Lake Pleasant, Two Central Arizona Reservoirs

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lake Pleasant, Two Central Arizona Reservoirs The Ecology of the Plankton Communities of Two Desert Reservoirs by Tyler R Sawyer A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Approved July 2011 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Susanne Neuer, Chair Daniel L. Childers Milton Sommerfeld ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY August 2011 ABSTRACT In 2010, a monthly sampling regimen was established to examine ecological differences in Saguaro Lake and Lake Pleasant, two Central Arizona reservoirs. Lake Pleasant is relatively deep and clear, while Saguaro Lake is relatively shallow and turbid. Preliminary results indicated that phytoplankton biomass was greater by an order of magnitude in Saguaro Lake, and that community structure differed. The purpose of this investigation was to determine why the reservoirs are different, and focused on physical characteristics of the water column, nutrient concentration, community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and trophic cascades induced by fish populations. I formulated the following hypotheses: 1) Top-down control varies between the two reservoirs. The presence of piscivore fish in Lake Pleasant results in high grazer and low primary producer biomass through trophic cascades. Conversely, Saguaro Lake is controlled from the bottom-up. This hypothesis was tested through monthly analysis of zooplankton and phytoplankton communities in each reservoir. Analyses of the nutritional value of phytoplankton and DNA based molecular prey preference of zooplankton provided insight on trophic interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton. Data from the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) provided information on the fish communities of the two reservoirs. 2) Nutrient loads differ for each reservoir. Greater nutrient concentrations yield greater primary producer biomass; I hypothesize that Saguaro Lake is more eutrophic, while Lake Pleasant is more oligotrophic. Lake Pleasant had a larger zooplankton abundance and biomass, a larger piscivore fish community, and smaller phytoplankton abundance compared i to Saguaro Lake. Thus, I conclude that Lake Pleasant was controlled top-down by the large piscivore fish population and Saguaro Lake was controlled from the bottom-up by the nutrient load in the reservoir. Hypothesis 2 stated that Saguaro Lake contains more nutrients than Lake Pleasant. However, Lake Pleasant had higher concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus than Saguaro Lake. Additionally, an extended period of low dissolved N:P ratios in Saguaro Lake indicated N limitation, favoring dominance of N-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton community in that reservoir. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this project came in the form of The Research and Training Initiatives Office Facilities Initiative Grant for Grads (RTI FIGG) and from the Arizona State University School of Life Sciences as funding and support as a research and teaching assistant. Field sampling and laboratory assistance was contributed by Jessica Amacher, Charles Baysinger, and Aaron Robinson. Alissa Rickborn carried out the DNA analysis of the zooplankton guts. Natasha Zolotova provided assistance with the preparation and analysis of particulate nutrient samples in the W.M. Keck Laboratory. Analysis of dissolved nutrient samples was handled by Bill Clinton at the University of California Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute Analytical Lab. The staff of Scorpion Bay Marina at Lake Pleasant provided helpful information on reservoir levels, weather, and other extraneous data in addition to un-equaled enthusiasm about the project. Finally, I express gratitude and respect for my advisor, Susanne Neuer, and to my supervisory committee for their insight and consideration. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………….…………vi LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………….…vii INTRODUCTION………………………………….............................………….…….1 Field Data Collection Sites………………………………………………….…2 Previous Work…………………………………………………………….…….4 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………...…8 METHODS…………………………………………………..………………………….10 Conductivity, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen……………………….10 Water Collection……………………………………………………………....11 Dissolved Constituents…………………………………………………….…12 Particulate Constituents……………………………..……………………….12 Secchi Depth………………………………………………………………..