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Evapofacies Del Salar Hombre Muerto, Puna Argentina: Distribucion Y Genesis

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Evapofacies Del Salar Hombre Muerto, Puna Argentina: Distribucion Y Genesis View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 61 (2): 286-297 (2006) EVAPOFACIES DEL SALAR HOMBRE MUERTO, PUNA ARGENTINA: DISTRIBUCION Y GENESIS Daniel VINANTE1 y Ricardo N. ALONSO2 1 Alexander Gold Group LTD, Alberdi 824 Salta, 4400 Salta. 2 CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Secretaría de Minería Industria y Recursos Energéticos de la Provincia de Salta. E-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se identifican, describen y se muestra la distribución areal de las facies y evapofacies asociadas al ambiente evaporítico del Salar Hombre Muerto, ubicado en el borde oriental de la Puna Austral, en una zona con una amplia difusión de yacimientos de boratos. El salar puede ser dividido en dos subcuencas, la occidental y la oriental, ambas separa- das por el islote central de Farallón Catal. La subcuenca oriental es boratífera, con bajo contenido en cloruros, mientras que la subcuenca occidental presenta tanto en superficie como en profundidad potentes acumulaciones de halita (hasta 900 m) y es prácticamente estéril en boratos. Se plantean varias hipótesis sobre la génesis de la evapofacies boratífera, representada mineralógicamente por el borato ule- xita. Esta es la evapofacies de interés económico y que se explota en el salar, donde además se extraen salmueras de litio. Palabras clave: Salar Hombre Muerto, Puna, evaporitas, boratos, ulexita. ABSTRACT: Evapofacies associated with the Salar Hombre Muerto, Puna: Distribution and genesis. This paper identifies, describes and shows the areal distribution of facies and evapofacies associated with Salar Hombre Muerto, located in the eastern border of the Southern Puna, in an area with a wide diffusion of borates. The salar can be divided in two sub-basins, the western and the eastern, both separate for the central island of Farallón Catal. The eastern sub-basin is boratiferous, with low chlorides contained, while the western one shows a thick halite accumulation (up to 900 m) in surface and in depth and it is practically sterile in borates. Several hypothesis on the genesis of the boratiferous evapofacies, minerallogically represented by the borate ulexite, are pro- posed. This evapofacies is the economic interest mined area, where lithium brines are also extracted. Keywords: Salar Hombre Muerto, Puna, evaporites, borates, ulexite,. - 286 - 0004-4822/02 $00.00 + $00.50 © 2006 Asociación Geológica Argentina. Evapofacies del salar Hombre Muerto... 287 INTRODUCCION Vizcachera (Donato y Vergani 1985, Hongn dominante de color pardo que puede estar El salar Hombre Muerto está ubicado en el y Seggiaro 2001). Continúa la Formación cubierta por una delgada costra salino-yeso- borde centro oriental de la provincia geoló- Catal (Alonso y Gutiérrez 1986). Posee una sa (Fig. 2a), mientras que la occidental pre- gica Puna (Turner 1972) y dentro de ella en datación en la base de 15,0 ± 2,4 Ma y otra senta tanto en superficie como en profundi- la subprovincia geológica Puna Austral en el techo de 7,2 ± 1,4 Ma (Alonso 1991). dad potentes acumulaciones de halita (Fig. (Alonso et al. 1984a) en el límite entre los De edad más joven afloran las sedimentitas 2b). Como rasgo sobresaliente en el interior departamentos de Antofagasta de la Sierra y evaporitas (boratos y halita) de la del salar se destaca la presencia de platafor- (Provincia de Catamarca) y Los Andes Formación Sijes (Turner 1964). Posee data- mas travertínicas. Algunas de ellas se rela- (Provincia de Salta). La altitud del piso sali- ciones de 5,86 ± 0,14 Ma (Watson en cionan directamente con paleofuentes ter- no es de aproximadamente 4.000 m sobre el Alonso et al. 1984a). Dentro de las volcani- males, otras en cambio son de depositación nivel del mar. Constituye un típico depósito tas afloran las dacitas y andesitas de la lacustre (Fig. 2c). A pesar que el salar se evaporítico emplazado en rocas prepaleo- Formación Tebenquicho, de unos 14 ± 5 a comporta como una cuenca unitaria, el zoicas, paleozoicas y cenozoicas. 11 ± l Ma (González 1983). La Andesita relieve a uno y otro lado de Farallón Catal El objetivo del trabajo es describir y mos- Ratones (González 1984) de 7,1 ± 0,2 Ma, consistió en depresiones independientes en trar la distribución areal y lateral de facies y edad obtenida por Vandervoort (1993). De su evolución inicial. Los materiales detríti- evapofacies asociadas al ambiente evaporíti- amplia distribución se encuentran las cos llegados al sector oriental provienen co del salar Hombre Muerto. También se ignimbritas dacíticas emitidas por el cerro en gran medida de la destrucción de postulan varias hipótesis referidas a la géne- Galán. Posee dataciones radimétricas K-Ar amplios depósitos de ignimbritas y rocas sis de la evapofacies boratífera. de 2,56 ± 0,14 Ma y una isócrona Rb-Sr que graníticas. Con respecto al sector occiden- La