ baleens performed in the fringed edges of the baleen of between the baleen) depends on almost identical ways. filter-feeding whales actually tangle the force and flow rate of the water his experiments revealed that moving through the both the flow speed of the water whale’s mouth,” said and angle of the baleen had a sig- Werth from Hampden- nificant effect on their food trapping Sydney College, effectiveness. Further testing proved Virginia. that, at the normal swimming rates of “When I began test- both types of whales, the fringe on a ing plates of baleen single plate swayed and tousled to in my circulating flow catch prey as effectively as possible. tank, I found that the But at faster speeds the hairs simply fringes moved dramat- streamed through the water and filter ically and became efficiency was lost. tangled together.” “When I did these experiments,” to understand more Werth told BBC Nature, “I found that about feeding behav- the multitude of fringes from all the ior, the biologist stud- plates got all tangled up and greatly ied the unique struc- decreased porosity (empty space), ture of baleen mate- making it like a very finely meshed rial. Whales have 300 plankton net to catch very small baleen plates inside planktonic creatures. their mouths that are “This is an important finding composed of keratin— because it shows how complicated the same protein that the story of whale feeding truly is. makes hair and finger- There is so much that we have yet to nails in humans. learn about the biology of these huge werth placed sam- creatures.” ■ Source: BBC

David Monniaux / wikimedia commons Baleen plate

65 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO marine Pod of sperm whales mammals for whatever reason,” said Wilson. “They were being very sociable.” Dolphins are usually the Edited by most social among the Kelly LaClaire ocean-dwelling mammals, and they’ve been spotted foraging and interacting with a wide variety of other sea life, including many whales. New study sheds light on pilot whale strandings, but questions still remain On the other hand, sperm whales are shy deep-water It has been the prevailing theory Baker in the Journal of Heredity sug- the way back to Aristotle,” said Baker. hunters who travel great among researchers that the mass gests this is not the case. “In general, without human assis- distances and have never strandings of pilot whales was linked “It has been assumed that when tance, these large mass strandings been reported being so gre- to familial connections. Scientists you have a pod of 100 or 150 pilot are almost always fatal. The curious garious with another species. believe that pilot whales (the most whales strand that they were part of a thing is whales appear to mass strand the puzzle here is why common species involved in large single matrilineal social group and our intentionally, and even after humans these sperm whales have strandings) live in pods consisting of results suggest that is not the case,” re-float them, they will often return to accepted the dolphin into members who are all descendants of said Baker. the beach.” their pod. “Sometimes some the same maternal ancestor. baker said mass strandings, which baker and his colleagues studied individuals can be picked For this reason, it was thought that can involve more than 150 whales, 490 pilot whales involved in 12 strand- on,” Wilson said. “It might be if just one whale was to become are now assumed to be natural ings around Tasmania and New Zea- that this individual dolphin beached due to sickness or disorien- events and not always caused by land. By analysing mitochondrial DNA, didn’t fit in, so to speak, with tation, the extended family would rush human activity, such as sonar and which is inherited through the mater- its original group.” Another to the aid and attempt to “save” the ship noise—although these things are nal line, the researchers revealed the theory is that the spinal confused whale. known to cause beaching from time stranding groups were descended defect prohibited the mam- if this older hypothesis is correct, to time. from more than one ancestral mother. mal from staying with its pod. then all the whales involved in the “The mass stranding of pilot whales “You’d expect to have a cluster the fact that large sperm beaching would have to be related. and probably sperm whales and of individuals that were of close rela- file photo: eric cheng whales swim far more slowly New evidence presented by con- some of the other species has been tives supporting a central individual and always leave a mem- servation geneticist Professor Scott documented for hundreds of years all that might be the matriarch. We just ber near the surface with didn’t see that,” said Baker. “Moth- Sperm whales adopt deformed the calves while other adults ers and calves were very often widely dive for food could be separated on the beach,” he added. dolphin making it far easier for the “And in some cases we had depen- dolphin to keep pace with dent calves dead on the beach, and Nature continues to surprise Pico in the Azores when they them. no mother that matched those calves us, as does the propensity for came upon a small group of very few predators can dead on the beach.” animals to take in injured or sperm whales that included be found in Azorean waters, According to the researchers, these lost members of another spe- several calves and an adult so the scientists doubt that it findings do not call the theory that cies. male bottlenose dolphin was using the whales for pro- pods members come from the same behavioral ecologists with a mal-formed spine that tection. It could be that the maternal ancestor but it does suggest Alexander Wilson and Jens twists into an “S” shape near spinal malformation could that unrelated groups of pilot whales Krause of the Leibniz-Institute its tail. Over the next eight have put the dolphin at a are coming together at some stage, of Freshwater Ecology and days, they watched, as the serious disadvantage among possibly to mate or feed. Inland Fisheries in Berlin have dolphin swam with, rubbed its own kind—possibly it had Just why the whales beach them- discovered a group of the and nuzzled the cetaceans. a very low social ranking selves remains a mystery. “It is an sperm whales in the Azores And surprisingly, the whales and had been exiled. enigma,” said Baker. “This is the word that seem to have taken in seemed fine with it; at times whatever the reason, the we’ve decided best describes it.” ■ an adult bottlenose dolphin even reciprocated the dol- show of cross-species solidar- Source: ABC News with a spinal malformation. phin’s affections. ity and acceptance is noth- the researchers were 15 to “It really looked like they ing short of remarkable. ■ 20 kilometers off the island of had accepted the dolphin Source: Science Now Bahnfrend / Wikimedia commons Stranded pilot whales

