DOCSLIB.ORG

This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Sen, B Title: Phytoplankton of Shearwater, with special consideration of fungal parasites and epiphytes General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. PHYTOPLANKTON OF SHEARWATER WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF FUNGAL PARASITES AND EPIPHYTES A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Bristol by Bülent Sen June 1982 MEMORANDUM The work reported ýn this thesis is the result of my own independent research under the super- vision of Professor F. E. Round, University of Bristol. /J ,. ---r ý.ý_v . ý*, ý i. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to Professor F. E. Round for supervising the research, for helping me with English and for his advice and encouragement throughout this work. I would like to thank Dr. R. M. Crawford for his technical advice and constructive discussions, and Dr. M. F. Madelin for his discussion on the fungal parasites. I am also indebted to the staff of the department for their, help and kindness. I would also like to thank Mr. Tim Colborn for preparing the illustrations and_Mrs. Gillian Lockett for typing the manuscript. My thanks are also due to Mr. Sabri Erdem, Mr. Necdect Bayram, Mr. Oguz Coser and Mr. Tevgik Erkal for their photographic assistance. I also wish to acknowledge the moral support and encouragement given by the Misses Angela, Rachael and Suzi Kiely and my parents. Finally, I am grateful to the Turkish Government for providing the finance and for the opportunity to study in England. SYNOPSIS The phytoplankton of Shearwater, Wiltshire has been studied over three years paying particular attention to the epiphytic populations on the individual algal species. In order to relate any effects of the epiphytes on the seasonal growth of the algae it was necessary to monitor the physico- chemical factors and compare the cycles of individual algae and groups of algae with these factors. Unlike many more oligotrophic lakes, Shearwater maintained high populations of phytoplanktonic algae throughout the whole study period. Individual species also maintained their growth over longer periods than expected. Correlations between phytoplankton and physico-chemical factors were made wherever possible. Epiphytic populations of fungi (mainly Chytrids) protozoa and other algae were continually monitored on the phytoplankton. in the case of the Chytrids, this also involved studies of stages in their life cycles in order to identify the fungi. Their effects on the growth patterns of the algae were documented. There is no literature on the occurrence of choanoflagellates on algae and hence the present study of these in Shearwater provides unique data. Data on the epiphytic populations was obtained by a combination of light and electron microscopy. The taxonomic position of the epiphytes and their relationship to the phytoplankton is discussed with reference to the literature. One new fungal species Is described. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Shearwater, methods and physico-chemical data. 3 , 1. Introduction 3 2. Ecological studies 4 3. Methods and field work 4 4. Physico-chemical features 9 Chapter 2. Phytoplankton 22 1. Seasonal cycles of BacLllariophyceae 24 2. Seasonal cycles of Cyanophyceae 59 3. Seasonal cycles of Chlorophyceae 64 Chapter 3. Fungi 82 1. Review of previous work 84 2. Methods 104 3. Parasitism of Bacillariophyceae 105 4. Parasitism of Chlorophyceae 162 5. Parasitism of Cyanophyceae 182 Chapter 4. Colourless Epiphytes 193 Chapter S. Concluding discussion 214 References 219 1. INTRODUCTION A considerable amount of information has been gathered since the beginning of the present century in limnological studies of many waters of the world. The bulk of these studies have invariably concentrated on the seasonal periodicity of phytoplankton, primary productivity and water chemistry. Physico-chemical factors have generally been considered primarily responsible for the seasonal cycle of planktonic algae, consideration of biological factors, such as parasitism and interaction between organisms being largely ignored. In fact, very few investigations have been made hitherto on the effect of parasitic fungi on phytoplankton populations despite the fact that pioneer works of CANTER & LUND (1948,1951) showed that these organisms could exert an important influence on the cycle. Algae form the major part of phytoplankton and include both eucaryotic and procaryotic organisms which may be parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoans. In fact, organisms in aquatic environments and indeed in other communities are interdependent in many ways and their distribution should not be interpreted without considering their mutual inhibitory and stimulatory effects. The present work comprises a comprehensive study of the effects of fungal parasitism together with physico-chemical factors on the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton population in a freshwater lake. It is also well known that some algae, bacteria and protozoans often occur on algal cells or in the mucilage surrounding them. It is yet not known to what extent these non-parasitic micro- Z. organisms affect the growth of algae. Shearwater -a freshwater lake investigated in this study - has provided good examples of this kind of micro-association during this study. The ecology of epiplanktonic organisms such as Stylosphaeridium stipitatum and members of the zoomastigo- phoran genera Bicosoeca, Codosiga and Salpingoeca has been studied quantitatively for the first time and the role of planktonic algae in harbouring significant populations of these organisms has been considered. In order to assess these relationships, it was essential to fully understand the seasonal periodicity of the representatives of the phytoplankton. 3. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO SHEARWATER - METHODS & PHYSICO-CHEMICAL'DATA Shearwater is a small, artificial lake in Wiltshire (Map ref. ST 850421) lying on Cretaceous Upper Greensand. It lies in a catchment of deciduous woodland and agricultural land and is therefore richly supplied with nutrients from small streams. It is used for recreation, mainly sailing. No detailed survey of the lake has been undertaken and only three papers on its algal flora have been published. ROUND (1965) studied the epipsammic flora of the sandy sediments, MOSS & ROUND (1967) reported on the standing crops of the epipelon and epipsammon and HICKMAN & ROUND (1970) studied the primary production of the epipelon and epipsammon over a two year period. The rich phytoplankton has never been sampled before and so this is a first account both of the phytoplankton, its associated epiphytes and parasites and the chemical status of the water. Sampling was from a wooden platform built out into the water for use of the sailing club and hence all the data has been obtained on sub-surface populations close to the shore. No information is available on changes with depth or of the sequence of stratification of the water. The flora clearly indicates a eutrophic lake with a distinct seasonal cycle of spring diatoms, summer Chlorophyta and autumn Cyanophyta. The continual drainage and outflow over a weir maintains a relatively high nutrient supply throughout the year and the phytoplankton populations also tended to be high throughout the sampling period. 4. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES The literature on the ecology of freshwater phyto- plankton has now become columinous with the continuous studies of algal periodicity and the factors determining the ecology of phytoplankton. Many factors may influence the development of an algal bloom the duration of a bloom and the ultimate decline of a bloom in freshwaters. It is, therefore, difficult to review the effects of each environmental factor separately. The subject is so diverse that it cannot be dealt with on a simple fact to fact basis, but requires information from many fields of interest in order to understand this complex system. Some physical factors are very complex but it is usually easier to investigate the effects of physical factors than those of chemical factors. Biological and chemical factors merge into one another in the field of organic chemistry (e. g. extra-cellular and inhibitory substances). Nevertheless, field studies and data on the chemical composition of the aquatic environment are indispensible for the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Six-Gene Phylogeny Provides New Insights Into Choanoflagellate Evolution Martin Carr, Daniel J
    A six-gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution Martin Carr, Daniel J. Richter, Parinaz Fozouni, Timothy J. Smith, Alexandra Jeuck, Barry S.C. Leadbeater, Frank Nitsche To cite this version: Martin Carr, Daniel J. Richter, Parinaz Fozouni, Timothy J. Smith, Alexandra Jeuck, et al.. A six- gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Elsevier, 2017, 107, pp.166 - 178. 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.011. hal-01393449 HAL Id: hal-01393449 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01393449 Submitted on 7 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107 (2017) 166–178 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A six-gene phylogeny provides new insights into choanoflagellate evolution ⇑ Martin Carr a, ,1, Daniel J. Richter b,1,2, Parinaz Fozouni b,3, Timothy J. Smith a, Alexandra Jeuck c, Barry S.C. Leadbeater d, Frank Nitsche c a School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK b Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA c University of Cologne, Biocentre, General Ecology, Zuelpicher Str.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Glk::91} §Ll1jjldli(F}§
