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Molecular Characterization of Environmental Cladosporium Species Isolated from Iran Ghiaie Asl I1, Motamedi M2*, Shokuhi GR1, Jalalizand N3, Farhang A4, Mirhendi H4

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Molecular Characterization of Environmental Cladosporium Species Isolated from Iran Ghiaie Asl I1, Motamedi M2*, Shokuhi GR1, Jalalizand N3, Farhang A4, Mirhendi H4 Current Medical Mycology 2017, 3(1): 1-5 Molecular characterization of environmental Cladosporium species isolated from Iran Ghiaie Asl I1, Motamedi M2*, Shokuhi GR1, Jalalizand N3, Farhang A4, Mirhendi H4 1 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 3 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Article Info A B S T R A C T Article type: Background and Purpose: Cladosporium species are ubiquitous, saprobic, Original article dematiaceous fungi, only infrequently associated with human and animal opportunistic infections. Materials and Methods: Airborne samples were collected using the settle plate method, and soil samples were obtained from a depth of 5-10 cm of the superficial soil layer. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates, incubated at Article History: 25°C, and examined daily for fungal colonies for two to three weeks. Isolates were Received: 26 April 2017 identified as Cladosporium species according to the macroscopic and microscopic Revised: 19 June 2017 criteria. For species differentiation, DNA from 53 isolates was extracted and subjected Accepted: 25 July 2017 to amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region followed by sequencing. Results: A total of 270 samples were collected from various environmental sources, of which 79 strains of Cladosporium species were isolated. The most frequent species was * Corresponding author: C. cladosporioides (50.6%), followed by C. iridis (44.3%), C. elatum (2.5%), C. Marjan Motamedi peranqestum (1.3%), and C. alicinum (1.3%). Department of Medical Parasitology Conclusion: The collected data can serve as baseline information for future research and and Mycology, School of Medicine, may be useful in the development of preventive and educational strategies. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Keywords: Cladosporium species, Dematiaceous molds, Morphological characteristics, Email:[email protected] Nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, Sequence analysis How to cite this paper Ghiaie Asl I, Motamedi M, Shokuhi GR, Jalalizand N, Farhang A, Mirhendi H. Molecular characterization of environmental Cladosporium species isolated from Iran. Curr Med Mycol. 2017; 3(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.1.1 Introduction ladosporium species are among the most Cladosporium species are cosmopolitan, agents of common black (dematiaceous) molds [1]. decay, and/or a cause of allergy or even plant or C The small conidia of Cladosporium human diseases. The first reports of Cladosporium species easily spread in large numbers species in Iran dates back to 1939 when Petrak over long distances and represent the most reported C. herbarium on Dianthus orientalis from common fungal components isolated from air [2]. Kurdistan, west of Iran [9]. Since then, there have The most common Cladosporium species are been several sporadic reports of Cladosporium primarily isolated from soil and plant material, species from various substrates in Iran [10, 11]. In where they are frequently encountered as all the studies, different species of this genus were saprobes or secondary invaders on follicular identified by the conventional methods based on lesions concomitant with other plant pathogenic morphological characteristics. Species belonging fungi [3]. Cladosporium species are also known to Cladosporium are characterized by specific to be of common medical relevance inclinical conidiophores, which are erect, straight, or geni- laboratories, being mostly associated with allergic culate and produce abundant branched acropetal lung mycoses [4], subcutaneous infections [5], chains of olive green to brown conidia with a and rarely, disseminated infe-ctions [6]. unique coronate scar structure [12]. However, due These saprobic species are considered hetero- to the diversities and similarities among different geneous complexes, composed of several species, morphological methods are not specific genetically and morphologically distinct species enough, and it appears that a more accurate [7]. As of yet, more than 700 species have been method is critical to differentiate various members identified and described [8]. A wide range of of the genus [13, 14]. Copyright© 2017, Published by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences on behalf of Iranian Society