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Edited by Kelly LaClaire

Best anti-whaling season yet for Sea Shepherd – Lawsuits still flying

The Sea Shepherd fleet came to port in 75 animals—the lowest kill total ever. In addition, lawyers for the environ- Australia claiming its biggest victory of This is far short of their intended harvest mental group have started legal pro- Japan to date. of 1,000 minke and fin whales. ceedings, claiming the Japanese fleet repeatedly rammed the anti-whaling Captain Peter Hammarstedt of the Bob “It’s been a long campaign. It’s cer- boats during refueling operations. Barker, one of the groups central ves- tainly been the most dangerous,” sels, said it had been the most success- he told the Melbourne press. “Never Japan’s Institute for Cetacean ful and most dangerous campaign of before have the Japanese whalers Research has responded with its own the nine they have carried thus far, with been as brazen, as reckless, as violent recriminations, saying Sea Shepherd The members of the International Court of Justice Japanese whalers only able to haul in as they have been this year.” was to blame for the collision and was don’t need a peg leg or an eye patch. deliberately target- When you ram ships; hurl glass con- ing its vessel, the tainers of acid; drag metal-reinforced Australia takes Japan Nisshin Maru. ropes in the water to damage propel- lers and rudders; launch smoke bombs to court It is the second and flares with hooks; and point high- time Sea Shepherd powered lasers at other ships, you are, Australia’s case against Japanese has attempted to without a doubt, a pirate, no matter Antarctic whaling to be heard at have Japanese how high-minded you believe your pur- whalers prosecut- pose to be.” the International Court of Justice in ed. But a win in the Hague. court will not be But Watson seemed unconcerned and easy, especially unphased by the ruling in a recent Australia took Japan to court, alleging after a recent interview with Canadian news media. “Japan’s continued pursuit” of a large-scale defeat from the “Well, I might play the part of pirate for whaling hunt, which Japan calls scientific 9th U.S. Circuit the media if that helps,” Watson said. research, put the nation in breach of inter- Court of Appeals, “Seriously though, come on, there is national conventions and its obligation to who publicly no parrot on my shoulder. No wooden preserve marine mammals and their environ- denigrated Sea leg. I have always acted for one rea- ment. Shepherd founder son and that is to protect whales from Japan’s annual whale hunt has long drawn Paul Watson for human predators like Japanese whal- worldwide criticism, but Tokyo defends the his group’s militant ers. practice saying that eating whale is a culi- like tactics in dis- nary tradition. Commercial whaling has been rupting the annual “It does seem to raise the ire of some banned for 25 years, but Japan catches Japanese whale people,” he continued. “Well, OK, about 1,000 whales annually in what it terms hunt in the treach- lots of people actually, but what can I a scientific research program. erous waters of say—somebody has to act to stop the Australia, along with other critics, calls Antarctica. bloody whale slaughter.” ■ Japan’s activities commercial whaling in Source: BBC News, Asia One, C-News another guise and has asked the U.N. court The court’s leading Canada to halt a Japanese whale research program,