…13 Reservoir Depth………………………...……………………………………..14 Chlorophyll a…………………………………………………………………..14 Phytoplankton Abundance……………...……………………………………14 Zooplankton Abundance………………………..……………………………15 Zooplankton Biomass……………………………….………………………..16 Rotifer Abundance…………………………………………………………….16 DNA Based Water Column and Gut Content Examination……………….16 RESULTS…………………..…………………………………………………………..19 Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Conductivity….……………………19 Saguaro Lake……………..…………………………………………..19 Lake Pleasant…………………………………………………………21 Secchi Depth……………..……………………………………………………24 Page Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients………………………………………………..25 Particulate Constituents………………………………………………………29 Chlorophyll a…………………………………….…………………………….33 Phytoplankton Community….………………………………………………..36 Zooplankton Abundance…………………………………..…………………38 Zooplankton Biomass……………...…………………………………………43 Rotifer Abundance…………………………………….………………………44 Lake Pleasant Fish Community (AZGFD 2005 and 2008)……………….45 Saguaro Lake Fish Community…………………………………...…………46 DNA based molecular Gut Analyses……………………..…………………46 Saguaro Lake………………..………………………………………..47 Lake Pleasant…………………………………………………………52 DISCUSSION…………………………………………..………………………………58 1. Hydrographical Context………………………………………………….58 2. Seasonal Zooplankton Variability in the Reservoirs in Relation to Phytoplankton Variability……………………..….…………………..61 3. Food Webs in the Reservoirs Derived from Gut Analyses and Literature………………..……………………………………………..64 4. Controls of Community Structure………………….……………………67 5. Hypothesis Evaluation………………………………….………………..68 6. Future Work…………………………………...…………………………..70 REFERENCES………………………………………………..……………………….71 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………..76 DNA Based Molecular Prey Preference Results………..……………..76-91 LIST OF TABLES Page 1. 2010 sampling schedule…………………………………..………………………12 2. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations in Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake……….…………………………………………………………25 3. POC/PON/POP in Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake……….…………………29 4. Qualitative examination of phytoplankton communities in Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake………………………………………………………………….36 5. Eukaryotic organisms found via DNA based molecular analysis of the water column in Saguaro Lake………………………………………….………………………47 6. Eukaryotic organisms found via molecular analysis of the water column in Lake Pleasant………..………………………………………………………..52 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Surface map of Saguaro Lake………………………………….………………….3 2. Surface map of Lake Pleasant…………………………..…………………………4 3. Phytoplankton community structure of Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake in 2009………..…………………………………………………………………….7 4. Chlorophyll a data from Saguaro Lake (2007-2009) and Lake Pleasant (2008-2009)…………………...……………………………………………...…8 5. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity of Saguaro Lake in 2010……………...…………………………………………………………19-20 6. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity of Saguaro Lake in 2010……………………………………………………………………...…21-22 7. Secchi depth and estimated euphotic zone depth in Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake………………………………………………………………….24 8. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations determined in the surface of Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake……………………………..………..25-26 9. Molar nitrogen and phosphorus ratios plotted with the 16:1 Redfield Ratio…27 10. Particulate P, N, and C values from the surface of Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake……………………………………………….…………………30 11. Particulate ratios of surface Carbon and Nitrogen……………...…………….31 12. Chlorophyll values for Saguaro Lake and Lake Pleasant...………...……33-34 13. Abundance of zooplankton in the upper 5m of Lake Pleasant during 2010..38 14. Copepodite and adult copepod populations from Lake Pleasant……………39 15. Abundance of zooplankton in the upper 5m of Saguaro Lake during 2010..40 vii Page 16. Comparison of abundance estimates derived from casts of different depth intervals from Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake in November……....41-42 17. Zooplankton biomass in Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake………………….43 18. Rotifer abundance in Saguaro Lake from June to November of 2010……...44 19. Relative distribution of cyclopoid prey organisms in Saguaro Lake obtained from DNA based molecular gut analysis……….…………………..………48 20. Nauplii (cyclopoid) prey organisms in Saguaro Lake………..