of Medical Mycology and Invasive Fungi Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) License (http://creativecommons.org/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Molecular Characterization of Cladosporium Isolates Ghiaie Asl I et al. In addition to standard procedures, use of buffer (100 mM Tris- HCl, pH 8; 10 mM EDTA; state-of-the-art techniques such as polymerase 100 mM NaCl; 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing of 2% triton X-100), and 300 μL of phenol- appropriate targets and obtaining data on genetic chloroform (1:1). The samples were vortexed structure and variation of the fungal populations vigorously for 5 min and centrifuged for 5 min at have important implications for understanding 5000 rpm. Then, the supernatant was transferred to the microbial epidemiology of these fungi [15]. a fresh tube in which DNA was extracted with Various DNA-based tech-niques can be applied chloroform. An identical volume of isopropanol for genetic study of fungi, of which nucleotide and a 0.1-volume of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) sequence comparison is a reliable approach to were added to the supernatant, and after incubation systematic molecular study of most fungi. at -20°C for 30 min, the mixture was centrifuged Therefore, we aimed to study the diversity of for 15 min at 12,000 rpm. The precipitate was Cladosporium species from environmental sources washed with cold 70% ethanol, dried in air, through DNA sequence analysis. dissolved in 50 μL of distilled water, and stored at -20°C until use. Materials and Methods ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 rRNA region was amplified Sampling using the V9G (5′–TTA CgT CCC TgC CCT TTg A total of 270 samples were collected from TA–3′) and LS266 (5′–gCA TTC CCA AAC AAC different sources such as air, soil, grain, fruit, and TCg ACT C–3′) primers [17]. PCR reactions were garbage from different regions, including the Tehran performed using 2X PCR Master Mix (Amplicon, (18.6%) and Isfahan (48.1%) University campus, and Denmark), 25 pmol of each primer, 1 µL of DNA public places in the Ardabil Province (33.3%) in Iran. template, and sufficient distilled water to reach a This research was approved by the Ethics Committee final volume of 25 µL. The following conditions of the university (94/290/1596). were used for amplification: one cycle at 94°C for 5 Air sampling was performed by the settled plate min, 30 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 45 s, and method, using Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA, E. 72°C for 45 s, followed by a final extension step at Merck, Germany) containing chloramphenicol (100 72°C for 7 min. A negative control (water) was mg/L) and gentamicin (40 mg/L). Plates were located included in all the PCR experiments. Furthermore, at different heights on the tree branches and on the 5-μL aliquots of the amplicons were electro- ground for 30 min. phoresed using a 1.5% agarose gel in Tris-Borate- For soil sampling, after removing the surface EDTA buffer (90 mM Tris, 90 mM boric acid, and loose litter layer (approximately the top 4 cm), 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.3) and visualized under about 15 g of soil was taken from a depth of 5-10 ultraviolet irradiation after ethidium bromide cm of the superficial layer in each location by a staining. A 100-bp DNA ladder was utilized as a spatula, and the collected samples were transferred molecular size marker. to the laboratory. An aliquot of 10 g of each soil PCR products from 53 Cladosporium strains were sample was added to a test tube containing 45 mL purified and sequenced bilaterally by the V9G and of sterile distilled water, mixed for 5 min, and then LS266 primers using an automated DNA sequencer the suspension was left at room temperature for an (ABI PRISM™ ABI-3730 Genetic Analyzer, PE hour in order to let the soil precipitate with spores Applied Biosystems, United States). For final remaining in the supernatant. Subsequently, 15 mL identification, the obtained consensus sequences were of the supernatant was transferred to another test compared with the Cladosporium rRNA barcode tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/). Finally, 250 µL of the pellet was added to a Multi-alignment and construction of sequence Sabouraud dextrose agar plate supplemented with difference count matrix for edited sequences obtained 0.005% chloramphenicol. in the present studyand sequences of clinical strains All the plates were incubated at 25°C for 2–3 weeks obtained from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. and examined daily based on their dark-colored colony gov/pubmed/) were performed using
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