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French Camps in Colonized Algeria 2 Archive Books: Latest and Upcoming Titles 12 arcHive journal — iSSue n°2 december 2017 — january 2018 Discreet Violence: French Camps in Colonized Algeria 2 Archive Books: latest and upcoming titles 12 Map of the forbidden zones and the Plan Challe prior to July 1959 6–7 Published on the occasion of the exhibition: Book: Samia Henni, Architecture of Counterrevolution 11 Discreet Violence: French Camps in Colonized Algeria Archive journal During theA Algerian Rrevoluction the hivBased one private and jinstiotutional uIt urnfoldns the intriansic relatlionships between French colonial regime designated large archives, including the French Service planning, architecture, military measures, areas as zones interdites (forbidden zones), cinématographique des armées (SCA), the colonial policies, and the designed production which consisted of free-fire zones for exhibition at Archive Kabinett, curated by and distribution of visual records. Today, the French military air and ground forces, and Samia Henni, features certain aspects of SCA is called the Établissement de communi - were to be cleared of any living beings. the massive forced resettlement of civilians, cation et de production audiovisuelle de la Hundreds of thousands of Algerians were and disclosures the ways with which the défense (ECPAD, or Office of Communica tion forcibly evacuated from the forbidden zones French colonial regime attempted to divert and Audio-Visual Productions of Defense), and transferred into militarily controlled the military purpose of the camps in the and is still active in warzones where the camps dubbed the centres de regroupement . aftermath of a medial scandal of 1959. French army is involved. Samia Henni To oversee the activities of the Algerian Discreet Violence: rural population and to impede the moral and material support of Algerian militants and lib eration fighters, the French colonial regime created new regions, departments, districts, and municipalities during the Algerian Revolution French Camps in (1954–1962) in Algeria under French colonial rule—which began in 1830. This administra tive reorganization was coupled with the strategic designation of new regional centers designed Colonized Al geria to address pressing security issues and to facil - itate regional communication and the enforce - ment of French regulations. Parallel to this civil territorial reorgani - zation, a military territorial “zoning” was designed. The entire territory of colonized Al geria was gradually permeated with modi - fiable infrastructures and hermetic cobwebs of checkpoints, watchtowers, military posts, border fortifications, minefields, and electric fences, all of which enabled constant counter - revolutionary military operations. The French army progressively allocated particular areas of the territory of Algeria to one of three main military categories: zones opérationnelles (“zones of operations”), zones de pacification (“pacification zones”), and the zones interdites (“forbidden zones”). continued on page 3 ← French military mission in the Aurès, Region of Constantine, Algeria, September 1955 © Cuny, Claude; Pascucci, Bernard / Service cinématographique des armées (SCA) / Établissement de communication et de production audiovisuelle de la défense (ECPAD), Paris. arcHive journal — iSSue n°2 december 2017 — january 2018 page 2 ↑ Map of the forbidden zones and the Plan Challe ↓ Camp de regroupement in Boulet overseen by prior to July 1959. From Guy Pervillé, Atlas de la the Section administrative spécialisée (SAS, or Guerre d’Algérie: de la conquête à l’indépendance , the Specialized Administrative Section), Region with cartography by Cécile Marin (Paris: Editions of Oran, Algeria, February 1958 © Cuny, Claude / Autrement, 2011), 36–37. SCA / ECPAD. ↓ The construction of forbidden zones and the defensive line called Ligne Morice along the Algerian border with Tunisia, October 1959 © Beauvais, Gérard / SCA / ECPAD. arcHive journal — iSSue n°2 december 2017 — january 2018 page 3 continued from page 1 Within the zones of operations, officers the Morice Line sealed off Algeria’s eastern were ordered to utilize any possible means and western borders with neighboring to restore national security. In the militarily Tunisia and Morocco in order to prevent controlled zones of pacification, the army em - human movement and material exchanges. ployed action psychologique (“psychological Running approximately 450 km along actions”) against civilians, who were coercively the border with Tunisia and 700 km along administered, supervised, and indoctrinated, the border with Morocco, the Morice Line as well as being induced to collaborate with triggered a rapid and massive expansion of the army. And finally, there were the forbidden the camps. In 1958, the military Plan Challe