ISSN: 0001-5113 ACTA ADRIAT., ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER AADRAY 58(2): 261 - 270, 2017

Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983 (, , ): first records for the Adriatic Sea and new data on ecology and distribution of Mediterranean populations

Giulia FURFARO1*, Egidio TRAINITO2, Franco DE LORENZI3, Marco FANTIN4 and Mauro DONEDDU5

1 Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi di “Roma Tre” Roma, Italy

2 Villaggio i Fari, 07020 Loiri Porto San Paolo, Italy

3 Viale Bassani 93, 36016 Thiene, Italy

4 Via Liguria 35, 30030 Martellago, Italy

5 Via Palau 5, 07029 Tempio Pausania, Italy

*Corresponding author, email: [email protected]

The nilsodhneri, usually feeding on a variety of gorgoniacean , is known from different localities of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Knowledge of the host preferences of the Mediterranean populations is still scarce. Few records of this nudi- branch have been reported from the eastern Mediterranean basin. With this report, the occurrence of T. nilsodhneri within the Mediterranean basin is extended to the Adriatic Sea. Furthermore, the list of the host species associated to the Mediterranean populations for feeding habits is increased from two up to five. Mediterranean specimens of T. nilsodhneri were observed for the first time feeding and spawning on Leptogorgia sarmentosa, cavolini and E. labiata. Finally, these last two species are also reported here as a new host species for T. nilsodhneri.

Key words: Tritoniidae, Tritonia nilsodhneri, Adriatic sea, Eunicella, Leptogorgia, host specificity

INTRODUCTION occurred with Tritonia odhneri Marcus Ev., 1959, a valid species living in the eastern Pacific The nudibranch Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ocean. For this reason, following the Principle Ev., 1983 was originally described as Duvauce- of Priority of ICZN, the name currently in use lia odhneri (TARDY, 1963) from Ile de Ré (Atlan- was adopted according to MARCUS EV. (1983). tic coast of France). Afterwards it was moved to This small sized species can be considered the Tritonia Cuvier, 1798 and synonymy cryptic, since its body colour usually resem- 262 ACTA ADRIATICA, 58(2): 261 - 270, 2017

The easternmost record for the Mediterranean Basin is from the Turkish coasts of the Aegean Sea (YOKEŞ, 2009).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Underwater photographs, ecological notes and, when necessary, samples were obtained during scuba diving. Some individuals were observed during a field survey for ecological quantitative description of Boka Kotorska Bay marine area in Montenegro (RAC/SPA - UNEP/MAP, 2013). When collected, samples were preserved in EtOH 95% for further molecular investiga- tions and stored in the malacological collection at the Department of Biology and Biotechnolo- gies “Charles Darwin” (“Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy). Photographs and ecological notes were also obtained by websites and per- sonal communications. Data on mating, spawn- ing, feeding or other important ecological re- marks in relation with the host were annotated bles that of its prey and the shape of its cerata for successive inferences. A review of the ex- and rhinophores mimics the polyps of the host isting literature regarding the geographical and on which it usually lives. In fact, Tritoniidae is ecological niches and trophism of T. nilsodhneri a very specialized family with species show- was performed to better describe the novelty of ing a strong relationship with gorgonians and information provided by this ecological study. soft corals, on which they feed, mate and live (GOMEZ, 1973; MATUCHESKI & MUNIAIN, 2011). In RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the north eastern Atlantic Ocean, the distribution of Tritonia nilsodhneri extends from the British In Table 1 a list of the localities, data, host Isles to the coasts of Portugal and Spain (THOMP- species, presence of egg coils of T. nilsodhneri SON & BROWN, 1984; THOMPSON, 1988; GARCIA- cited in this study, and references are summa- GOMEZ et al., 1991; PICTON & MORROW, 1994; CER- rized. A recent updated review of the Adriatic VERA et al., 2004). Records are also reported from Opisthobranch fauna does not report the species South Africa (GOSLINER, 1987; ZSILAVECZ, 2007; T. nilsodhneri from the Adriatic Sea (ZENETOS GOSLINER et al., 2008; POLA & GOSLINER, 2010). et al., 2016), but based on the findings, herein re- In the Mediterranean Sea it is reported from all ported, the presence of T. nilsodhneri can be ex- over the Spanish coasts (CERVERA et al., 2004; tended to the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. BALLESTEROS, 2007; BALLESTEROS et al., 2012- The first report of T. nilsodhneri in the Adriatic 2016; GROC, 2016). Along the Mediterranean coast Sea is dated 12/08/2000, when a specimen was of France it is reported from Banyuls (HORST, photographed (a photo reported on a website) on 2010), Cerbère (PODDUBETSKAIA, 2002), Sausset Eunicella singularis (Esper, 1791) together with le pins and Carro (LE GRANCHÉ & MÜLLER, 2016). egg coil, at Sveti Grgur, Croatia (DE LORENZI, Records from Italian Seas are known for the cen- 2000). Afterwards, discovery of several individu- tral and southern Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian als and egg coils took place in 2013 at Dražin Sea (CATTANEO-VIETTI & GIOVINE, 2008), for the vrt (at 15 m depth) in Boka Kotorska Bay, Mon- Ligurian Sea (CERRANO et al., 2007) and for north tenegro on a colony of Leptogorgia sarmentosa eastern Sardinia (TRAINITO & DONEDDU, 2015). (Esper, 1789) (Fig. 1a). More recent records are Furfaro et. al.: Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983 (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Tritoniidae): ... 263 egg coils References T. nilsodhneri T. Vitale, 2014 Vitale, Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper Present paper DE LORENZI, 2000 RAC/SPA - UNEP/MAP, 2013 - UNEP/MAP, RAC/SPA

