Gods and Diseases Making Sense of Our Physical and Mental Wellbeing
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About the Author Dr David Tacey is Associate Professor in Humanities at La Trobe University, Melbourne. He is the author of twelve books, including Re-Enchantment: The New Australian Spirituality (2000), The Spirituality Revolution (2003) and Edge of the Sacred (2009). In the 1970s, David studied literature, psychology and philosophy at Flinders and Adelaide Universities, and in the 1980s he completed post-doctoral studies in psychoanalysis and religion in the United States. He was a Harkness Postdoctoral Fellow of the Commonwealth Fund, New York, and his studies were supervised by James Hillman and Thomas Moore. He has taught in various Australian, American and British universities, and is on the editorial boards of several international journals on analytical psychology and religious studies. He is a public intellectual who is often invited to address contemporary issues, including ecological awareness, mental health, spirituality and Aboriginal Australia. His books have been translated into several languages, including Cantonese, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese and French. God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 1 8/12/10 2:06 PM Also by David Tacey The Jung Reader (London: Routledge, 2011) Uncertain Places: Cultural Complexes in Australasia, edited by Amanda Dowd, Craig San Roque and David Tacey (New Orleans: Spring Journal Books, 2011) Edge of the Sacred: Jung, Psyche, Earth, Revised International Edition (Einsiedeln, Switzerland: Daimon, 2009) Re-Enchantment: The New Australian Spirituality (Sydney: HarperCollins, 2000) How to Read Jung (London: Granta, 2006; W. W. Norton: New York, 2007) The Idea of the Numinous, edited by David Tacey and Ann Casement (London: Routledge, 2006) The Spirituality Revolution (Sydney: HarperCollins, 2003; London and New York: Routledge, 2007) Remaking Men: Jung, Spirituality and Social Change (London and New York: Routledge, 1997) Edge of the Sacred: Transformation in Australia (Melbourne: HarperCollins, 1995) Patrick White: Fiction and the Unconscious (Melbourne and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988) God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 2 8/12/10 1:56 PM Gods and Diseases Making sense of our physical and mental wellbeing David Tacey First published in English, Australia by HarperCollins Publishers Australia Pty Limited in 2011. This English United Kingdom Edition is published by arrangement with HarperCollins Publishers Australia Pty Limited. First published in the United Kingdom 2013 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 2013 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © David Tacey 2011 The right of David Tacey to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders. Please advise the publisher of any errors or omissions, and these will be corrected in subsequent editions. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tacey, David J. (David John), 1953- Gods and diseases : making sense of our physical and mental wellbeing / authored by David Tacey. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Mental health–Religious aspects–Christianity. 2. Healing–Religious aspects–Christianity. 3. Spiritual healing. 4. Psychology, Religious. I. Title. BT732.4.T33 2013 2010.7621–dc23 2012030673 ISBN: 978-0-415-52062-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-52063-8 (pbk) Typeset in Sabon by Kirby Jones for Lisa God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 5 8/12/10 1:56 PM The gods have become diseases; Zeus no longer rules Olympus but rather the solar plexus, and produces curious specimens for the doctor’s consulting room. – C. G. Jung, ‘Commentary on “The Secret of the Golden Flower”’ ‘God is dead’ – Nietzsche. ‘Nietzsche is dead’ – God. – bumper sticker glimpsed in traffi c Nothing that is vast enters into the life of mortals without a curse. – Sophocles, Antigone For thousands of years the mind of man has worried about the sick soul, perhaps even earlier than it did about the sick body. The propitiation of gods, the perils of the soul and its salvation, these are not yesterday’s problems. – C. G. Jung, ‘The State of Psychotherapy Today’ God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 6 8/12/10 1:56 PM Contents Introduction: Return of the Gods 9 1 Gods and Diseases 25 2 The Suffering of Spiritual Rebirth 50 3 The Midlife Crisis as Spiritual Interruption 68 4 Cancer Phobia as a Doorway to Soul 86 5 Sexuality and the Sacred 99 6 Incest, Child Abuse and Alcoholism 121 7 Depression, Self-harm and Suicide 146 8 The Storm Gods and the German Psychosis 167 9 Spirituality, Medicine, Health 192 Conclusion: The Numinous as a Source of Healing 215 Bibliographical Note 240 Endnotes 241 Index 256 This page intentionally left blank God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 8 8/12/10 1:56 PM INTRODUCTION Return of the Gods I do what logic and common sense and the best-informed research suggests, and then beyond that is something, something strange and unbelievable. The Infl uences. Albert Kreinheder1 I am sometimes asked, ‘Do you believe in gods?’ The question is fair enough, since I spend much of my life writing about gods and archetypes – those psychic patterns or forms found in myths, religions, folklore and dreams. I don’t believe in gods as discrete entities or beings in space. There are no literal deities out there, and I am repelled by certain kinds of superstitious thinking. I am just as suspicious as anyone else of gods who look like human beings projected into the cosmos. But I do believe that what we might call sacred forces – archetypes found in religious systems and personifi ed as ‘gods’ or ‘spirits’ – fl ow through the human psyche and world, infl uencing our lives in ways that are transformative and powerful. These forces are transcendental – not visible to normal perception or discernible to reason. It is perilously easy for the mind to mock and berate the notion of ‘gods’, simply because it fails to understand them. When we take the idea of gods literally, they seem absurd. When we fail to think imaginatively, we are unable to comprehend them at all. God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 9 8/12/10 1:56 PM 10 | Gods and Diseases For most modern people, the gods and goddesses of Greece and Rome, the once powerful God of the Judeo-Christian traditions, and the gods, sprites, nixies and fairies of the Nordic, Celtic, Druidic and Saxon peoples are all dead. In some respects, the modern outlook is correct. These deities do not ‘exist’ in any obvious or recognisable way. They are not objects in space or irrefutable facts. They are not forces that can be discerned by reason and cannot be proved by science or philosophy. To seek these forces by way of intellectual endeavour is to engage in a wild goose chase. These forces can only be experienced in our bodies, hearts and lives. They cannot be tracked by the rational mind. In the past, defenders of these traditions said the gods can only be understood through faith, not through knowledge. Something like that is still true today, and yet the lack of faith practices or religious observances in most of our lives means our access to these forces is more diffi cult than ever before. Modern philosophers are to some extent right to assert that the gods are created by culture and are the inventions of human hands. They are indeed, at least in part, anthropomorphic constructs of the imagination. Isn’t it right, therefore, to abandon religious and spiritual attitudes altogether? The answer is no, in my view. The gods of any era bear the marks of that era, yes, but that does not mean they are entirely constructed or made up. The gods of any era are intuitive responses to pre-existing forces. These forces are invisible and every culture is forced to ‘clothe’ them in its own style and national dress. The sceptics continue to argue, however, that God did not make man, but man made God. The fact is that God and man make and remake each other, but both are real, and yet utterly interdependent. Where we went wrong, as a civilisation, was in assuming that since gods do not exist ‘out there’ they do not exist at all. We thought our scepticism was a sign of intelligence, but it God and Disease GJ 3pp.indd 10 8/12/10 1:56 PM Return of the Gods | 11 has turned out to be an expression of stupidity. We may think of gods as metaphors for forces that move through our lives, energising us, animating us, or injuring and affl icting us. The so- called primitive peoples of the past knew more about the reality of the forces that control our lives than we know. In our false enlightenment, we thought ancient peoples were infantile and we knew better. But the modern period of godless rationality is an aberration, and now knowledge of sacred forces is the hallmark of intelligence. We have gone to sleep at this level and no longer perceive the actions of the gods in the daylight of consciousness.