Les Grandes Espérances 1 Les Grandes Espérances

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Les Grandes Espérances 1 Les Grandes Espérances Les Grandes Espérances 1 Les Grandes Espérances Les Grandes Espérances Auteur Charles Dickens Signature de Charles Dickens vers 1860. Genre Bildungsroman pseudo-autobiographique, critique sociale et morale Version originale Titre original Great Expectations Éditeur original All the Year Round (édition en feuilleton), puis Chapman and Hall (édition en volumes) Langue originale anglais Pays d'origine Royaume-Uni Date de parution 1860-1861 originale Version française Traducteur Lucien Guitard, Pierre Leyris, André Parreaux, Madeleine Rossel (publié sous le titre de De grandes espérances avec Souvenirs intimes de David Copperfield) Lieu de parution Paris Éditeur Gallimard (La Pléiade) Date de parution 1954 Nombre de pages 1568 pages ISBN 9782070101672 Chronologie Les Grandes Espérances 2 A Tale of Two Cities Our Mutual Friend Les Grandes Espérances ou De grandes espérances (en anglais Great Expectations) est le treizième roman de Charles Dickens (1812-1870), le deuxième, après David Copperfield, à être raconté entièrement à la première personne par le protagoniste lui-même, Philip Pirrip, dit Pip[1]. Le sujet principal en est la vie et les aventures d'un jeune orphelin jusqu'à sa maturité. D'abord publié en feuilleton de décembre 1860 à août 1861 dans le magazine de Dickens All the Year Round, il paraît ensuite en trois volumes chez Chapman and Hall en octobre 1861. Conçu pour être deux fois plus long, le roman doit son format à des contraintes de gestion affectant la revue à laquelle il est confié. Ramassé et dense, avec une économie de moyens inhabituelle chez Dickens, il représente, par l'équilibre de sa structure, la perfection de son déroulement et l'aboutissement des intrigues, l'apogée de la maturité de son auteur. Il se situe dans la dernière partie de sa carrière, « l'après-midi de sa vie et de sa gloire » (the afternoon of his life and glory) selon G. K. Chesterton, et après lui, seul à être complet, ne paraît que L'Ami commun. L'histoire commence vers 1812, comme la prime enfance de Dickens passée dans le même conté rural du Kent, pour se terminer vers 1846. D'emblée, le lecteur est « régalé » (treated)[2] par la terrifiante rencontre entre le héros et le forçat évadé Abel Magwicth ; Great Expectations est un livre violent, marqué par des images extrêmes, la pauvreté, les bateaux-prisons au large, the hulks, les entraves et les chaînes, les luttes à mort[2]. Il associe donc une intrigue nourrie de rebondissements imprévus à une posture autobiographique comprenant différentes tonalités de remémoration, et, indépendamment de sa technique narrative, il reflète sinon les événements de la vie, du moins les préoccupations de l'auteur, et surtout sa conception de la société et de l'homme. Les Grandes Espérances présentent une panoplie de personnages hauts en couleur, qui sont restés dans la conscience populaire : l'implacable Miss Havisham et Estella à la beauté glacée, Joe le forgeron tout raison et bonté, l'oncle Pumblechook, à la fois débonnaire et desséché, la figure coupante de l'avoué Jaggers, celle, à deux facettes, de son double opposé Wemmick, l'ami disert et sage Herbert Pocket. En un long et convulsif processus de changement, les thèmes conflictuels, classiques chez Dickens, de la richesse et de la pauvreté, de l'amour et du rejet, du snobisme et de l'amertume, finissent par céder peu ou prou le pas au pouvoir de la bonté et à sa victoire sur les forces de l'obscurantisme et du mal[2]. Les critiques sont partagés à la parution : Carlyle parle de « cette loufoquerie de Pip » (all that Pip's nonsense)[3] alors que G. B. Shaw loue un « bel ensemble sonnant juste de bout en bout » (All of one piece and consistently truthfull)[4]. Dickens, lui, a le sentiment qu'il s'agit d'une de ses meilleures œuvres, dont il aime l'idée, « une très belle idée » (a very fine idea), et la réalisation[5], et il se montre très sensible aux compliments de ses amis : « Bulwer Lytton, écrit-il, est on ne peut plus entiché du livre » (Bulwer is so strongly taken with the book)[6]. De fait, très populaire et traduit dans de nombreux pays, il connaît plusieurs adaptations cinématographiques et inspire différents créateurs. Les Grandes Espérances 3 Genèse du roman Alors qu'il commence Great Expectations, Dickens est pris dans un tourbillon de lectures publiques le conduisant de ville en ville à travers le royaume. À la fois débordant d'énergie et épuisé, grandiose et mesquin, conventionnel et excentrique, sortant tout juste d'une crise personnelle majeure, gardant secrète une liaison amoureuse avec une très jeune femme, il y a quelque chose d'immense, voire de démesuré en lui : vaste demeure, vaste famille, vastes amours, haines puissantes, popularité universelle. Pourtant, les débuts de Great Expectations n'ont rien de glorieux, artistiquement parlant, du