DOCSLIB.ORG

Response of Pacific Yew (Taxus Brevifolia) to Partial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Responseof Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) to Partial Removal of the Overstory J.D. Bailey, Schoolof Forestry, Northern Arizona University,Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5018, and L.H. Liegel, USDA Forest Service,Pacific NorthwestResearch Station, Corvallis, OR 97331. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article/12/2/41/4741186 by guest on 29 September 2021 ABSTRACT. Growthresponse of Pacificyew (Taxusbrevifolia) to canopydisturbance or partial removal is undocumented.Ten year radial incrementgrowth was determined from coresof yewstems in adjacentintact andpartially harvestedstands of Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the centralOregon Cascades. The harvestedstand had approximately half of itsoverstory trees removed in 1978.In theintact stand, 10 yr growth incrementafter 1978 averaged 0.9 mmless than the pre-1978 increment; in thepartially harvested stand, the post-1978! 0 yr incrementaveraged4.7 mm more than the earlier one. This case study in theresponse of Pacific yew growthrate to partial overstoryremoval suggests that managerscan preferentially retain thesetrees in selectareas to encourageoMer forest characteristicsor suppliesfor medicinalproducts. West. J. Appl. For. 12(2):41-43. Pacificyew (Taxus brevifolia) isa taxad (member of young and old stands. family Taxaceae) occurring from southeastAlaska to Full or partial removal of forest overstoryvegetation northern California as well as in interior areas of Idaho, typically stimulatesgrowth of understoryshrubs and tree Montana, and British Columbia. In the early 1990s, bark species(Smith 1986). However, the magnitudeof that harvestedfrom natural standsof yew was the sole source responseremains undocumentedfor Pacific yew trees, of taxol, a drug successfullyused to treat severalforms of which are extremely slow growing. Minore et al. (1993) cancer tumors (Wani et al. 1971, Rowinsky et al. 1990). identified canopydensity as an importantfactor affecting Before nonbark sources of taxol were found, environmen- the responseof yew growth to scarring. The increased talists were concernedthat increasingharvest of yew bark radial growth in responseto overstory removal may in- from old-growth standswould decreasegenetic and bio- creasethe supplyof yew bark for taxol productionbecause logical diversity for Pacific yew. The USDA Forest Ser- of the development of larger stems and thicker bark, as vice (1992) therefore issued interim management guide- demonstratedby Kelsey and Vance (1992). Partial over- hnes to conservethe regional yew resourceand initiated storyremoval would rarely be justified as an independent studies on ecology and population dynamics of Pacific silviculturaloperation specifically for yew, but increased yew (Busing and Spies 1995, Bailey and Liegel, in prep.). yew growth would be an interestingsecondary benefit of Being extremely shade-tolerant,Pacific yew typically any forestoperation that reducesoverstory density. In this grows under an overstory of large trees in older forests study,we comparedthe effect of releaseon radial growth (Minore 1979, Bolsingerand Jaramillo 1990). Spies(1991) of yew trees in an intact control stand and an adjacent reported that most Pacific yew in unmanaged federal partially harvestedstand. forestsgrew in stands->195 yr old, and hence they can be considered one of the few consistent "indicators" of old- Methods and Materials growth stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii). However, Zaerr et al. (1990) viewed yew occurrence Studyplots were locatedin two Douglas-fir dominated stands near Santiam Pass in the central Cascade Mountains simply as the result of episodicdisturbances that occurin (Willamette National Forest) at 975 m (3200 ft) elevation. Stands were adjacent to one another on a west-facing NOTE: This is Paper3149 of theForest Research Laboratory, Oregon State hillside with a 25 % slope.The intact standwas 5 ha (13 ac) University,Corvallis. and the harvested stand, which had been partially har- WJAF12(2) 1997 41 vested in 1978, was ! I ha (28 ac). A 2 ha (5 ac) plot was Intact old-growthstand: establishedin each standfor use in mappingthe location of individual ye• stems>7.5 cm (3 in.) dbh via a !lIIIqc tally along a grid (Bailey and Liegel. in prep.