A B NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES egg coil Presence of Host Eunicella labiata Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella cavolini Eunicella verrucosa Eunicella singularis Eunicella singularis Eunicella singularis Eunicella singularis Eunicella singularis Eunicella singularis Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia sarmentosa Leptogorgia Basin Ionian Sea Alboran Sea Alboran Sea Alboran Sea Northern Adriatic Sea Northern Adriatic Sea Northern Adriatic Sea Northern Adriatic Sea Southern Adriatic Sea Central Tyrrhenian Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central Sea Tyrrhenian Central cited in this study with collection date and localities, host species name and presence/absence (on the host) of (on the name and presence/absence host species and localities, date collection in this study with cited Locality Kralievica, Croatia Sveti Grgur, Croatia, Sveti Grgur, Ugento, Apulia, Italy Ugento, Plavnik Island, Croatia Moceniska Draga, Croatia Cantarrijan, Granada, Spain Cantarrijan, Granada, Spain Cantarrijan, Granada, Spain Punta Rossa, Circeo, Latium, Italy Tritonia nilsodhneri Tritonia NEW02, MPA Tavolara, Sardinia, Italy Tavolara, NEW02, MPA Drazn Vrt, Boka Kotorska, Montenegro Vrt, Drazn Grottone, MPA Tavolara, Sardinia, Italy Tavolara, Grottone, MPA Buoy 8, MPA Secche di Tor Paterno, Italy Tor Secche di Buoy 8, MPA Paterno, Italy Tor Secche di Buoy 1, MPA Paterno, Italy Tor Secche di Buoy 1, MPA Paterno, Italy Tor Secche di Buoy 1, MPA Paterno, Italy Tor Secche di Buoy 1, MPA Paterno, Italy Tor Secche di Buoy 1, MPA Cerniette, Giannutri Island, Tuscany, Italy Tuscany, Cerniette, Giannutri Island, Cala Cicale, MPA Tavolara, Sardinia, Italy Tavolara, Cala Cicale, MPA Sardinia, Italy Tavolara, Cala Cicale, MPA Sardinia, Italy Tavolara, Cala Cicale, MPA Occhio di Dio, MPA Tavolara, Sardinia, Italy Tavolara, Occhio di Dio, MPA Scoglio del Corallo, Argentario, Tuscany, Italy Tuscany, Argentario, Scoglio del Corallo, Date Table 1. Records of 1. Records Table 26/05/2011 27/05/2011 17/07/2011 29/11/2015 12/08/2000 14/06/2012 30/08/2012 06/07/2013 10/04/2013 18/07/2013 19/07/2013 19/07/2013 28/07/2014 01/05/2014 06/05/2014 09/05/2014 09/05/2014 09/06/2014 02/07/2014 04/05/2015 27/12/2015 28/05/2016 01/09/2016 27/09/2016 and references 264 ACTA ADRIATICA, 58(2): 261 - 270, 2017

