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Poitou-Charentes Et Nouvelle-France

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Poitou-Charentes Et Nouvelle-France Les territoires Des relations historiques A l’époque de Champlain, le territoire formant l’actuelle La présence française en Amérique du nord a duré 160 ans. Deux territoires région Poitou-Charentes est composé de quatre provinces Les relations historiques entre les deux territoires datent de administratives : l’Aunis, la Saintonge, le Haut Poitou, et près de 250 ans, et sont aujourd’hui encore entretenues l’Angoumois. Provinces ouvertes sur le littoral atlantique, sous différentes formes. elles participent au développement de la colonie française. et une histoire : La Nouvelle-France, découverte dès 1604 et cédée aux Nouvelle France France Anglais en 1763, se compose de plusieurs territoires : Fondation de Port-Royal 1604 Canada (actuelle province du Québec), Acadie (actuelles Fondation de Québec 1608 1627-1628 Siège de la ville de La Rochelle provinces canadiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick et de la Fondation de Montréal 1642 Nouvelle-Ecosse), Terre-Neuve, Louisiane et Baie d’Hudson. 1661 Début du règne de Louis XIV Poitou-Charentes La Nouvelle-France devient colonie royale 1663 1667. Traité de Bréda. L’Acadie revient dans le domaine Français 1666 Création de l’arsenal de Rochefort Des liens anciens 1668 Départ du régiment Carignan-Salières e Prise de possession de la Louisiane 1682 par Cavelier de La Salle Dès la première moitié du 16 siècle, le port de la Rochelle 1685 Révocation de l’édit de Nantes et Nouvelle-France a noué avec la Nouvelle-France des liens commerciaux 1697. Traité de Ryswick. L’Acadie revient dans le domaine Français importants basés sur l’activité de la pêche à la morue sur Prise de Port-Royal (Acadie) par les Anglais 1710 les grands bancs de Terre-Neuve et sur le commerce de la 1713. Traité d’Utrecht. Perte de Terre-Neuve, de l’Acadie et de la Baie d’Hudson 1715 Mort de Louis XIV fourrure. Début de la Régence Début de la construction de Louisbourg 1719 Le port de la Rochelle devient le port de départ des 1722 Début du règne de Louis XV Prise de la forteresse de Louisbourg 1745 migrants qui partent travailler ou s’installer dans la colonie. par les Anglais Le port de Rochefort approvisionne la colonie en marchan- 1748. Traité d’Aix-la-Chapelle. Louisbourg revient à la France Grand Dérangement : déportation 1755 dises. massive des acadiens Siège de Louisbourg et prise définitive 1758 Le peuplement de la colonie se renforce à partir de 1663, de la forteresse par les Anglais lorsque la Nouvelle-France devient colonie royale. 1763. Traité de Paris. Perte du Canada Baie d'Hudson TERRE NEUVE Zone d'influence française QUÉBEC CANADA t LOUISBOURG PAYS D'EN HAUT n MONTRÉAL ure ILE ROYALE La Mississippi t- ain S PORT ROYAL DÉTROIT NEW ROCHELLE Vue ancienne de la ville de Québec. Musée du Nouveau-Monde. La Rochelle. NEW YORK FORT DE CHARTRES Océan Atlantique R LOUISIANE CHARLESTON io G ra n d e LA NOUVELLE ORLÉANS MEXIQUE Golfe du Mexique LA HAVANE CUBA CAP FRANçAIS Mer des Caraïbes SAINT-DOMINGUE Présence française sur le continent nord américain au 17e siècle. Carte ancienne du Poitou-Charentes (avec les 4 provinces d’Ancien régime), Médiathèque Michel-Crépeau. La Rochelle. Fondation de la Nouvelle-France Des liens culturels ancrés Il y a 400 ans, Samuel Champlain et Pierre Dugua de Mons, sur le territoire 1604 - 2004 : explorateurs et marchands saintongeais, s’installent sur l’Île Les activités liées à cette mémoire sont nombreuses Sainte-Croix en Acadie (1604). Quatre années plus tard, la aujourd’hui et ont pour but commun de faire partager l’his- fondation de la ville de Québec en 1608 assoit la colonisa- toire de la Nouvelle-France : développement d’échanges tion française sur le territoire nord-américain. de la fondation culturels entre associations ou comités de jumelage, voya- ges ou rencontres, développement de liens économiques Aujourd’hui cette fondation donne lieu à des projets de part par des projets internationaux portés par des collectivités. et d’autre de l’Atlantique pour rappeler et célébrer les liens Du côté universitaire, d’étroites relations sont entretenues historiques qui unissaient France et Nouvelle-France. C’est depuis plusieurs années. aux célébrations dans ce contexte qu’a été conduit de 2002 à 2004 l’inven- taire des lieux de mémoire de la Nouvelle-France en Poitou- Charentes. Cet inventaire a recensé et étudié l’ensemble des lieux qui peuvent être mis en rapport avec l’histoire de la Nouvelle-France : du lieu de baptême des migrants aux industries exportatrices, des plaques commémoratives aux sites militaires. Un patrimoine à redécouvrir Cette histoire est la plupart du temps oubliée. Pourtant un riche patrimoine régional peut y être associé. A Brouage, plusieurs commanditaires (associations et collecti- vités publiques) se sont unis pour créer des vitraux évoquant le passé et le présent de ces territoires. Si le site de Brouage est reconnu, la région est elle même parsemée d’un patrimoine encore à