}. Plots were establishedwith a randomly located corner referencedto a predeterminedstand entry point: plots were orientedto stay 75 m from any standedge. This effort produceda yew stem diameter distribution for each stand that was used to Partially~harvestedstand: stratify individual tree sampling.Within the grid. we also established four 0.05 ha circular plots to characterize overstoryand understoryvegetation and soils (Table I ). We then measured 22 (intact stand) and 23 (harvested stand)randomly selectedyew trees representativeof the stands' diameter distributions. For each tree. we collected Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article/12/2/41/4741186 by guest on 29 September 2021 incrementcores from just above the stemcollar in each of the four cardinal directions(Figure ! }. Cores were stored in paperstraws and later mountedand sanded according to proceduresadapted from Swetnamet al (1985). Ten year Figure 1. Increment cores extracted from Pacific yew trees in an growth incrementsfor the periods 1967-1977 and 1982- intact old-growth stand of Douglas-fir and a stand partially 1992 were determinedfrom eachcore by usinga binocular harvested in 1978. Note incremental growth increases in the latter. Marks indicate 1978 annual rings. microscopeand ruler (+0.2 mm). We avoided the years immediatelyfollowing 1978 to allow for developmentol Results the responseand error in aging cores. Data entry was verified and validated b3 a 100ck recheck of recorded Our assumptionthat these standswere originally simi- increments. lar in terms of yeu distribution and growth appearscor- We analyzed the data for differences in incremental rect. Ten year radial tncrementsfor the period 1967-1977 growth before and after 1978 in both standsby using a are not significantlydifferent (P = 0.74) for the two stands standardt-test at the tree andplot level (SAS Institute.Inc. (Table I. Figure I ), and yew trees do not currently have 1988). Comparisonsat the tree level are basedon up to 4 significantly different age. height. crown, or diameter cores per tree; at the plot level, 70 and 84 cores per plot. distributions(P > 0.2). Soils and understoryvegetation blocked by tree, were analyzed from the intact and har- were similar, although the intact stand had greater herb vestedstands, respectively. densities.litter accumulations.and apparentsoil moisture Table 1. Mean stand and yew tree characteristics (1992) in the that year (Bailey and Liegel, in prep.). intact Douglas-fir stand partially harvested in 1978 in the central Yeu trees are currently growing. however, under sig- Oregon Cascades. Canopy density and total tree density and nificantly different overstories(Table ! }. The intact stand basal area are based on n = 4. Yew density and basal area are based on a 100% tally. Yew tree variables and growth increments averages70ok canopy coverage of large Douglas-fir. west- are based on n = 22 for intact stands and n = 23 for harvested ern hemlock (Tsttga heterophylla), and western redcedar stands. (Tltuja plicata). The harvested stand includes the same species, but averages only 34c/c canop5 closure: both Intact Harvested standshave scatteredwindthrow. Pacific yew was inten- Stand variables tionally preserved in the harvestedstand, although it was Canopydensity (%) 70"o 34% sometimes damaged by logging activity; this perhaps Totaltrees per hectare (per ac) 85 (210) 38 (93) explainsa slight reductionin density,basal area, and total Yew n'eesper hectare(per ac) 19 (47) 12 (29) height of yew (Table ! ). TotalYews: basalpercent area (m of 2/ha} total(ft stems 2/ac} 12522%(308} 31øo85 (209) The direction of changein 10 yr incrementsbefore and alter 1978 differed between the two stands. In the intact Yew basalarea {m -'ha} (ft -'/ac} 2.1 {91 1.4 •6) Yews:percent of totalbasal area 3% 3% stand. the 1982-1992 growth incrementis significantly Yew tree x ariables less (0.9 ram: P = 0.07) than that for 1967- ! 977 (Table I ). Numberof yexx,s measured This pattern is consistentwith growth processesin which intensivelyIn) 22 23 a steady fiber volume is accrued on an increasing bole Mean yew age(yr) 138 133 diameter over time. At the individual tree level, 3 of 22 Mean yew dbh(cm) 15.0 15.0 Mean yew total height(m} 6.2 5.3 yew trees show a significant growth decrease(P _<0.10) Mean yew crownwidth (m) 2.2 2.3 after 1978. The remainder of the trees show no significant Yew growthincrements change in radial growth rate. I 0 yr growth 1967-1977 (mm) 7. I 7.9 In contrast. the postharvest 10 yr increment in the l0 yr growth 1982 1992(ram} 6.0 12.6 harvestedstand is significantly greater14.7 ram; P < (1.01) DiffErenceafter 1978 harxest (mm) 0.9 *4.7 P-value,testing difference from 0 0.07 <0.01 than that prior to harvest. A strong growth release fol- lowed partial overstory removal in this stand. At the 42 WJAF 12(2) 1997 individual-treelevel, 10 of 23 yew treesshow a stgmflcant clearcuts)as possibleor desiredm a particularlandscape. increasein incrementalgrowth (P _<0.10) following har- Suchretention and accelerated growth will aid the recovery vest, 11 shownonsignificant differences, and 2 individu- of yew treepopulations in PacificNorthwest forests. als show a significantdecrease. These latter individuals arenot particularlyold or young,large or small,or located Literature Cited under a denserpart of the stand. BAILEY,J.D.,
Recommended publications
  • Phytophthora Ramorum Sudden Oak Death Pathogen