Fig. 1. a). Dražin Vrt, Boka Kotorska, Montenegro. Tritonia nilsodhneri with egg coils on Leptogorgia sarmentosa. White circles indicate the nudibranchs and red circles indicate the egg coils. Photo E.T. b) & c.) Plavnik Island, Croatia. T. nilsodhneri and egg coils on Eunicella singularis. Photo M.F. d) & e) Moščenička Draga, Croatia. T. nilsodhneri feeding on E. singularis. Photo M.F. f) Kraljevica, Croatia. T. nilsodhneri laying eggs on E. singularis. Photo F.D.L. Furfaro et. al.: Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983 (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Tritoniidae): ... 265 reported from the coasts of Croatia in different localities such as Plavnik Island (at 28 m depth) (Fig. 1b, c), Moščenička draga (at 33 m depth) (Fig. 1d, e) and Kraljevica (Fig. 1f), all on colo- nies of E. singularis, on which this dendronota- cean slug was mating and feeding. These results also corroborate the selection of E. singularis as the favoured prey for T. nil- sodhneri inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea. This gorgonian species is considered endemic of the Mediterranean Sea, where it is common and widespread. Sometimes E. stricta (Bertoloni, 1810) has been cited as the prey of T. nilsodh- neri (HORST, 2010), however the validity of this gorgonian species is debated: it is nowadays listed as a valid species in VAN OFWEGEN (2010) although it is commonly accepted as a synonym of E. singularis (CARPINE & GRASSHOFF, 1975; WEINBERG, 1976; AVIAN et al., 1995). Moreover, this study reports here for the first time, three ad- ditional host species, belonging to two different gorgonian genera, that were never recorded for Mediterranean specimens of T. nilsodhneri: Eu- nicella cavolini (Koch, 1887), E. labiata Thom- son, 1927 and Leptogorgia sarmentosa. Ecologi- cal association occurring between T. nilsodhneri Fig. 2. a) Cala Cicale, AMP Tavolara, Sardinia, Italy. and E. cavolini and E. labiata represents also the T. nilsodhneri and eggs coils on Eunicella cavolini. Photo E.T. b) Cantarrijan, Granada, Spain. Egg first ever recorded interaction among the species coil of T. nilsodhneri on Eunicella labiata. Photo C. in the world, increasing the number of the spe- Minguell - © Courtesy OCEANA. c. Buoy 1, AMP Tor cies recognized as host for this dendronotacean Paterno, Italy. c) T. nilsodhneri with egg coils on L. to seven. Some sightings of living on sarmentosa. White circles indicate the nudibranchs E. cavolini and egg coils deposited on the same and red circles indicate the egg coils. Photo E.T. d.) Cantarrijan, Granada, Spain. T. nilsodhneri on Euni- gorgonian were observed in different localities cella verrucosa. Photo C. Minguell. e) Cantarrijan, of central Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas: ‘Tavol- Granada, Spain. T. nilsodhneri on L. sarmentosa. ara Punta Coda Cavallo’ Marine Protected Area Photo C. Minguell. (MPA) (Fig. 2a), also at Capo Figari (Sardinia) (R. Romor, personal communication) and at neri, but already reported for Atlantic populations Ugento (Apulia) (VITALE, 2014) (Table 1). (URGORRI & BESTEIRO, 1984), is L. sarmentosa. In The Eunicella labiata is an eastern Atlantic addition to the data provided here for Montene- species with populations on both sides of the Gi- gro, further observations on this ecological as- braltar strait, reaching the coast of Granada in sociation took place in the MPA “Secche di Tor the Alboran Sea. T. nilsodhneri was found on Paterno” (Fig. 2c), in the MPA “Tavolara Punta colonies of E. labiata in the locality Cantarrijan Coda Cavallo” (Tsuruoka, personal communica- (Granada) and the presence of egg coil were also tion), at “Scoglio del Corallo” Argentario Prom- documented (C. Minguell, personal communica- ontory (Tuscany) and Cantarrijan (Granada) (C. tion) (Fig. 2b). Minguell, personal communication) (Fig. 2d). E. The third species identified as an additional verrucosa (Pallas, 1766), on which T. nilsodh- host for Mediterranean specimens of T. nilsodh- neri is cryptically camouflaged, is the main prey 266 ACTA ADRIATICA, 58(2): 261 - 270, 2017 in the north eastern Atlantic Ocean (URGORRI these, it is worth mentioning that, E. cavolini & BESTEIRO, 1984; THOMPSON & BROWN, 1984; and E. labiata were never recorded before as T. THOMPSON, 1988; PICTON & MORROW, 1994; IR- nilsodhneri host species either in the Atlantic VING, 1996; YONOW, 1996; TODD et al., 2001). Only Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea. one record of T. nilsodhneri feeding on E. verru- Consequently, the number of the host species cosa has been reported until now from the Medi- known for T. nilsodhneri from the whole range terranean Sea and in particular from Portofino, of distribution increased from five up to seven: Ligurian Sea (CERRANO et al., 2007). New records E. albicans (South Africa), E. cavolini (Mediter- of this interaction in the Mediterranean Sea are ranean Sea), E. labiata (Eastern Atlantic Ocean here reported from Cantarrijan (Granada) (C. and Mediterranean Sea), E. singularis (Mediter- Minguell, personal communication) (Fig. 2e). ranean Sea), E. tricoronata (South Africa), E. Map 1 summarizes in detail the localities where verrucosa (Eastern Atlantic Ocean and Medi- the cited findings took place. terranean Sea) and L. sarmentosa (Eastern At- Regarding the South African populations of lantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea). This new T. nilsodhneri, the gorgonian species E. albicans knowledge on diet preferences of T. nilsodhneri (Kölliker, 1865) and E. tricoronata Velimirov, species puts in doubt the concept of strict host 1971 are known to be the typical preys (JONES, specificity believed until now (WILLAN & MOR- 2008). However, the identification of the South TON, 1984; WILLAN, 1988) for Tritoniidae species, African population as T. nilsodhneri needs to be suggesting the necessity to re-evaluate the host verified since the presence of differences in some preferences shown by other ‘tritoniid’ species. morphological features could suggests a possible sister species within T. nilsodhneri taxon. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CONCLUSIONS We wish to thank Miho TSURUOKA (Porto San Paolo, Sardinia), Maria AGOSTINI (Porto The presence of T. nilsodhneri in the Adri- San Paolo, Sardinia), Renato ROMOR (Golfo atic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) is here reported Aranci, Sardinia), Fabio VITALE (Lecce, Apulia) for the first time while TEMPLADO et al. (1983) as and Carlos MINGUELL (Tenerife, Spain) for hav- odhneri, recorded it for the first time ing kindly provided ecological remarks and un- for the Mediterranean Sea. Other records of its derwater photographs and OCEANA for the use presence in the Mediterranean can be found in of the photo of Eunicella labiata. We also wish BALLESTEROS et al. (2012-2016). The absence of T. to thank Prof. Paolo MARIOTTINI (Rome, Italy) nilsodhneri in the recent checklist of the Adriatic for his valuable suggestions. G. FURFARO wishes Opisthobranch fauna underlines the difficulty to to thank the University of Roma Tre for financial detect this species and also the efficiency of its founding. E. TRAINITO wishes to thank MPA Ta- camouflage with the gorgonians it lives on. volara and MPA Secche di Tor Paterno. Regarding the trophic substrate known until Finally, authors want to thank the anony- now for the Mediterranean populations of T. nil- mous referees for their kind help in improving sodhneri, with this work the list of Gorgoniidae the manuscript and, in particular, the referee who species increased from two up to five with the suggested us important data regarding the mor- inclusion of E. cavolini, E. labiata, and L. sar- phology of the South African population of T. mentosa as Mediterranean host species. Among nilsodhneri.