Biella “Gabriella” Coleman / wikimedia commons judge said: “You which includes hunting in Antarctica using a special permit. ■

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Edited by Ila France Porcher Where and why sharks attack Text by Ila France Porcher Now, Erich K. Ritter of the Shark Research available. Conception Point, where Institute, and Raid Amin, Peter Kennedy, this new method revealed regions with the low attack rate has The reasons for shark attacks and and Laura Cossette of the University significantly higher or lower sharks attack remained stable over the question of when and where of West Florida, have approached rates than would have been predicted by many years, were the problem in a new way and have examining just the numbers of shark bites. associated with regions they might occur has always discovered that there are definite high Though they varied over time, the clusters dominated by female been the subject of intense and low risk zones involved. They have were clearly defined and remained in white sharks migrating scientific interest in the effort to localized several such areas along the place year after year. to a shark nursery in make seaside recreation as safe coastlines of Florida and California, where the area to give more than two thirds of all shark attacks Application birth. as possible. take place in the United On the eastern coast of Florida, for Noting that States, examining the example, 345 shark attacks were recorded many of the regions where attacks between 1994 and 2009, and of these, 210 attacks were rarely happen as well as incidents involved surfers, and 114 involved by smaller those already known to be swimming and bathing. The remainder did sharks, the dangerous. This has resulted not fit the criteria and were excluded. No researchers in a more comprehensive attacks on divers were mentioned. The postulated understanding of shark SaTScan™ analysis revealed two high risk that they might attack patterns along zones, and two that are low risk areas. be due to very these shores. Applying the same method to the young ones hunting the researchers used Californian coastline resulted in similar fishes along the sea floor data from the Shark clearly defined clusters being identified. and into shallow waters where Research Institutes’s Global Since 90 percent of the attacks on that people were swimming and surfing. They Shark Attack File and the coastline are due to the great white shark, could also have been driven inshore records of attendance the shark attack clusters seemed to be by cannibalistic adults, though such at beaches to determine linked to the nearby presence of colonies speculation is yet to be proven. Little is the ratio of shark attacks of seals and sea lions where great whites known about the social patterns of the Space–time cluster to the number of people congregate to hunt for food. The coastal species. analysis of low and using the water. They used region between San Mateo and Del Norte As Ritter explained, “It is the constellation high primary and the modern cluster analysis is one such region. The presence of the of factors that determine the likelihood of secondary attack software SaTScan™ to find pinniped colonies continuously attracts the an incident—be aware of those and the clusters between the relative risk of being great seal predators to the area, some of chances are greatly reduced.” 1994 and 2009 bitten by a shark, termed which likely circle closer to the shores and the “shark attack rate”, come into contact with humans. From innovation to insight which was not possible on the other hand, the low risk regions SaTScan™ was initially developed by before this tool was occurring south of Santa Barbara and Martin Kulldorf for the purpose of analysing

