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Maconellicoccus Hirsutus Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Gren, 1908) Figura 1: Hembra adulta de M. hirsutus (Meyerdirk, 2001; USDA-APHIS-Florida Department of Plant Industry, 2015; Lotz, 2011). 1. Clasificación taxonómica Dominio: Eukaryota Phylum: Arthropoda Clase: Insecta Figura 2: Distribución mundial de Maconellicoccus hirsutus (CABI,2020). Orden: Hemiptera Familia: Pseudococcidae Género: Maconellicoccus 5. Estatus y/o alerta en México Algunas de las especies identificadas Especie: M. hirsutus La cochinilla rosada del Hibisco es una son las siguientes; Anona (Annona spp.), (CABI, 2020) plaga cuarentenaria presente en Guanabana (Anona muricata), Alegria (Amaranthus retroflexus), Jaca 2. Nombre común México, se ha reportado en los (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Chile Cochinilla rosada del Hibisco (Figura 1). siguientes Estados; Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, (Capsicum annuum L.), Jitomate 3. Sinonimias Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit, (Solanum lycopersicum L.), Papa Stephens Maconellicoccus pasaniae Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, (Solanum tuberosum L.), Calabaza (Borchsenius) Tang, 1992 Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz (Cucurbita pepo), Mango (Mangifera Maconellicoccus perforatus (De Lotto) y Yucatán (SAGARPASENASICA-PVEF, indica L.), Guayaba (Psidium guajava L.), De Lotto, 1964 Paracoccus pasaniae 2017) y se encuentra sujeto a control Papaya (Carica papaya L.), Crisantemo Borchsenius, 1962 Phenacoccus oficial (IPPC, 2017). (Chrysanthemum sp.), Sauce (Salix glomeratus Green, 1922 Phenacoccus babylonica L.), Pirul (Schinus molle), hirsutus Green, 1908 Phenacoccus 6. Hábitat y hospederos Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia), quaternus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921 M. hirsutus forma densas colonias en Ciruelo (Prunus domestica), Tamarindo Pseudococcus hibisci Hall, 1921 grietas y hendiduras. La severa (Tamarindus indica), Jamaica Spilococcus perforates De Lotto, 1954 distorsión del nuevo crecimiento (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Teca (Tectona causado por la cochinilla en muchos grandis) huinol o concha (Acasia 4. Origen y distribución huéspedes crea un microhábitat para macracantha) Coatante (Mimosa pigra), M. hirsutus es probablemente nativa del ellos (Ghose, 1972a; Beardsley, Parota (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), sur de Asia (Williams, 1996) y se ha 1985). Estas colonias pueden ser Guamuchilillo (senna hirsutta), Hibisco, introducido accidentalmente en otras difíciles o imposibles de alcanzar para Coatante (Mimosa pigra), Rosa (Rosa partes del mundo (más recientemente los enemigos naturales, especialmente montezumae), Amaranto en América del Norte (California, los depredadores coccinélidos (CABI, (Amaranthus spp), Aguacate (Persea Florida y México) y el Caribe, donde se 2020). americana). ha extendido a más de 25 territorios y En México, se han determinado 40 todavía está ampliando su área de especies de plantas como hospedantes 7. Descripción y ciclo biológico distribución (Kairo et al., 2000)) de la cochinilla rosada (Cuevas-Arias, La temperatura es un factor (Figura 2). 2005). determinante en la duración del ciclo biológico de esta plaga. La cochinilla rosada del hibisco requiere de 29.8 días Enero de 2021 a una temperatura de 27ºC para completar el desarrollo de huevo a adulto. Las hembras tienen una longevidad de 19-28 días; mientras que los machos adultos pueden vivir de 1.4- 3.4 días (Chong et al., 2008). La hembra mantiene los huevecillos en un ovisaco de fibras cerosas de color blanco, el cual llega a cubrir completamente su cuerpo. Se ha observado que la fecundidad de este insecto depende del hospedante sobre el cual se alimenta, con un rango de 84 a 654 huevos. La proporción sexual hembra a macho es 1.4:1 (Persad y Khan, 2002), el macho es capaz de Figura 3: Ciclo biológico de Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Meyerdirk, 2001; USDA-APHIS- copular con cuatro hembras (Ghose, Florida Department of Plant Industry, 2015; Lotz, 2011). 1972). El ciclo biológico de la cochinilla muestra que para el desarrollo de los huevos son necesarios 101.7 Grados Día Al finalizar los dos instares ninfales del anal, además de conductos tubulares (GDD), 230 GDD para el desarrollo macho, se presenta la prepupa que con orificios de tipo oral en el dorso ninfal de las hembras y 245.1 GDD para posteriormente se vuelve pupa (etapa (Meyerdirk et al., 2003). los machos. Para el desarrollo completo más inactiva, en donde presenta yemas Las hembras grávidas se llegan a cubrir de hembras y machos se requieren de alares dentro de un cocón de cera) completamente de filamentos cerosos, 347.2 y 363.6 GDD, respectivamente. (Ghose, 1972). que es lo que llegará a ser el ovisaco Con estas características y tomando una donde se colocarán los