    Phytophthora Ramorum Sudden Oak Death Pathogen

    NAME OF SPECIES: Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death pathogen Synonyms: Common Name: Sudden Oak Death pathogen A. CURRENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION I. In Wisconsin? 1. YES NO X 2. Abundance: 3. Geographic Range: 4. Habitat Invaded: 5. Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: 6. Proportion of potential range occupied: II. Invasive in Similar Climate YES NO X Zones United States: In 14 coastal California Counties and in Curry County, Oregon. In nursery in Washington. Canada: Nursery in British Columbia. Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Poland, Spain, France, Belgium, and Sweden. III. Invasive in Similar Habitat YES X NO Types IV. Habitat Affected 1. Habitat affected: this disease thrives in cool, wet climates including areas in coastal California within the fog belt or in low- lying forested areas along stream beds and other bodies of water. Oaks associated with understory species that are susceptible to foliar infections are at higher risk of becoming infected. 2. Host plants: Forty-five hosts are regulated for this disease. These hosts have been found naturally infected by P. ramorum and have had Koch’s postulates completed, reviewed and accepted. Approximately fifty-nine species are associated with Phytophthora ramorum. These species are found naturally infected; P. ramorum has been cultured or detected with PCR but Koch’s postulates have not been completed or documented and reviewed. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) is considered an associated host. See end of document for complete list of plant hosts. National Risk Model and Map shows susceptible forest types in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
  • Mealybugs on Taxus by the Bartlett Lab Staff Directed by Kelby Fite, Phd