68 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO shark tales while the sharks were occupied with the whale blubber, pressure was taken off their usual prey, the local seals, who were freer to roam in search of their own food. Thus, the feeding event affected the ecology of the rest of the food chain. outbreaks of diseases to see but now that the shark attack whether they are random or rates for these coastlines have No waste not, and to evaluate them been established, beach goers Carcasses in nature are never geographically and over time. looking for the safest places wasted, and scavengers are well The software can also be applied to swim and surf have definite known among terrestrial animals. in other fields of research, but information on which to base But it is uncommon for marine this is the first instance of it being their decision at last. ■ researchers to come across the used to generate information SOURCES: spectacle of marine life feeding about the likelihood of being R. Amin, E. Ritter, and P. Kennedy. A on large carcasses. bitten by a shark. Geospatial Analysis of Shark Attack the researchers found that at Sharks travel widely under the Rates for the East Coast of Florida: least in this region off South Africa, influence of a variety of factors 1994–2009. Marine and Freshwater great white sharks are the domi- Behaviour and Physiology. www. that include food sources, tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10 nant feeders on dead baleen reproductive cycle, 236244.2012.715742 whales and suggest that in spite migratory patterns, R. Amin, E. Ritter, and L. Cossette. A of the rarity of coming across a and more that are Geospatial Analysis of Shark Attack whale carcass, shark populations unknown. So the Rates for the Coast of California : may actually rely on such finds 1994 - 2010. Journal of Environment Great white sharks as scavengers reasons behind and Ecology. www.macrothink. to supplement their usual diet of such clusters org/journal/index.php/jee/article/ Great white sharks love whale blubber more than seals and gorge on it whenever seals. remain obscure. view/2700/2485 they can, a new study finds. hammerschlag said, "By attract- ing many large white sharks University of Miami scientists Dr periods of time. The researchers were left snapping up the crumbs together to scavenge, we suspect Neil Hammerschlag and Austin were able to watch up to forty which, it seems were sizeable. that the appearance of a whale Gallagher, in collaboration with sharks scavenging on one whale the sharks tore into carcass can play a Chris Fallows of Apex Expeditions, over the course of one day. the carcass as only By attracting many role in shaping the South Africa, observed the feed- great white sharks behaviors, move- Space-time cluster ing activity around four dead No aggression can do, taking huge large white sharks ments, and the eco- analysis of low and whales that appeared in the Yet though these apex preda- bites, tasting them, together to scavenge, system impacts of high primary and False Bay region during a period tors are usually solitary creatures, spitting them out, white sharks. These secondary attack of ten years. They concluded that and large individuals were often and biting again, we suspect that the patterns may shed clusters between 1994 such bountiful sources of energy- attracted to eat, no wild feeding displaying unexpect- appearance of a some light into the and 2010. The highest rich blubber may be a significant frenzy ever occurred. There were ed fussiness as they ecology of this often region of risk was food source for the great sharks. no signs of aggression, and the picked over their whale carcass can studied—yet still along the north coast A whale carcass trails a rich great white sharks left no inter- meal, searching for play a role in shaping highly enigmatic— with higher risk during scent flow for miles, which con- animal space between them. the best titbits. One marine predator." the years 2003 to tinuously attracts sharks to the however, a size hierarchy was was filmed tearing a the behaviors, move- their study enti- 2010, while a lesser risk feast. The sounds made by feed- identified in which the largest fetus from the huge ments, and the ecosys- tled, White sharks zone occurred farther ing sharks carry a long distance sharks took charge of the parts cadaver. tem impacts of white (Carcharodon car- south, as shown in too, and will rouse the curiosity of the carcass where the blubber the researchers charias) scaveng- orange of any other sharks within range. was richest, so that the smaller observed that the sharks. ing on whales and The resulting gathering presents ones had to feed on the less fatty sharks often fed on its potential role in an opportunity for researchers to parts. Those who could not gain the flukes first but could offer no further shaping the ecology of an document the behaviour of white a place among those devouring explanation since the flukes con- apex predator, was published in sharks feeding together over long the carcass, such as the juveniles, tain comparatively little fat. Plos One. ■