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Received: 18 January 2017 Accepted: 17 March 2017 Furfaro et. al.: Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983 (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Tritoniidae): ... 269

Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983 (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Tritoniidae): prvi nalaz za Jadransko more i novi podaci o ekologiji i distribuciji mediteranske populacije

Giulia FURFARO*, Egidio TRAINITO, Franco DE LORENZI, Marco FANTIN i Mauro DONEDDU

*Kontakt e-adresa: [email protected]

SAŽETAK

Morski puž golać, Tritonia nilsodhneri, poznat je s različitih lokaliteta istočnog Atlantskog oceana i Sredozemnog mora, a obično se hrani raznim vrstama gorgonija. Podatci o domaćinima za ovu vrstu u Sredozemlju su još uvijek rijetki. Postoji nekoliko zapisa o ovom pužu u istočnom dijelu Sredozemlja. Ovim radom zabilježena je nazočnost vrste T. nilsodhneri u Jadranskom moru. Nadalje, popis vrsta domaćina koji su povezani sa hranjenjem i mriještenjem sredozemne popu- lacije se povećao sa dva na pet. Sredozemni primjerci T. nilsodheri su po prvi put zabilježeni tijekom hranjenja i mriješćenja na vrstama Leptogorgia sarmentosa, Eunicella cavolini i E. labiata. Ove posljednje dvije spomenute vrste Gorgonida su u ovom radu po prvi put zabilježene kao nova vrsta domaćina za T. nilsodheri.

Ključne riječi: Tritoniidae, Tritonia nilsodhneri, Jadransko more, Eunicella, Leptogorgia, specifičnost domaćina