……………49-50 21. Daphnia prey organisms in Saguaro Lake……………………………….……51 22. Cyclopoid prey organisms in Lake Pleasant from DNA based molecular gut analysis……………………………………………………………………..53-54 23. Calanoid prey organisms in Lake Pleasant from DNA based molecular gut analysis……………………………………….………………………………..55 24. Nauplii (cyclopoid and calanoid) prey organisms in Lake Pleasant from DNA based molecular gut analysis…………………………………………...……………………56 25. Bosmina prey organisms in Lake Pleasant from DNA based molecular gut analysis…………………………………………………………………………57 26. Covariation of temperature, chlorophyll, and nitrogen in Lake Pleasant and Saguaro Lake……………………………….…………………………………59 27. Hypothesized and inferred food web of Lake Pleasant…………………...….64 28. Hypothesized and inferred food web of Saguaro Lake…………………….…66 iix Introduction A community is defined as “the sum of all of the interacting populations in a habitat” (Lampert and Sommer, 2007). In aquatic ecosystems, the community consists of primary producers (phytoplankton),
Recommended publications
  • A Six-Gene Phylogeny Provides New Insights Into Choanoflagellate Evolution Martin Carr, Daniel J
    A six-gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution Martin Carr, Daniel J. Richter, Parinaz Fozouni, Timothy J. Smith, Alexandra Jeuck, Barry S.C. Leadbeater, Frank Nitsche To cite this version: Martin Carr, Daniel J. Richter, Parinaz Fozouni, Timothy J. Smith, Alexandra Jeuck, et al.. A six- gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Elsevier, 2017, 107, pp.166 - 178. 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.011. hal-01393449 HAL Id: hal-01393449 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01393449 Submitted on 7 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107 (2017) 166–178 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A six-gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution ⇑ Martin Carr a, ,1, Daniel J. Richter b,1,2, Parinaz Fozouni b,3, Timothy J. Smith a, Alexandra Jeuck c, Barry S.C. Leadbeater d, Frank Nitsche c a School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK b Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA c University of Cologne, Biocentre, General Ecology, Zuelpicher Str.
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona Fishing Regulations 3 Fishing License Fees Getting Started
    2019 & 2020 Fishing Regulations for your boat for your boat See how much you could savegeico.com on boat | 1-800-865-4846insurance. | Local Offi ce geico.com | 1-800-865-4846 | Local Offi ce See how much you could save on boat insurance. Some discounts, coverages, payment plans and features are not available in all states or all GEICO companies. Boat and PWC coverages are underwritten by GEICO Marine Insurance Company. GEICO is a registered service mark of Government Employees Insurance Company, Washington, D.C. 20076; a Berkshire Hathaway Inc. subsidiary. TowBoatU.S. is the preferred towing service provider for GEICO Marine Insurance. The GEICO Gecko Image © 1999-2017. © 2017 GEICO AdPages2019.indd 2 12/4/2018 1:14:48 PM AdPages2019.indd 3 12/4/2018 1:17:19 PM Table of Contents Getting Started License Information and Fees ..........................................3 Douglas A. Ducey Governor Regulation Changes ...........................................................4 ARIZONA GAME AND FISH COMMISSION How to Use This Booklet ...................................................5 JAMES S. ZIELER, CHAIR — St. Johns ERIC S. SPARKS — Tucson General Statewide Fishing Regulations KURT R. DAVIS — Phoenix LELAND S. “BILL” BRAKE — Elgin Bag and Possession Limits ................................................6 JAMES R. AMMONS — Yuma Statewide Fishing Regulations ..........................................7 ARIZONA GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT Common Violations ...........................................................8 5000 W. Carefree Highway Live Baitfish
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 & 2022 Fishing Regulations Fishing Regulations