fait que l'idée du roman va se heurter à des circonstances économiques qui en dictent la conception et la réalisation[7]. Charles Dickens, vers 1860. Prémices Dans son carnet pense-bête (Book of Memoranda), commencé en 1855, Dickens écrit des noms pour d'éventuels personnages : Magwitch, Provis, Clarriker, Compey, Pumblechook, Horlick, Gargery, Wopsle, Skiffins, dont certains seront des familiers de Great Expectations. S'y trouve également une référence à un « homme qui sait » (knowing man), peut-être une esquisse du futur Bentley Drummle[8] ; une autre évoque une maison pleine de « flagorneurs et de charlatans » (Toadies and Humbugs) préfigurant les visiteurs de Satis House au chapitre 11[9],[8]. De plus, Margaret Cardwell suppute une première « prémonition » de Great Expectations dans une lettre de Dickens adressée à W. H. Wills le 25 novembre 1855, dans laquelle il parle de recycler une « idée bizarre » (odd idea) destinée au numéro spécial de Noël, « Maison à louer » (A House to Let), en un « pivot » autour duquel « tournera [son] prochain livre » (the pivot round which my next book shall revolve)[10],[11]. L'idée « bizarre » concerne quelqu'un, prématurément dégoûté du monde, qui « se retire dans une vieille demeure isolée […], se gardant de tout contact avec l'extérieur » (« retires to an old lonely house […] resolved to shut out the world and hold no communion with it »[12]. Le 8 août 1860, Dickens, dans une lettre au comte Carlisle, fait état de son agitation, celle-là même qui l'habite chaque fois que se prépare un nouveau livre[8]. Un mois plus tard, il écrit à Forster qu'il vient d'avoir une nouvelle idée[13]. Une « bien belle idée » (Charles Dickens) En effet, Dickens est content de lui, car, écrit-il, c'est « une bien belle idée, à la fois novatrice et grotesque » (« such a very fine, new and grotesque idea ») : écrire une histoire courte, « une petite chose » (a little piece) à la fois tragi-comique et grotesque (grotesque tragi-comic conception), une nouvelle donc, avec un très jeune héros qui devient l'ami d'un forçat évadé ; ce dernier fait fortune en Australie et lui lègue ses biens, mais en demeurant anonyme. À la fin, l'argent est perdu car Publicité pour Great Expectations dans All the il est confisqué par la Couronne. En somme, l'axe Pip-Magwitch est Year Round. posé, mais sans Miss Havisham ni Estella, ni aucun des personnages ultérieurement greffés, ce que confirme Forster dans sa biographie : là se trouve « le germe de la relation entre Pip et Magwitch, qu'il entend servir de base à une histoire selon l'ancienne Les Grandes Espérances 4 formule des vingt numéros » (« was the germ of Pip and Magwitch, which at first he intended to make the groundwork of a tale in the old twenty-number form »)[14]. De fait, l'idée s'est étoffée, les ambitions de l'auteur aussi, et Dickens commence la rédaction. Bientôt cependant, dès septembre, les choses se gâtent : l'hebdomadaire All the Year Round voit ses ventes chuter à l'automne, sa publication phare, The Day's Ride de Charles Lever, décourageant le public de façon alarmante. « J'ai réuni un conseil de guerre » (« I called a council of war »), explique Dickens : lui seul, le « Chef » (The Chief), comme disent ses collaborateurs, peut sauver la situation, et il faut faire vite ; il lui faut « frapper un grand coup » (« the one thing to be done was for me to strike in »)[15]. La « bien belle idée » s'adapte à son prochain support : publications hebdomadaires, cinq cents pages, à peine plus d'une seule année (1860-1861), trente-six épisodes, à commencer le 1er décembre. Le roman de Lever est poursuivi jusqu'à son terme (23 mars 1861)[16], mais passe au second plan. Aussitôt, les ventes reprennent et la critique réagit bien, le Times donnant le ton : « Notre Dickens nous comble en cette œuvre d'encore plus de merveilles qu'il ne l'a fait depuis longtemps » (« Our Dickens has in the present work given us more of his earlier fancies than we have had for years »)[17]. Comme toujours lorsqu'il manque d'espace, Dickens, dont la santé, en outre, n'est pas au mieux, se sent à la peine : « planifier de semaine en semaine s'est avéré incroyablement difficile » (« The planning out from week to week was unimaginably difficult »), mais il avance d'un pas sûr[18]. Il pense avoir trouvé « un bon titre » (a good name), « utilise la première personne partout » (throughout), trouve le début « on ne peut plus bouffon » (excessively droll) : « J'ai mis un enfant et un bon bougre idiot dans une relation qui me paraît très drôle » (« I have put a child and a good-natured foolish man, in relations that seem to me very funny »)[19]. Quatre épisodes hebdomadaires sont ainsi « sortis du moulin » (ground off the wheel) en octobre[20], et à part une allusion à l'« esclavage » de sa lourde tâche (bondage)[21], les mois défilent sans les cris d'angoisse ponctuant d'habitude la rédaction des romans[18].
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