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Wobbegongs of Raja Ampat — Celebrating West Papuan Carpet Sharks Text and photos by Andrea and area (an archipelago of four large Most carpet sharks are rather small, but Antonella Ferrari, courtesy of ANIMA islands and several islets located in front in fact they belong to the same order— MUNDI: Adventures in Wildlife of the Vogelskop Peninsula) and are the Orectolobiformes—of the whale Photography, Animamundimag.com easily identified as tasselled wobbegon- shark, Rynchodon typus, the biggest liv- gs, Eucrossorhinos dasypogon, a species ing fish in the world. frequently observed in West Papuan the wobbegong's muscular body is Beautifully adapted to an waters where it reaches a maximum wide and flat, finely patterned in yel- ambush predator existence, size of 1.3 meters. The largest species lowish and pale blue spots, with bands wobbegongs rely on their of carpet shark, the spotted wobbe- and rosettes neatly arranged on a tan exquisitely cryptic coloration gong, Orectolobus maculatus, is found background. Wobbegongs are a true in Western Australia and grows up to an wonder of nature to behold, as they lie to avoid detection and catch imposing 3.2 meters. immobile in ambush on large table cor- their prey by surprise. only one—clearly identified in the als—a far cry from the popular image of caption of the image—is a very rare the shark as a torpedo-like, steel-grey, Wobbegongs—also commonly known and apparently still undescribed spe- sleek predator patrolling the blue void as carpet sharks due to their velvety cies which we photographed in Bali. of the open ocean. and highly ornamented their incredibly livery—are currently wide, highly com- grouped into three pressed head and genera and eleven mouth profile is bro- species. All are found ken by an array of in the Western Indo- dermal flaps and Pacific, mostly in shal- tassels. Their small, low Australian and beady and slightly Indonesian waters. Their malevolent eyes are common name derives cleverly hidden in a from the Australian abo- confusing maze of riginal language mean- reticulations. Their ing “shaggy beard”, broad, paddle-like referring to the flaps and pectoral fins are tassels growing around widely spread out, their wide mouths. and their dark, ribbon- the specimens fea- like tails are curved at tured in these pages a sharp angle. were all photographed Spotted wobbegon- during several separate gs are almost impos- dives in the Raja Ampat sible to detect in the In ambush position, a wobbegong lies in wait for prey under an overhang Diver with wobbegong, commonly known as a carpet shark

70 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Wobbegongs

their slippery prey and a supple, muscular, highly flexible body. Wobbegongs can easily bend over and bite their own tail, so don’t pull it. Reluctant to move if not unduly disturbed and relying on their spectacular camouflage to avoid detection instead, wobbegongs are also well known to inflict seri- ous bites on waders and snorkel- lers who step on them in coastal waters. As most ambush predators (one only has to think of several arbo- real snakes to remark the striking similarities), wobbegongs not only Passengers on Wakatobi’s have fearsome front fangs but Pelagian Dive Yacht revel in the luxuries of superb cuisine, also show a worrying tendency guest-centered service and a to hold tight with pitbull-like smooth, quiet ride. tenacity once they have bitten, With just 10 guests and a crew so one has to be very careful in of 12 attending to the details on dealing with them as camera this 36m yacht, there is ample subjects. space for guests to slip into the Wakatobi flow with ease. Divers also have to remem- ber, as with most other large fish, Pelagian offers a variety of never to block their escape route duration options; dive trips include a unique combination when one is found in a cave or of stunning reefs and rarely under an overhang. However seen muck diving sites.

Consider extending your cruise with a stay at Wakatobi Dive Resort: the best of both worlds.

Wobbegongs are masters of camouflage layered, highly structured environ- Diving with wobbegongs ment of West Papuan coral reefs— Territorial and sedentary, carpet despite sitting out in the open and sharks make wonderful and oblig- “Pelagian is the gold standard among liveaboards. in full sunlight most of the time, as ing subjects—careful divers mov- www.wakatobi.com The diving is the best we’ve seen in 25 years.” if brashly defying divers and prey ing slowly and cautiously can Bruce & Kathy Malasky alike to find them. Their apparently actually approach them within peaceful, even torpid attitude—as inches—but one must never for- it usually happens in nature—can get that these sharks are perfectly small, a shark intent on leaving its begongs of West Papua are a some exquisite work of abstract be mortally deceptive, however, adapted and highly evolved sit- lair in a hurry will not hesitate to source of endless wonder and art, the weird and wonderful as when needed, they will unex- and-wait ambush predators after thrash violently and strike blindly amazement to divers. Stunning creation of an underwater inte- pectedly explode into action all, gifted with an exceptionally at anything obstructing its way. examples of the science of cam- rior decorator gone slightly mad. and strike with lighting speed at big mouth displaying a formida- Regularly sighted on the color- ouflage in its most evolved form, Wobbegongs are marvelous icons fish passing within reach of their ble array of sharp teeth including ful, overwhelmingly rich coral superbly adapted to their sun- of nature’s whimsy and a wildlife cavernous mouths, usually gulping a set of frontal snake-like curved reefs of Indonesia’s easternmost dappled shallow water habitat, photographer’s dream. ■ prey down in a matter of seconds. fangs to get a better grip on province, the tasselled wob- they lie still on flat table corals like Close-up of carpet shark tassels

71 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Tourists alter stingray P ete r S ym e s silver behaviour Stingrays living in Stingray City in the Cayman Islands have profoundly changed their ways.