    Mealybugs on Taxus by the Bartlett Lab Staff Directed by Kelby Fite, Phd

    RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL REPORT Mealybugs on Taxus By The Bartlett Lab Staff Directed by Kelby Fite, PhD Taxus (yew) in nursery and landscape plantings is susceptible to infestation by two species of mealybugs: Taxus mealybug and grape mealybug. Plant injury from mealybugs occurs when immatures and adults insert their stylet into the cells of the twigs and remove the contents. Mealybugs generally infest twig crotches on interior portions of Taxus. Due to the very dense branching habit of the host, infestations often go unnoticed until the plant begins to decline. Severely infested plants exhibit sparse, chlorotic foliage, poor growth and twig and branch dieback. The foliage and twigs usually are covered with honeydew and sooty mold. Taxus Mealybug insects. Immatures (nymphs) closely resemble scale crawlers. They are very small in this stage with light The Taxus mealybug (Dysmicoccus wistariae) occurs yellow to brown smooth bodies. in most northeastern and central states. In addition to Taxus, this pest will feed on Rhododendron, maple, linden, dogwood and other many other woody plants. Taxus mealybug overwinters on the bark as an Adult females are the most conspicuous stage of the immature. Feeding resumes in spring and by early pest (Figure 1). Females are oval, hemispherical and summer they have become reproductive adults. In eight to ten mm long and five mm wide. The body is warm climates, 2-3 generations may be present. The red in color and covered with white, waxy secretions. immatures feed until the onset of winter, when it White, waxy filaments also extend from the edge of the overwinters under bark scales or beneath the waxy body.
  • The Challenging Past and Precarious Future of Canada Yew (Taxus Canadensis) in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore

    The Challenging Past and Precarious Future of Canada Yew (Taxus Canadensis) in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore

    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The Challenging Past and Precarious Future of Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Natural Resource Report NPS/APIS/NRR—2021/2251 ON THIS PAGE Robust yew understory Photograph courtesy of Matthew J. Widen ON THE COVER Canada yew arils Photograph courtesy of Matthew J. Widen The Challenging Past and Precarious Future of Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Natural Resource Report NPS/APIS/NRR—2021/2251 Sarah E. Johnson*, Jordan S. Mead, Matthew J. Widen, Emily E. Leonard Natural Resources Department Northland College 1411 Ellis Avenue Ashland, Wisconsin 54806 * Primary contact: [email protected] April 2021 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
  • (Trpv1) Em Um Modelo De Síndrome De Dor Aguda Induzida Por Paclitaxel Em Ratos

    (Trpv1) Em Um Modelo De Síndrome De Dor Aguda Induzida Por Paclitaxel Em Ratos

    REBECA NAMBUMBO LUACUTI PARTICIPAÇÃO DO RECEPTOR DE POTENCIAL TRANSITÓRIO VANILOIDE TIPO 1 (TRPV1) EM UM MODELO DE SÍNDROME DE DOR AGUDA INDUZIDA POR PACLITAXEL EM RATOS Dissertação Apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências da Saúde. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Gabriela Trevisan CRICIÚMA 2015 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação L926 p Luacuti,Rebeca Nambumbo. Participação do receptor de potencial transitório vanilóide tipo 1 (TRPV1) em um modelo de síndrome de dor aguda induzida por paclitaxel em ratos / Rebeca Nambumbo Luacuti ; orientadora : Gabriela Trevisan. – Criciúma, SC : Ed. do Autor, 2015. 92 p. : il.; 21 cm. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Criciúma, 2015. 1. Dor - Tratamento. 2. Paclitaxel - Administração. 3. Receptor de potencial transitório vanilóide Tipo 1. 4. Dor neuropática. I. Título. CDD. 22ª ed. 616.0472 Bibliotecária Eliziane de Lucca Alosilla – CRB 14/1101 Biblioteca Central Prof. Eurico Back - UNESC FOLHA INFORMATIVA Esta dissertação foi elaborada seguindo o estilo Vancouver e será apresentada no formato tradicional. Este trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Saúde na Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, bem como na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, no Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Psicofarmacologia. Dedico este trabalho aos meus filhos pelo amor e apoio incondicional. AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar agradeço a Deus pai todo-poderoso pela vida, saúde e bênçãos que me tem proporcionado todos os dias de minha vida. Aos meus pais, Elias Luacuti e Dêbora Essoco, que me criaram com amor, dedicação iluminando o meu caminho e por me ensinarem o valor do questionamento e do conhecimento; a vós, serei grata eternamente.
  • Variation in Sex Expression in Canada Yew (Taxus Canadensis) Author(S): Taber D