découvrir. Monument commémoratif à Loudun(Vienne). Ville jumelée avec Shippagan (Nouveau Brunswick, Canada). Eglise Saint-Pierre de Brouage (Charente-Maritime), verrière commémorative de la fondation de Québec. Sur les traces des migrants… Connaître les lieux d’origine et les activités de ces migrants Une région permet de répondre à plusieurs questions : qui part vers la Nouvelle-France et pourquoi ? Ils sont plus de deux mille à partir des ports de La Rochelle et de Rochefort, entre le début du 17e et la fin du 18e siècle. de départs De statuts différents, ils migrent pour des raisons très variées en provenance du littoral et de l’arrière-pays picto- charentais. Les départs de migrants vers la Nouvelle-France … archives, patrimoine et mémoire concernent tout le territoire régional. Certains migrants sont recensés grâce à leur déclaration Les recherches généalogiques permettent de préciser d’origine à leur arrivée dans la colonie. D’autres le sont grâce à leur acte d’engagement passé chez le notaire avant les mouvements de population entre ces deux territoires. l’embarquement, ou par les listes de passagers rédigées avant le départ du navire. Ces informations permettent de retrouver leur acte de bap- Acte du baptême de Michel Jamonneau (1658), tême dans les registres paroissiaux (ancêtre de l’Etat civil) Augé. Extrait des registres paroissiaux. de la région et de les localiser précisément. Archives départementales des Deux-Sèvres. Ces documents nous renseignent aussi sur l’organisation du départ vers la colonie. Liste de passagers. Service Historique de la Marine, Eglise paroissiale Saint-Grégoire Rochefort. Les différentes étapes qui retracent ces voyages et ces (Augé, Deux-Sèvres), vue du chevet, migrations sont illustrées par les traces documentaires, lieu de baptême de Michel Jamonneau. architecturales et mémorielles dans le paysage picto-cha- rentais : acte de baptême, lieu de baptême, plaque de rue commémorant le départ du personnage vers la Nouvelle- France, patrimoine bâti. Plaque de rue Michel Jamonneau d’Augé (Deux-Sèvres). Vue du port de La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime). Pour leurs fonctions Militaires, missionnaires et religieuses, marins, marchands, Des migrants chacun de ces personnages part outre-Atlantique exercer La ferme d’Ecoyeux, son métier : les militaires pour défendre un territoire fragi- maison de Vivien Jean, engagé pour la le face aux Anglais, les religieux pour évangéliser de nou- Nouvelle-France en 1669 veaux peuples. Marins et marchands traversent l’océan pour (Charente-Maritime). aux multiples le commerce. Ils établissent de véritables réseaux et ont sur place des correspondants. visages Des volontaires Les engagés signent chez le notaire un acte les attachant pour trois ans auprès d’un seigneur en Nouvelle-France Le mouvement migratoire est un phénomène complexe. pour lequel ils vont travailler. En échange, ce dernier paie la traversée, la nourriture et les vêtements ainsi qu’un salaire. Les différentes catégories de migrants permettent En France, ils sont artisans, maçons, boulangers, tailleurs de de dégager de grandes tendances : on part par pierre, domestiques mais dans la colonie une partie devien- dra paysans et exploiteront une terre. obligation professionnelle ou par choix personnel. L’engagé est alors un homme célibataire âgé de 18 à 30 ans. Rares sont les familles à partir en groupe. Citons quelques Parmi ces migrants, un grand nombre sera considéré Vue générale de la sacristie du collège des jésuites de Poitiers, actuel collège Henri IV (Vienne),lieu de formation des jésuites exemples : les Archambault à Dompierre-sur-Mer, les Gobeil comme saisonnier et reviendra au pays. partis en Nouvelle France au 17e siècle. à Saint-Liguaire (Niort)… Par contrainte Les Filles du roi, les prisonniers et les faux-sauniers (contre- bandiers de sel) sont des " migrants contraints ". Les Filles du roi sont le plus souvent de jeunes orphelines issues de divers couvents du royaume (Paris et La Rochelle). Protégées par le roi, elles sont envoyées en Nouvelle-France pour peupler la colonie et pour se marier. Acte d’engagement, Archives départementales Les faux-sauniers, emprisonnés en France dans un premier de la Charente-Maritime. temps, sont redirigés vers les colonies pour y travailler. La tour Prince de Galles, Thouars (Deux-Sèvres), lieu d’emprisonnement de quelques faux-sauniers en 1730 envoyés vers la Nouvelle-France. Portail du couvent des Sœurs de la Providence, La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime). Lieu d’accueil de plusieurs filles du roi au 18e siècle. Pionniers en Nouvelle-France S’établir Parmi les quelques 2100 migrants partis de la région, une L’île d’Orléans est un bel exemple de l’installation française. S’installer majorité est rentrée à l’issue des trois ans mais un bon On y observe encore le système de " rang "* qui divise et nombre s’est établi de manière durable en Nouvelle-France. répartit les parcelles de part et d’autre d’une voie de com- Ils sont aujourd’hui les ancêtres de plus de 6 millions de munication.
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