    Zoological Studies 36(2): 98-110 (1997) Zoo}([))glk::91} §ll1JJldli(f}§ Choanoflagellates (Sarcomastigophora, Protozoa) from the Coastal Waters of Taiwan and Japan (II): Species Compcsition and Biogeography Seiko Hara'-", Jia-Chi Sheu', Yuh-ling Lee Chen' and Eiji Takahashi" 1Department of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, R.O.C. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan (Accepted November 7, 1996) Seiko Hara, Jia-Chi Sheu, Yuh-ling Lee Chen and Eiji Takahashi (1997) Choanoflagellates (Sarcomasti­ gophora, Protozoa) from the coastal waters of Taiwan and Japan II. Species composition and biogeography. Zoological Studies 36(2): 98-110. Light and electron microscopical studies of sea microbes from the coastal waters of Taiwan have revealed an abundant choanoflagellate fauna from these Western Pacific subtropical waters. A total of 25 loricate (Acanthoecidae), 3 thecate (Salpingoecidae), and 1 naked (Codonosigidae) choanoflagellates were recorded for the tst time from coastal waters of Taiwan. The Taiwanese loricate choanoflagellate fauna is more similar to that of Japan (20 species in common) than to that of the tropical Indian Ocean (11 species in common). Key words: Acanthoecidae, Salpingoecidae, Codonosigidae, Morphology, Taxonomy. T he order Choanoflagellida (Sarcomastigo­ Booth 1990), temperate coastal waters (Takahashi phora, Protozoa) comprises heterotrophic protista 1981, Hara and Takahashi 1984 1987a,b, Buck with a single flagellum surrounded by a collar
    [Show full text]
  • The Classification of Lower Organisms
    The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Distribution of Heterotrophic Flagellates in the Arctic Ocean
    Diversity and distribution of heterotrophic flagellates in the Arctic Ocean Thèse Mary Thaler Doctorat en Océanographie Philosophiae Doctor (PhD.) Québec, Canada © Mary Thaler, 2014 2 Résumé Dans les environnements marins arctiques, les protistes unicellulaires constituent les premiers maillons du réseau trophique. Les flagellés hétérotrophes (HF) jouent un rôle clé au sein de ce réseau trophique comme brouteurs de bactéries et de phytoplanctons, étant broutés à leur tour par les microzooplanctons comme les dinoflagellés ou les ciliés. Les scientifiques prévoient que les changements environnementaux extrêmes qui ont présentement lieu dans l‟Océan Arctique transformeront ces communautés de protistes. Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur la composition taxonomique des communautés marines HF dans l‟Océan Arctique, et leur réponse aux facteurs environnementaux. L‟approche a été d‟utiliser le comptage sur microscope à l‟aide de l‟hybridation fluorescente in situ pour évaluer l‟abondance de deux taxons HF importants, le genre Cryothecomonas et le clade MAST-1 parmi les straménopiles marins. Une approche complémentaire a été de décrire la répartition de tous les taxons HF, y compris l‟ordre Cryomonadida, les straménopiles marins, Picozoa, Telonemia, et les choanoflagellés, par l‟utilisation du séquençage à haut débit. Les résultats des deux approches nous ont permis de capturer les tendances environnementales sur une large échelle géographique dans l‟Arctique. Il a été mis en évidence une composition taxonomique structurée, principalement dû à l‟influence de la glace de mer et d‟autres facteurs environnementaux. Les cellules de Cryothecomonas semblaient provenir de la glace de mer, et au sein de la colonne d‟eau ils se trouvaient les plus nombreuses près du bord de glace.
    [Show full text]
  • Free-Living Protozoa in Drinking Water Supplies: Community Composition and Role As Hosts for Legionella Pneumophila
    Free-living protozoa in drinking water supplies: community composition and role as hosts for Legionella pneumophila Rinske Marleen Valster Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. dr. ir. D. van der Kooij Professor of Environmental Microbiology Wageningen University Principal Microbiologist KWR Watercycle Institute, Nieuwegein Thesis co-supervisor Prof. dr. H. Smidt Personal chair at the Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University Other members Dr. J. F. Loret, CIRSEE-Suez Environnement, Le Pecq, France Prof. dr. T. A. Stenstrom,¨ SIIDC, Stockholm, Sweden Dr. W. Hoogenboezem, The Water Laboratory, Haarlem Prof. dr. ir. M. H. Zwietering, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG. Free-living protozoa in drinking water supplies: community composition and role as hosts for Legionella pneumophila Rinske Marleen Valster Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 20 June 2011 at 11 a.m. in the Aula Rinske Marleen Valster Free-living protozoa in drinking water supplies: community composition and role as hosts for Legionella pneumophila, viii+186 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2011) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-90-8585-884-3 Abstract Free-living protozoa, which feed on bacteria, play an important role in the communities of microor- ganisms and invertebrates in drinking water supplies and in (warm) tap water installations. Several bacteria, including opportunistic human pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, are able to sur- vive and replicate within protozoan hosts, and certain free-living protozoa are opportunistic human pathogens as well.