    Variation in Sex Expression in Canada Yew (Taxus Canadensis) Author(S): Taber D

    Variation in Sex Expression in Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) Author(s): Taber D. Allison Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Apr., 1991), pp. 569-578 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2445266 . Accessed: 23/08/2011 15:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org AmericanJournal of Botany 78(4): 569-578. 1991. VARIATION IN SEX EXPRESSION IN CANADA YEW (TAXUS CANADENSIS)1 TABER D. ALLISON2 JamesFord Bell Museumof Natural History and Departmentof Ecology and BehavioralBiology, Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Sex expressionwas measuredin severalCanada yew (Taxus canadensisMarsh.) populations of theApostle Islands of Wisconsinand southeasternMinnesota to determinethe extent of variationwithin and among populations. Sex expression was recorded qualitatively (monoecious, male,or female) and quantitatively (by male to female strobilus ratios or standardized phenotypic gender).No discernibletrends in differencesin sex expressionamong populations or habitats wererecorded. Trends in sexexpression of individuals within populations were complex. Small yewstended to be maleor, if monoecious, had female-biasedstrobilus ratios.
  • Canada Yew to Upper Peninsula’S Ecology

    Canada Yew to Upper Peninsula’S Ecology

    The Importance of the Canada Yew to Upper Peninsula’s Ecology Canada Yew A Unique Remnant Canada Yew. Photo Courtesy of Bill Cook, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Alger County, Michigan - The Canada yew is an evergreen shrub native to the central and eastern areas of North America. This type of conifer is also called the Canadian yew, American yew, ground-hemlock or simply yew. Its scientific name is Taxus canadensis and it thrives in ravines, riverbanks, swampy forests and on lakeshores. Mostly found north of the Ohio River, there are some rare ice age relicts as far south as the Appalachian Mountains. “Most areas of previously A sprawling shrub, northern natives called it something that translated: “that which sprawls about everywhere.” Though occasionally abundant yew in the Upper classified as a tree, most call it a shrub as it rarely exceeds three feet, Peninsula have been highly though some can grow as tall as six. The branches of the shrub are dense and spread up to six feet long. degraded or extirpated, primarily from land use Each of its cones contain a single seed partly surrounded by a bright, berry-like fruit called an aril, which is open at the end. Birds including change and overbrowsing waxwings and thrushes, among others, eat the seeds, and disperse the hard seeds through their droppings. by deer.” Dr. Steve Windels However, production of new stems or seedlings by sexual reproduction by Canada yew appears rare. Instead of a seed germinating, Canada yew reproduces predominantly by layering its stems. Arching lateral branches are pressed to the ground and take root, resulting in a spreading growth form that often produces roughly circular- shaped patches comprised of dense tangles of intertwining stems; this patchy growth form is especially evident in high-density areas with large individual stems Alison (1990).
  • Special Forest Products

    Special Forest Products

    United States Department of Agriculture SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS Forest Service Species Information Guide Pacific Northwest Research Station for the Pacific Northwest General Technical Report PNW-GTR-513 Nan C. Vance, Melissa Borsting, David Pilz, and September 2001 Jim Freed Authors Nan C. Vance is a principle plant physiologist, and David Pilz is a botanist, For- estry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331; Melissa Borsting is a graduate student, College of Forest Resources, University of Wash- ington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195; and Jim Freed is an extension special forest products specialist, Washington State University, PO Box 4703, Olympia, WA 98504. Disclaimer This publication reports research and management information involving mush- room and plant harvesting. It neither recommends the use and ingestion of mush- rooms and plants nor implies that using wild plants and mushrooms is without risks. CAUTION: Mushroom and wild plant consumption can pose a serious, even fatal, risk to humans. It is strongly recommended that you spend your first collecting season using field identification guides and collecting with an expert if you intend to collect wild plants or mushrooms to eat. Abstract Vance, Nan C.; Borsting, Melissa; Pilz, David; Freed, Jim. 2001. Special forest products: species information guide for the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-513. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 169 p. This guide is a collection of information about economically important vascular and nonvascular plants and fungi found in the Pacific Northwest that furnish special forest products. Many of these plants and fungi are also found in Alaska, northern Idaho, and western Montana.
  • PACIFIC (WESTERN) YEW (Taxus Brevifolia)