The researchers found that Stingray City's stingrays show distinctly different pat- terns of activity than their wild counterparts, who don't enjoy daily feedings or close human con- tact. years and compared together in less than a quarter Wild stingrays are active at night their patterns of square mile of space at Stingray and solitary; they forage through movement. City. the night over large distances to find food, and rarely cross paths They found that fed stingrays They even formed schools and with other stingrays. To see if swapped their normal night- fed together. The fed stingrays Stingray City's fed stingrays stray time foraging for daytime feed- mated and became pregnant from this behavior, Mark Corc- ing, and in contrast to their wild year-round, instead of during a oran—lead author of the study counterparts, began to rest specific mating season, and also who did the research as part of at night. They also didn't mind showed signs of unusual aggres- his graduate work at NSU—and rubbing shoulders with their sion, biting each other more the research team tagged and neighbors. At least 164 stingrays frequently than their wild coun- cinema of dreams monitored both wild and fed abandoned the species' nor- terparts. ■ stingrays over the course of two mal solitary behavior, crowding

Sharks and manta rays win protection CITES restrict cross-bor- tion to plunge. Manta rays are Regulation, not ban der trade in the oceanic killed for their gill plates, which While the vote to upgrade are used in Chinese medicine. these shark species to Appendix whitetip, the porbeagle, Shark supporters have been 2 does not ban the trade, it three types of hammer- attempting to get Cites to pro- regulates it. Both exporting and heads and the manta ray. tect these species since 1994. importing countries must issue But there has long been strong licences. If a nation takes too The agreement, which must still opposition to the move from many of these species, they be formally approved by the China and Japan who also tried can be hit with sanctions on the CITES plenary session, delighted to block the proposals, which range of animal and plant prod- conservationists who warn that were pushed by countries includ- ucts that are governed by CITES. Asia's voracious appetite for ing Brazil, Colombia and the ■ www.seacam.com shark fins is causing their popula- United States.

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A team of divers work- ing well together

Text by Mark Powell Photos by Gareth Lock and Chris Sterritt

One of the most conten- dive, and you plan tious issues amongst tech- to dive with a team of divers, and the nical divers is the differ- team works as a well ence between the self-suf- coordinated whole. ficiency and team diving these two approaches to diving. Like approaches seem to have a very different a number of other issues in emphasis, and many What are the differences technical diving, it seems divers think that they between the self-sufficiency to polarise opinions, often are contradictory. along agency boundaries. That is, you have and team diving approaches to decide whether to technical diving? This often leads to exag- you have a self- gerated positions that can sufficient approach take on a similarity to reli- or a team-based approach and that gious fundamentalism. it is a choice of one or the other. Both The self-sufficiency mindset is approaches have One for all or all for one? where the diver is fully self-suffi- their extremists who cient and approaches the dive will go to great with the view that they can per- lengths to explain why of no use. Gas planning is based divers will only dive with divers diving, whereas the advocates says, “Assume all dives are solo form the dive on their own and their approach is right and the on the principle that it is impossi- who follow the exact same team of team diving refuse to see any dives; do not get into the water would be fully able to complete other approach is wrong. ble or unlikely that your buddy will procedures. benefit in self-sufficiency. if you feel you can’t do it without the dive without a buddy. The in some areas, technical div- be any use in an emergency and in reality, these two extreme someone else to rely on.” This is approach is summed up by the ing in the United Kingdom has so all procedures are based on positions are not very realistic, Self-sufficiency a clear endorsement of the self- mindset that if you can’t do the evolved into a culture of solo individual action. and when taken to extreme, vs solo diving sufficient approach, and many dive on your own then you should diving where many experienced the team diving approach also counteract the very point of the In particular, the principle of people have taken this to be not be doing the dive at all. technical divers dive solo. All has its extremists who focus on principles. This can cause signifi- self-sufficiency does not mean a recommendation for diving the other approach is team div- equipment choices are made on teamwork as the primary goal cant problems, as the advocates the same thing as solo diving. solo. However, Gurr then goes ing where strong team work and the basis that you will be diving and consider self-sufficiency to be of self-sufficiency can refuse to For example, pioneering techni- on to say, “This does not mean cooperation are the focus of the alone or that your buddy will be a sign of weak teamwork. These see some of the benefits of team cal diving instructor Kevin Gurr you should not dive in a team;