    ArizonaArizona Game and Fish DepartmentDepartment 20212021 & 2022 FishingFishing Regulations i Get a GEICO quote for your boat and, in just 15 minutes, you’ll know how much you could be saving. If you like what you hear, you can buy your policy right on the spot. Then let us do the rest while you enjoy your free time with peace of mind. geico.com/boat | 1-800-865-4846 Some discounts, coverages, payment plans, and features are not available in all states, in all GEICO companies, or in all situations. Boat and PWC coverages are underwritten by GEICO Marine Insurance Company. In the state of CA, program provided through Boat Association Insurance Services, license #0H87086. GEICO is a registered service mark of Government Employees Insurance Company, Washington, DC 20076; a Berkshire Hathaway Inc. subsidiary. © 2020 GEICO ii ARIZONA GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT — AZGFD.GOV 2021 & 2022 ARIZONA FISHING REGULATIONS 1 AdPages2019.indd 2 12/11/2020 11:36:21 AM AdPages2019.indd 1 12/11/2020 11:35:54 AM Table of Contents Fishing License Fees GETTING STARTED Licenses available at all license dealers, Department offices and online at azgfd.gov. License Information and Fees .......................................................... 3 More information about the new licenses can be found under Commission Rules R12-4-207, R12-4-209 and R12-4-210. Regulation Changes .............................................................................4 All fishing and combo hunt/fish licenses listed are valid for the take of all aquatic wildlife, which includes legal fish species, crayfish, frogs, waterdogs and Douglas A. Ducey, Governor softshell turtles. How to Use This Booklet .................................................................... 5 Started Getting ARIZONA GAME AND FISH COMMISSION LICENSES PRIVILEGES RESIDENT NON-RESIDENT Kurt R.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Salt River – by Elly – Summer 2016
    The Salt River – by Elly – Summer 2016 After living in Arizona for many years, I only recently discovered the pleasure of kayaking and tubing. So far, I have been on the river below Saguaro Lake, on Saguaro Lake, and on Canyon Lake; the other two lakes created in the Salt River, Apache and Roosevelt Lakes, (hopefully) remain to be explored. The Rio Salado, or Salt River, was dammed between the early 1900s and 1930s to provide water and electricity to the Phoenix area, and later served recreational needs. The first dam to be constructed was Roosevelt so my description goes from the `younger’ to the `older’ lakes. Some of my information on the river comes from here. The Four Lakes of the Salt River, from left to right: Saguaro, Canyon, Apache, and Roosevelt The Salt River flows into the Gila River to the West of Phoenix and the Gila contributes to the Colorado, near Yuma, in the Southwest of Arizona. This river is supposed to end in the Gulf of California but rarely has enough water (see here). The ecological impact of dams has been huge. Edward Abbey and others are famous for having suggested Monkey Wrenches to sabotage the plans for the dams in the West. There is always talk of restoring the natural flow in the river; see here. Apart from the ecological impact on bird populations, salinization, and silting, the politics behind dams is ugly. The 1972 Damming the West details the lobbying of the Bureau of Reclamation to keep new projects going even though there was no (agricultural) need for them.
    [Show full text]
  • Glk::91} §Ll1jjldli(F}§
    Zoological Studies 36(2): 98-110 (1997) Zoo}([))glk::91} §ll1JJldli(f}§ Choanoflagellates (Sarcomastigophora, Protozoa) from the Coastal Waters of Taiwan and Japan (II): Species Compcsition and Biogeography Seiko Hara'-", Jia-Chi Sheu', Yuh-ling Lee Chen' and Eiji Takahashi" 1Department of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, R.O.C. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan (Accepted November 7, 1996) Seiko Hara, Jia-Chi Sheu, Yuh-ling Lee Chen and Eiji Takahashi (1997) Choanoflagellates (Sarcomasti­ gophora, Protozoa) from the coastal waters of Taiwan and Japan II. Species composition and biogeography. Zoological Studies 36(2): 98-110. Light and electron microscopical studies of sea microbes from the coastal waters of Taiwan have revealed an abundant choanoflagellate fauna from these Western Pacific subtropical waters. A total of 25 loricate (Acanthoecidae), 3 thecate (Salpingoecidae), and 1 naked (Codonosigidae) choanoflagellates were recorded for the tst time from coastal waters of Taiwan. The Taiwanese loricate choanoflagellate fauna is more similar to that of Japan (20 species in common) than to that of the tropical Indian Ocean (11 species in common). Key words: Acanthoecidae, Salpingoecidae, Codonosigidae, Morphology, Taxonomy. T he order Choanoflagellida (Sarcomastigo­ Booth 1990), temperate coastal waters (Takahashi phora, Protozoa) comprises heterotrophic protista 1981, Hara and Takahashi 1984 1987a,b, Buck with a single flagellum surrounded by a collar
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Report of the Stewart Mountain
    GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE STEWART MOUNTAIN QUADRANGLE, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZO~A by Steven J. Skotnicki and Robert S. Leighty Arizona Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-12 July, 1997 Arizona Geological Survey 416 W. Congress, Suite #100, Tucson, Arizona 85701 Includes 19 page text and 1:24,000 scale geologic map Partially funded by the Arizona Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey STATEMAP Program Contract # 1434-HQ-96-AG-01474. This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Arizona Geological Survey standards INTRODUCTION This map depicts both the bedrock geology and the general ages and distribution of Late Tertiary and Quaternary deposits and geomorphic surfaces in the Stewart Mountain quadrangle (see Figure 1). The Salt River, re-emerging from Saguaro Lake, slices through the middle of the study area where it separates granite pediment and felsic volcanic rocks of the Usery and Goldfield Mountains (respectively) to the south, from a vast expanse of Late Tertiary basin-fill sediments to the north. Mapping of the surficial deposits was based both on field observations and interpretation of color 1:30,000-scale aerial photographs (dated 6-12-88), obtained from the Tonto National Forest in Phoenix. All of the region is administered by the Tonto National Forest. Good access to the region is provided by State Route 87, the Bush Highway, and Usery Pass Road (see Figure 2). A primitive road provides access to Bulldog Canyon, but locked gates at both ends can only be opened by obtaining a pennit from the Tonto National Forest Service field office in Mesa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classification of Lower Organisms
    The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6.
    [Show full text]
  • SRP Reservoir and Watershed Status Update
    SRP Reservoir and Watershed Status Update Andrew Volkmer, P.E. Hydrologist SRP Surface Water Resources Andrew Volkmer, P.E. • Hydrologist, Surface Water Resources at Salt River Project • B.S. Agricultural Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • M.S. Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska- Lincoln • Registered Professional Civil Engineer in State of Arizona 2 Overview • SRP Overview • Reservoir status • Watershed conditions • Precipitation • Snowpack • Runoff • Weather Outlook • Runoff Outlook 3 Salt River Project Structure • Salt River Valley Water Users Association • Established in 1903 • Private Corporation • One of the first reclamation projects under the Reclamation Act of 1902 • Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District • Established in 1937 • Political Subdivision of the State of Arizona • Allowed for the growth of power generation and service 4 Salt River Valley Water Users Association 5 KEY MAP Williams Flagstaff E. Clear Creek Watershed Sedona Verde River Watershed SRVWUA Salt River EAST CLEAR CREEK Watershed WATERSHED Prescott Camp SALT RIVER Verde WATERSHED VERDE RIVER Show Low WATERSHED Payson Alpine Agua Agua Fria SRV Phoenix Globe WUA SRP Watersheds 6 SRP Reservoir Systems East Clear Salt River Creek Dam Dams Verde River Dams Roosevelt C.C. Cragin Dam Horseshoe Dam (1911, 1996) Dam (1965) (1951) Horse Mesa Dam (1927) Bartlett Dam Stewart Mt Dam (1939, 1997) (1930, 1992) Mormon Flat Dam (1925) 7 SRP Reservoir System Capacity in Acre-Feet VERDE TOTAL SALT TOTAL Horseshoe SRP STORAGE: SRP STORAGE: Dam 287,403 AF 2,004,287 AF 2026’ Roosevelt Horseshoe Dam Horse Mesa 2218’ 109,217 AF Bartlett Dam 2151’ Dam 1914’ 1798’ Apache Lake Bartlett Mormon Flat 245,138 AF Roosevelt Lake 178,186 AF Dam 1,631,532 AF 1660.5’ Stewart EAST CLEAR CREEK Mountain Canyon Lake TOTAL Dam 57,852 AF SRP STORAGE: 1529’ 15,000 AF C.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Distribution of Heterotrophic Flagellates in the Arctic Ocean
    Diversity and distribution of heterotrophic flagellates in the Arctic Ocean Thèse Mary Thaler Doctorat en Océanographie Philosophiae Doctor (PhD.) Québec, Canada © Mary Thaler, 2014 2 Résumé Dans les environnements marins arctiques, les protistes unicellulaires constituent les premiers maillons du réseau trophique. Les flagellés hétérotrophes (HF) jouent un rôle clé au sein de ce réseau trophique comme brouteurs de bactéries et de phytoplanctons, étant broutés à leur tour par les microzooplanctons comme les dinoflagellés ou les ciliés. Les scientifiques prévoient que les changements environnementaux extrêmes qui ont présentement lieu dans l‟Océan Arctique transformeront ces communautés de protistes. Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur la composition taxonomique des communautés marines HF dans l‟Océan Arctique, et leur réponse aux facteurs environnementaux. L‟approche a été d‟utiliser le comptage sur microscope à l‟aide de l‟hybridation fluorescente in situ pour évaluer l‟abondance de deux taxons HF importants, le genre Cryothecomonas et le clade MAST-1 parmi les straménopiles marins. Une approche complémentaire a été de décrire la répartition de tous les taxons HF, y compris l‟ordre Cryomonadida, les straménopiles marins, Picozoa, Telonemia, et les choanoflagellés, par l‟utilisation du séquençage à haut débit. Les résultats des deux approches nous ont permis de capturer les tendances environnementales sur une large échelle géographique dans l‟Arctique. Il a été mis en évidence une composition taxonomique structurée, principalement dû à l‟influence de la glace de mer et d‟autres facteurs environnementaux. Les cellules de Cryothecomonas semblaient provenir de la glace de mer, et au sein de la colonne d‟eau ils se trouvaient les plus nombreuses près du bord de glace.
    [Show full text]
  • Free-Living Protozoa in Drinking Water Supplies: Community Composition and Role As Hosts for Legionella Pneumophila
    Free-living protozoa in drinking water supplies: community composition and role as hosts for Legionella pneumophila Rinske Marleen Valster Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. dr. ir. D. van der Kooij Professor of Environmental Microbiology Wageningen University Principal Microbiologist KWR Watercycle Institute, Nieuwegein Thesis co-supervisor Prof. dr. H. Smidt Personal chair at the Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University Other members Dr. J. F. Loret, CIRSEE-Suez Environnement, Le Pecq, France Prof. dr. T. A. Stenstrom,¨ SIIDC, Stockholm, Sweden Dr. W. Hoogenboezem, The Water Laboratory, Haarlem Prof. dr. ir. M. H. Zwietering, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG. Free-living protozoa in drinking water supplies: community composition and role as hosts for Legionella pneumophila Rinske Marleen Valster Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 20 June 2011 at 11 a.m. in the Aula Rinske Marleen Valster Free-living protozoa in drinking water supplies: community composition and role as hosts for Legionella pneumophila, viii+186 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2011) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-90-8585-884-3 Abstract Free-living protozoa, which feed on bacteria, play an important role in the communities of microor- ganisms and invertebrates in drinking water supplies and in (warm) tap water installations. Several bacteria, including opportunistic human pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, are able to sur- vive and replicate within protozoan hosts, and certain free-living protozoa are opportunistic human pathogens as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Quagga Mussel Risk Analysis for Arizona
    Quagga Mussel Risk Analysis for Arizona Name Quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) Description Quaggas are small freshwater bivalve mollusk, reaching sizes up to 4 centimeters. The quagga mussel has a rounded angle between the ventral and dorsal surfaces. (Benson, et al) Color patterns vary widely with black, cream or white bands, but can vary to the point of having only dark or light colored shells and no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces or each other by byssal threads originating underneath the shells. Life History There are five stages in the life cycle of a quagga mussel. The first three stages are microscopic (egg, veliger, post-veliger) where they remain suspended in the water column for up to four weeks and can easily pass through filters and strainers. As the shell is developed they drop out of the water column (settling stage) and attach to both hard and soft surfaces. Adults have a tendency to aggregate and form massive colonies and can live for 3 to 5 years. Reproductive Strategy Quaggas have separate sexes with an equal ratio of male to female and become sexually mature when the reach 8 to 10 mm in length. Quaggas can produce up to 40,000 eggs per breeding cycle, with multiple breeding cycles every year and could produce up to one million eggs in a year. Environmental Tolerances and Restrictions Quagga mussels can survive and reproduce in a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions. The great diversity of Arizona’s habitats and water chemistries will result in different rates of invasion or establishment in some waters.
    [Show full text]