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Genome of the Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.28.176636; this version posted June 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Genome of the Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca 2 rosetta 3 4 Danielle M. Matriano1, Rosanna A. Alegado2, and Cecilia Conaco1 5 6 1 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman 7 2 Department of Oceanography, Hawaiʻi Sea Grant, Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial 8 Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai`i at Manoa 9 10 Corresponding author: 11 Cecilia Conaco, [email protected] 12 13 Author email addresses: 14 Danielle M. Matriano, [email protected] 15 Rosanna A. Alegado, [email protected] 16 Cecilia Conaco, [email protected] 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.28.176636; this version posted June 29, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 23 Abstract 24 25 Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the movement of heritable materials between distantly related 26 organisms, is crucial in eukaryotic evolution. However, the scale of HGT in choanoflagellates, the 27 closest unicellular relatives of metazoans, and its possible roles in the evolution of animal 28 multicellularity remains unexplored.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Choanoflagellates, the Sister Group to Metazoa
    Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa M. Carr*†, B. S. C. Leadbeater*‡, R. Hassan‡§, M. Nelson†, and S. L. Baldauf†¶ʈ †Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom; and ‡School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom Edited by Andrew H. Knoll, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved August 28, 2008 (received for review February 28, 2008) Choanoflagellates are single-celled aquatic flagellates with a unique family. Members of the Acanthoecidae family (Norris 1965) are morphology consisting of a cell with a single flagellum surrounded by characterized by the most distinct periplast morphology. This a ‘‘collar’’ of microvilli. They have long interested evolutionary biol- consists of a complex basket-like lorica constructed in a precise and ogists because of their striking resemblance to the collared cells highly reproducible manner from ribs (costae) composed of rod- (choanocytes) of sponges. Molecular phylogeny has confirmed a close shaped silica strips (Fig. 1 E and F) (13). The Acanthoecidae family relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa, and the first is further subdivided into nudiform (Fig. 1E) and tectiform (Fig. 1F) choanoflagellate genome sequence has recently been published. species, based on the morphology of the lorica, the stage in the cell However, molecular phylogenetic studies within choanoflagellates cycle when the silica strips are produced, the location at which the are still extremely limited. Thus, little is known about choanoflagel- strips are stored, and the mode of cell division [supporting infor- late evolution or the exact nature of the relationship between mation (SI) Text] (14).
    [Show full text]
  • And Desmarestia Viridis
    Curr Genet (2006) 49: 47–58 DOI 10.1007/s00294-005-0031-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Marie-Pierre Oudot-Le Secq Æ Susan Loiseaux-de Goe¨r Wytze T. Stam Æ Jeanine L. Olsen Complete mitochondrial genomes of the three brown algae (Heterokonta: Phaeophyceae) Dictyota dichotoma, Fucus vesiculosus and Desmarestia viridis Received: 8 August 2005 / Revised: 21 September 2005 / Accepted: 25 September 2005 / Published online: 30 November 2005 Ó Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract We report the complete mitochondrial se- the base. Results support both multiple primary and quences of three brown algae (Dictyota dichotoma, Fucus multiple secondary acquisitions of plastids. vesiculosus and Desmarestia viridis) belonging to three phaeophycean lineages. They have circular mapping Keywords Brown algae Æ Evolution of mitochondria Æ organization and contain almost the same set of mito- Stramenopiles Æ Mitochondrial DNA Æ chondrial genes, despite their size differences (31,617, Secondary plastids 36,392 and 39,049 bp, respectively). These include the genes for three rRNAs (23S, 16S and 5S), 25–26 tRNAs, Abbreviation Mt: Mitochondrial 35 known mitochondrial proteins and 3–4 ORFs. This gene set complements two previously studied brown al- gal mtDNAs, Pylaiella littoralis and Laminaria digitata. Introduction Exceptions to the very similar overall organization in- clude the displacement of orfs, tRNA genes and four The stramenopiles (section Heterokonta) encompass protein-coding genes found at different locations in the both unicellular, e.g., the Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), D. dichotoma mitochondrial genome. We present a and multicellular lineages, e.g., the Phaeophyceae phylogenetic analysis based on ten concatenated genes (brown algae). They also comprise both heterotrophic (7,479 nucleotides) and 29 taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecologically Relevant Choanoflagellates Collected From