metodología de trabajo consistió en el dio un valor de 2,03 ± 0,07 Ma (Francis et tal, el predominio de terrenos ordovícicos reconocimiento y descripción en superficie al. 1983, Sparks et al. 1985). Los depósitos señala la homogeneidad litológica en que y en pozos de exploración, generalmente de cuaternarios están representados por sedi- está elaborada la depresión. un metro de profundidad, de las diferentes facies, evapofacies y costras salinas tal cual mentos clásticos, evaporíticos y las volcani- se observan actualmente en el salar. tas basálticas de la Formación Incahuasi HIDROGRAFIA La mayor parte de los antecedentes son de (Aceñolaza et al. 1976) de 0,754 ± 0,02 Ma, carácter regional. Se pueden citar los traba- (Alonso et al. 1984b). El salar se encuentra emplazado en una 2 jos de Reichert (1907), Catalano (1964), El análisis de imágenes satelitales permitió cuenca hidrográfica de 4.000 km de los 2 Igarzábal y Poppi (1980), Nicolli et al. determinar el porcentaje de las distintas cuales 588 km corresponden al ambiente (1980, 1982), Schalamuck et al. (1983), unidades estratigráficas aflorantes en la evaporítico. La cuenca presenta un escurri- Alonso et al. (1984, 1984a, 1984b), cuenca hidrográfica del salar Hombre miento endorreico caracterizado por una Viramonte et al. (1984), González (1984), Muerto: Precámbrico: 10 %, Paleozoico: 25 baja densidad de drenaje y alto porcentaje Alonso (1986, 1991), Alonso y Viramonte %, Terciario sedimentario: 5 %, Terciario de cursos con régimen temporario. Existe (1993), Castillo et al. (1992), Godfrey et al. volcánico: 35 %, Cuaternario (detrítico + un solo curso permanente pero de caudales (1997), Jordan et al. (1999), Vinante (2003), evaporítico + basaltos): 25 %. contrastados entre la temporada seca y entre otros. Estructuralmente predomina en la depre- húmeda, que es el río de los Patos (Fig. 2b). sión de Hombre Muerto un estilo tectónico Este río nace en los flancos norte y este del MARCO GEOLOGICO relacionado con sistemas transcurrentes cerro Galán y recorre unos 60 km hasta (Jordan et al. 1999). desaguar en la margen oriental del salar. Las rocas más antiguas aflorantes en la Los bordes del salar muestran penetracio- Otros cursos nacidos de este cerro lo hacen comarca corresponden a las metamorfitas nes del relieve circundante, entre ellas las a partir de manantiales termales, con cauda- de la Formación Pachamama (Aramayo denominadas península Tincalayu, penínsu- les efímeros (Ej.: río Agua Caliente). 1986, Hongn y Seggiaro 2001) de edad neo- la Hombre Muerto y península Incahuasi El río de los Patos es la fuente más impor- proterozoica (Fig. 1). El Ordovícico está (Fig. 1). El islote conocido como Farallón tante de agua al salar con un caudal medio representado por grauvacas, pelitas marinas Catal, de unos 72 km2, ocupa una posición de 20.000 litros/hora. La cuenca hidrográ- y lavas de las Formaciones Tolillar central en la depresión por lo que la divide fica de este río se encuentra elaborada en (Zappettini et al. 1994, Zimmermann et al. en dos subcuencas, una oriental y otra occi- su casi totalidad sobre la ignimbrita del 1999) y Falda Ciénaga (Aceñolaza et al. dental (Fig. 1). Las dos subcuencas se dife- cerro Galán. 1975, Aceñolaza et al. 1976). En discordan- rencian nítidamente por el contenido de El sector oriental del salar es el más impor- cia angular, se encuentran los conglomera- sales presentes. Así mientras la subcuenca tante desde el punto de vista hidrológico dos y areniscas rojas de la Formación Geste oriental es boratífera y con bajo contenido puesto que desemboca el río de los (Turner 1964) asignada al Eoceno medio en cloruros la subcuenca occidental se com- Patos, con cuyas aguas se alimenta la (Alonso y Fielding 1986). Siguen por enci- porta a la inversa. Superficialmente son laguna Catal. ma los conglomerados, areniscas y pelitas también muy diferentes: la oriental presen- En el sector occidental no hay cursos de rojas con yeso y eolianitas de la Sedimentita ta una resolución superficial limo-arcillosa agua, no obstante se inunda parcialmen- 288 D. VINANTE Y R. N. ALONSO Figura 1: Mapa geológico del salar Hombre Muerto (basado en Hongn y Seggiaro 2001). Evapofacies del salar Hombre Muerto... 289 Hombre Muerto puede ser tipificado como un salar de descarga, debido a que posee las siguientes características: a) la cuenca es intra- continental, b) el balance hidrológico es negativo para más de la mitad del año, c) la franja capilar del nivel freático está próxima a la superficie. Otra característica de este tipo de salares es que poseen sedimentación eva- porítica. Un muestreo de las aguas del río de los Patos realizado por Gladys M. de Gonzo (2005, com. pers.) desde el nordeste del cerro Galán hasta un poco más abajo de la unión con el río Agua Caliente proporcionó los siguientes valores máximos cerca del salar y mínimos alejados del salar: boro: 3,02 – 15,5 mg/l, arsénico: 0,163 – 0,431 mg/l, cloruro: 574 – 870 mg/l, alcalinidad total (CaCO3): 162 – 204 mg/l, conductividad: 2.208 – 3.300 ms/cm.
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