73 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO tech talk You may have to finish a dive without your buddy

than to have a poor buddy. Self-sufficiency in other members of their team. If in some ways, this argument has a team environment their buddies also have enough some merits in recreational div- The best approach then is to aim capacity to resolve their own ing, as there are a whole range for self-sufficiency within a team problems and have enough spare of abilities. Inexperienced or out- environment. Each diver should capacity to be able to offer assist- of-practice divers can certainly fit have enough capacity to resolve ance to the other divers, then you this description, and many instruc- any problems they may have and have a very strong team. tors and dive guides will tell you have enough spare capacity to the strongest teams usually that they feel safer on their own. be able to offer assistance to the consist of experienced individual Certain recreational training agencies even support the con- cept of solo diving in the recreational area and provide train- ing courses on self- you should. Be prepared to be ficult situations are fundamental sufficiency is clearly a prerequisite sufficiency and solo separated and to have to look for anyone wanting to progress for team diving. diving. after yourself.” Similarly, those in technical diving. No diver who the self-sufficiency extremists however, this argu- who advocate team diving do has thought about this question however go further than this. They ment breaks down for not mean that you should not be for more then a millisecond would claim that all divers should be self- technical diving. At able to deal with situations on ever suggest anything less. sufficient because you can never this level, any divers your own or need to rely on your team sports such as football, rely on a buddy to provide any undertaking these team. rugby or cricket are a perfect assistance in an emergency. They types of dives require example of the team approach, will often cite examples of where a higher level of skill Two sides of a coin but players still ensure that they an individual buddy has not been and abilities. Divers So despite initial impressions, the work on their individual skills. able or willing to provide assist- who are unable to self-sufficient and team diving Players with weak individual skills ance in an emergency, and from help their buddy are approaches are not as contradic- would never make it into the this conclude that no buddy will clearly operating at tory as they might at first seem. In team in the first place. ever be able to provide assist- the limits of their own fact, they are just two sides of the Diving with someone who is not ance. Furthermore, they argue ability and so do not same coin. self-sufficient is not team diving. that a poor buddy might cause have enough self-suf- the best technical divers obvi- If one of the team cannot deal an incident that would not have ficiency to undertake ously have to have good individu- with an emergency situation, happened had you been on your that dive, whether al skills. Building on your own level then they are going to weaken own. As such, their argument is they are alone or with of buoyancy control, familiarity the overall team rather than that it’s better to be completely a buddy. with kit and ability to deal with dif- strengthen it. This means that self- solo and never have a buddy It is essential to be self-sufficient

74 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO tech talk go quietly, amid the noise and haste... Some agencies allow solo [ 3 hours @ 20m - no deco ] diving for recreation- al diving

divers with good self-sufficiency gas available, and self-awareness skills that have more chance practiced working together in a of spotting the team. Training and practice are problem and essential in order for team diving to more ideas on work successfully. Each member of how to solve it. the team should have similar views, in the case so they are following the same of an incident, general approach. one member of the rebreathers of choice from 6m to 160m in addition, good teamwork only the team can comes with practice. You can see be initiating a this with national sports teams. rescue while the Each player is amongst the best other sends up player in the country yet, unless a delayed SMB they train together as a team, they and another will not be able to perform well as provides a visual an effective team. reference to when team diving is carried out ensure the rest by experienced, trained divers then of the team can it is a very safe way of diving. In the maintain depth. case of a problem, you have more It is when problems occur that become apparent. options available to help out; more the benefits of diving in a team of course, this is very easy to say. Of course, this raises the question that if self-sufficiency within a team environment is the goal, how come it is not that common? The reason for this is that it’s not easy to devel-