    Wylezich et al. BMC Microbiology 2012, 12:271 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/12/271 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Ecologically relevant choanoflagellates collected from hypoxic water masses of the Baltic Sea have untypical mitochondrial cristae Claudia Wylezich1*, Sergey A Karpov2*, Alexander P Mylnikov3, Ruth Anderson1 and Klaus Jürgens1 Abstract Background: Protist communities inhabiting oxygen depleted waters have so far been characterized through both microscopical observations and sequence based techniques. However, the lack of cultures for abundant taxa severely hampers our knowledge on the morphology, ecology and energy metabolism of hypoxic protists. Cultivation of such protists has been unsuccessful in most cases, and has never yet succeeded for choanoflagellates, even though these small bacterivorous flagellates are known to be ecologically relevant components of aquatic protist communities. Results: Quantitative data for choanoflagellates and the vertical distribution of Codosiga spp. at Gotland and Landsort Deep (Baltic Sea) indicate its preference for oxygen-depleted zones. Strains isolated and cultivated from these habitats revealed ultrastructural peculiarities such as mitochondria showing tubular cristae never seen before for choanoflagellates, and the first observation of intracellular prokaryotes in choanoflagellates. Analysis of their partial 28S rRNA gene sequence complements the description of two new species, Codosiga minima n. sp. and C. balthica n. sp. These are closely related with but well separated from C. gracilis (C. balthica and C. minima p-distance to C. gracilis 4.8% and 11.6%, respectively). In phylogenetic analyses the 18S rRNA gene sequences branch off together with environmental sequences from hypoxic habitats resulting in a wide cluster of hypoxic Codosiga relatives so far only known from environmental sequencing approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Pleasant, Two Central Arizona Reservoirs
    The Ecology of the Plankton Communities of Two Desert Reservoirs by Tyler R Sawyer A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Approved July 2011 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Susanne Neuer, Chair Daniel L. Childers Milton Sommerfeld ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY August 2011 ABSTRACT In 2010, a monthly sampling regimen was established to examine ecological differences in Saguaro Lake and Lake Pleasant, two Central Arizona reservoirs. Lake Pleasant is relatively deep and clear, while Saguaro Lake is relatively shallow and turbid. Preliminary results indicated that phytoplankton biomass was greater by an order of magnitude in Saguaro Lake, and that community structure differed. The purpose of this investigation was to determine why the reservoirs are different, and focused on physical characteristics of the water column, nutrient concentration, community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and trophic cascades induced by fish populations. I formulated the following hypotheses: 1) Top-down control varies between the two reservoirs. The presence of piscivore fish in Lake Pleasant results in high grazer and low primary producer biomass through trophic cascades. Conversely, Saguaro Lake is controlled from the bottom-up. This hypothesis was tested through monthly analysis of zooplankton and phytoplankton communities in each reservoir. Analyses of the nutritional value of phytoplankton and DNA based molecular prey preference of zooplankton provided insight on trophic interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton. Data from the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) provided information on the fish communities of the two reservoirs. 2) Nutrient loads differ for each reservoir. Greater nutrient concentrations yield greater primary producer biomass; I hypothesize that Saguaro Lake is more eutrophic, while Lake Pleasant is more oligotrophic.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching More Genomic Sequence with Less Memory for Fast and Accurate Metagenomic Profiling
    Searching more genomic sequence with less memory for fast and accurate metagenomic profiling. Shea N. Gardner, Sasha K. Ames, Maya B. Gokhale, Tom R. Slezak, Jonathan E. Allen Supplementary Material Figure S1: Comparison of each LMAT-ML database we tested against the species calls made by the LMAT Grand database, varying the minimum number of reads called by a ML to generate a ROC-like curve. Performance of each of the LMAT-ML’s was so similar that we selected the pruning level that gave acceptable performance. Pruning at the minimum level as in the LMAT-ML-Min database is akin to using a lowest common ancestor algorithm. This was slightly worse than pruning at 10 or no pruning. Table S1: Read counts summed across 131 HMP samples for reads classified by LMAT-Grand as Eukaryota. Eukaryota Sum of Number Superkingdom/Kingdom/Phylum Reads Eukaryota 21870093 Acanthamoeba 73 Acanthamoeba castellanii 73 Albuginales 45 Albuginaceae 45 Alveolata 912 (blank) 912 Apicomplexa 131762 Aconoidasida 7901 Coccidia 123805 Conoidasida 16 (blank) 40 Apusomonadidae 90 Thecamonas 90 Bacillariophyta 16 Coscinodiscophyceae 16 Bangiophyceae 12 Bangiales 12 Blastocystis 2812 Blastocystis hominis 2812 Choanoflagellida 542 Codonosigidae 30 Salpingoecidae 512 Chromerida 992 Chromera 992 Dictyosteliida 2140 Dictyostelium 1569 Polysphondylium 362 (blank) 209 Dinophyceae 4632 Suessiales 4632 Entamoeba 12172 Entamoeba dispar 123 Entamoeba histolytica 479 Entamoeba invadens 33 Entamoeba nuttalli 11250 (blank) 287 Euglenida 19 Eutreptiales 19 Eustigmatophyceae 143 Eustigmatales
    [Show full text]