huevos temperatura mínima base de 17.5 (Meyerdirk et al., 2001). grados centígrados, es posible que se puedan desarrollar más de 10 El macho adulto es más pequeño que la generaciones en un año en el país, hembra, es alado y de color café rojizo; necesitando, bajo condiciones idóneas, posee antenas con 10 segmentos; dos entre 24 y 26 días para completar su pares de ojos con un par de filamentos ciclo biológico (Figura 3) (Meyerdirk et caudales largos y cerosos. al., 2001). A diferencia de otras especies de piojos Huevos: Los huevos son inicialmente harinosos, presenta un proceso de color naranja, antes de eclosionar se esclerosado en forma de “Y” en el tornan de color rosado. El desarrollo del Figura 4: Ninfas de M. hirsutus (Meyerdirk, extremo basal del edeago. Las partes huevo es de 3-9 días, son pequeños y 2001; USDA-APHIS-Florida Department of bucales del macho no son funcionales, Plant Industry, 2015; Lotz, 2011). miden de 0.3-0.4 mm de longitud no se alimenta y vive pocos días (Miller, (Hunsberger et al., 2008). 1999). Adulto: Las hembras adultas llegan a Ninfas: Las ninfas recién emergidas, medir de 3 a 4 mm de longitud. Las Las hembras pasan por tres instares son muy móviles y de color rosado; hembras jóvenes son de color rojo ninfales y los machos por cuatro. La estas pueden dispersarse con facilidad oscuro con un par de mechones o etapa de ninfa puede durar hasta 30 en el hospedante, especialmente hacia filamentos algodonosos en la punta del días (APHIS-USDA, 1996). las partes de crecimiento (Ghose, 1972). abdomen y no presentan filamentos 8. Daños Las ninfas hembras son muy parecidas cerosos laterales. Las hembras M. hirsutus se alimenta de manera a la hembra adulta, pero de menor presentan nueve segmentos antenales y tamaño. de cuatro a siete pares de cerarios, con directa de los brotes jóvenes (hojas, una barra esclerosada en cada lóbulo tallos y flores) provocando un retraso en el crecimiento y deformación severa Enero de 2021 en las hojas, engrosamiento de los tallos introducido inicialmente de la India a en casos severos las hojas pueden caer islas como Trinidad y Tobago, (Garland, 1998). Granada, San Cristóbal (Kairo et al., Durante su proceso de alimentación M. 2000). Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, es hirsutus, succiona la savia del un depredador muy voraz que tiende hospedante, inyectando toxinas que a reducir drásticamente las ocasionan malformación en hojas, poblaciones de la CRH y de otros yemas terminales y frutos, ocasionando piojos harinosos en donde se ha un encrespamiento (Figura 5); debido liberado, aunque después tiende a al acortamiento de los entrenudos se Figura 1: Afectación en brotes jóvenes y migrar o darse el caso que se extinga forman rosetas o escoba de bruja; florales causado por M. hirsutus (Meyerdirk, por la falta de alimento, por lo 2001; USDA-APHIS-Florida Department of además las secreciones melosas Plant Industry, 2015; Lotz, 2011). anterior, su uso ha sido cuestionado favorecen el desarrollo de fumagina (Kairo et al., 2000). (Meyerdirk et al., 2003). depende de varios factores, como el Control químico: El control químico grado de infestación, ubicación de la consiste en la aplicación de insecticidas infestación. en los hospedantes de la cochinilla Control cultural: El control cultural se rosada del hibisco (CRH), como se debe enfocar en las actividades de poda describe: y eliminación de hospederos en las a) Zona urbana: se pueden aplicar zonas bajo control fitosanitario y zonas cualquiera de los siguientes aledañas. productos: Antes de iniciar las actividades se debe • Citrolina al 1.O % + adherente del 0.10 aplicar una solución jabonosa o con al 0.25% Figura 5. Infestaciones de M. hirsutus acetite al follaje o frutos, con el objetivo • Aceite parafínico al 1.5% + adherente (Meyerdirk, 2001; USDA-APHIS-Florida de inmovilizar los estados inmaduros al 0.25% Department of Plant Industry, 2015; Lotz, 2011). de la plaga y de esta forma minimizar su • Detergente líquido al 1.5% dispersión, posterior a esta actividad se b) Zona forestal: se pueden Bajo condiciones óptimas para esta deben podar ramas afectadas y eliminar aplicar cualquiera de los plaga, las especies afectadas pueden los hospederos que presenten un mayor siguientes productos, de presentar pérdidas de hasta el 100% grado de infestación (superior al 30 %), acuerdo con la etapa (Araya, 2007). Como se mencionó, M. Así mismo, los residuos de las podas se fenológica: hirsutus puede atacar cualquier parte incineran con diésel o gas LP de la planta, sin embargo, prefiere las directamente en las áreas donde se • Aceite parafínico del 1.5-2% + áreas en crecimiento como brotes realizan las podas (DGSV-DPF, 2012). adherente al 0.25%. foliares y florales, además de frutos Control biológico: El uso de enemigos • Citrolina al 1.0% + adherente del 0.10 (Figura 6). En infestaciones severas naturales en las Islas del Caribe fue un al 0.25%. pude
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