zones, sectors designated to be cleared of any for tified the Morice Line with additional living beings—including animals—and con - electrified wire, minefields, barriers, and sisting of free-fire areas for French military checkpoints—systematic counterrevolution - air and ground forces. The prohibited regions ary measures that intensified the imposed were frequently isolated places; they com - evacuation of civilians from the forbidden prised not only immense woodlands and zones. The num ber of the camps thus contin - highlands, but also vast, inhabited rural areas ued to increase throughout the course of the from which Algerian civilian populations Algerian War of Independence. were relocated en masse to secure a “national- security” zone for the French army. On 17 February 1959, more than four years after the onset of the Algerian Revolution These various hypothesized territorial on 1 November 1954 (All Saints’ Day), categories spawned frequent spatial misun - Michel Rocard, a young Inspector of Finances derstandings and demarcation conflicts be - in French Algeria—who later served as Prime tween the civil and military authorities Minister from 1988 to 1991 under President involved. The French civilian administrative François Mitterrand—submitted a confiden - subdivisions consisted of departments, dis - tial document, Rapport sur les camps de tricts, and municipalities, while the system - regroupement (Report on the Regroupement atic military quadrillage (“grid system”) was Camps), to Paul Delouvrier, the newly ap - composed of zones, sectors, subsectors, quar - pointed Delegate General of the French ters, and subquarters. The military grid sys - Gov ernment in Algeria. In this 1959 account, tem was intended to mesh with one of the the twenty-eight-year-old Rocard denounced aforementioned military objectives: opera - the outrageous conditions of the French colo - tions, pacification, or the safeguarding of for - nial “ regroupement camps in which a million bidden zones. The most unmistakable villagers are parked, more than half of them directive was to empty the forbidden zones, children.” 1 The report was leaked to the forcing civilians to leave their homes, vil - media in France, who belatedly revealed lages, and arable lands. This military opera - the existence of the militarily controlled tion not only damaged countless existing camps de regroupement (roughly translated villages and uprooted numerous Algerian as “regrouping camps”) in Algeria that until peasants, but also engendered the establish - then had been kept secret from national and ment of what the French army termed the international public opinion. In 2003, Rocard centres de regroupement in Algeria under published his report in a book titled Rapport ↑ Pamphlets of the French military Action psychologique French colonial rule. sur les camps de regroupement et autres (“psychological action,” or simply propaganda) in the textes sur la Guerre d’Algérie (Report on the camps de regroupement © Service historique de l’armée With the issuing of the first centralized Regroupement Camps and Other Texts on de terre (SHAT), Paris. military policy of 1957, under the command the Algerian War ). Among the reasons that of General Raoul Salan, official documents prompted Rocard to publish his 1959 report stamped “secret” or “secret-confidential” or on the camps over four decades later was “top-secret” began to regulate the creation of (as he said) the alarming invasion of Iraq in the forbidden zones and to normalize the 2003. Using the examples of the fiascos of forced resettlement of the civilian popula - the war in Algeria and the violence inflicted tions; this was particularly the case with the during the forced civilian relocations, Rocard 1 Michel Rocard, Rapport sur les camps de regroupement construction of the defensive perimeter known attempted to demonstrate the impossibility of et autres textes sur la guerre d’Algérie (Paris: Mille et as the Morice Line. Named after French solving political problems by purely military une nuits, 2003), 13. Minister of National Defense André Morice, means, as had occurred in colonial Algeria. arcHive journal — iSSue n°2 december 2017 — january 2018 page ↑ French military search called “Opération Espérance,” Region of Guergour, Soumman Valley, Algeria, June 1956 © Durr, Jacques / SCA / ECPAD. ↓ Military officers debating the strategy of regroupement ↓ Robert Lacoste, French Resident Minister of the French in the military operational sector of Saïda, Region of Oran, Government in Algeria and Maurice Lemaire, French Secretary of Algeria, February – April 1959 © Flament, Marc / Fonds State for Trade and Industry visit the oil fields in Hassi Messaoud, privés / SCA / ECPAD. Algeria, February 1957 © Michalowski, Zygmond / SCA / ECPAD. arcHive journal — iSSue n°2 december 2017
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