op these two aspects. Image by Ray van Eeden of Prodivers, Kuredu, Maldives

Time and effort The time and effort required to third party test-house approved patented dual oxygen controllers with independent displays and power sources master your own skills to the point optional open circuit bailout mouthpiece high performance scrubber proven to 160m trimix or nitrox decompression with where you are truly self-sufficient user variable gradient factors and multiple gasses polyethylene fibre-optic dual head up displays future proofed software and then the additional time and upgradeable by user uploads & hardware upgradeable with plug and play versatility pc log download 9 language options effort required to maintain those crystal clear primary display hard memory storage - gas, options and history retained even when the batteries are removed skills is more than most people can patented scrubber monitor with effective warnings full customer support and aftersales - spares & service the equipment of commit to. We all have jobs, fami- choice for underwater photographers, film-makers, marine biologists, cavers, under-ice explorers, deep dive specialists, deep support teams, expedition divers and sport & technical diving enthusiasts worldwide - all achieving time and depth profiles previously unthinkable lies, other hobbies and commit-

ments, which are all competing for our time. AMBIENT PRESSURE DIVING it is entirely feasible to be a tel: 0044 1326 563834 email: [email protected] web: www.apdiving.com recreational diver and just dive a few times a year on holiday or spares & accessories online at www.apdivingdirect.com see apdiving.com for your nearest instructor

A buddy can be very useful in an emergency

75 X-RAY MAG : 54 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO You need to invest time and tech talk effort to devel- op your skills

on a couple of dive club trips. and knowledge they need to even more effort to maintain However, this is not the case become a technical diver. There those skills. for technical diving. If you are are some people that may have the development of a strong involved in decompression div- more innate cricketing skills than team also requires time and ing, trimix or rebreathers, then it is others, but if you want to play for effort. If it is difficult to ensure that essential to ensure that you put in one of the premiership teams, you a single person can dedicate the sufficient practice to build up and will need to put in a huge amount time and effort, it is even more maintain your skills. of practice in order to refine your difficult to gather a group or Some people may take to div- skills and reach the level required. team to practice together. ing more easily than others, but Once you have reached that the individual commitments no one is born with all the skills level, you then need to put in of each team member and the

logistics of getting them together emphasis on the individual diver. apart in times of emergency. can be difficult. However, the Alternatively, teamwork is ignored there is no getting away from same principle applies. If you all together and divers adopt the fact that for technical diving want to become a true technical a solo diving mentality. Each of there is a need to invest time and diver, then it requires a certain these approaches might seem effort in developing your personal commitment in terms of time and easier in the short term and more skills and your team skills to a high- effort. Irrespective of how good appealing to those who cannot er level than is normally required a cricket player is and how much commit the time and effort to for recreational diving. Playing time they spend working on their develop their individual and team cricket in the park with our kids, individual skills, they spend more skills, but it is a poor solution to the or in a pub team is great fun. In time in team training. problem. this environment you will some- in the case of emergencies, times find very good players, but Alternative approaches the lack of personal skills and self- the level of play is nowhere near It is because developing strong sufficiency can cause problems the same level as in the Premier self-sufficiency skills and teamwork for you and any buddies you are League. As technical divers, we require such a commitment that loosely teamed up with. Equally, should use Premier League cricket alternative approaches have the lack of team skills may cause as our model, rather than a game sprung up. If individual divers and confusion and often makes the in the park or the occasional pub their buddies do not have the situation worse. So even though team game. ■ individual or team skills required, those alternatives might seem they take alternative approaches more attractive in the short term, For more information on any to try to overcome these prob- and maybe acceptable for the aspect of technical diving lems. majority of divers where nothing contact Mark Powell at teamwork is made more pre- goes wrong, they are a poor long www.dive-tech.co.uk scriptive, so that it removes the term solution, as they can fall

Strong individual divers in a strong team is the safest option

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