    PACIFIC (WESTERN) YEW (Taxus Brevifolia)

    PACIFIC (WESTERN) YEW (Taxus brevifolia) RANGE Pacific yew is found from southern tip of Alaska to California and as far east as Alberta primarily at low to mid elevations. On the northern coast of BC and Alaska it is generally restricted to within a few kms of the coast. Andy MacKinnon describing the Pacific yew at one of Metchosin’s Talk and Walk tours. Photo courtesy of Moralea Milne. HABITAT AND LIFE HISTORY Pacific yews have the ability to efficiently capture and use light, water and nutrients in a wide variety of conditions. In coastal BC, yews are usually found in moist to wet coniferous forests, often in areas of higher soil nutrients, most commonly on water receiving sites but also on water collecting and (less commonly) on water shedding sites. At one time it was thought that they needed high levels of soil moisture but it has lately been discovered that they are tolerant of seasonal drought. They are able to grow in both the full sun of clearcuts and the deep shade of old growth forests. A shade grown yew that finds itself growing in full sun (from logging or other disturbance) will compensate by the needles changing colour to a bronze hue. Pacific yews often grow in association with Douglas-fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, salal, Oregon-grape and skunk cabbage. Yews are a small component of coniferous forests, usually found as single occurrences, a yew inventory from Quatsino Sound found 1.5-2.1 yew trees/ha. They are considered a slow growing understory species and can live up to 400 years, although 200-300 years is more common.
  • Ground Hemlock (Taxus Canadensis)

    Ground Hemlock (Taxus Canadensis)

    Ground Hemlock (Taxus canadensis) What is Ground Hemlock? Ground Hemlock, also called Canada Yew or American Yew, is a small evergreen shrub found in many Island woodlots. It grows by spreading along the ground. Ground Hemlock branches can stand fairly erect and reach heights of 0.7m (2 feet) to 2.4m (8 feet). What are its uses? Figure 1. Ground Hemlock foliage On P.E.I., snowshoe hare will browse on the needles, buds, and small twigs are collected for and branches while some birds and small mammals will eat their medicinal properties. © Photo the berries. It also provides wildlife cover. Newer foliage Photo Credit. J.D. McAskill (needles and green stems) is collected for the extraction of paclitaxel, a compound used to treat various cancers. Where is it found? The 1990 forest inventory indicates that Ground Hemlock is found in commercial quantities in 3% of Island woodlands and is most abundant in Prince County. A plant community analysis of the 1990 forest inventory plots by Dr. Doug Sobey indicates that this species is generally limited to hardwood stands. About 19% of upland hardwood communities contained Ground Hemlock, while it is found in 27.5% of wet, red maple dominated communities. This occurrence information is important for organizing efficient collection. The Island’s estimated sustainable harvest is 630,000 kg (1,400,000 pounds) per year. For more information, see the Agriculture and Forestry Management Note # 21, “Taxus canadensis in Prince Edward Island. An Examination of factors affecting distribution and abundance.” Available at: http://www.gov.pe.ca/af/agweb/ What are the issues? Sustainability: Ground Hemlock is a relatively slow growing plant, and there is limited research on its natural growth rates and the impacts of seasonal harvesting.
  • The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants

    The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants

    medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs.
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.92–2

    Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.92–2

    Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.92–2 tubers, corms, or rhizomes; 2 green- host plant taxa listed in paragraph (d) house grown cactus, succulents, and or- of this section. chids; aquarium grown aquatic plants; (2) Forest stock located or grown in a greenhouse, container, or field grown quarantined area and that are proven palms; greenhouse, container, or field host plant taxa or associated plant grown cycads, and tissue culture plants taxa listed in paragraph (d) or (e) of grown in vitro; and plants meeting the this section. definition of forest stock. (3) Any other product or article that Permit. A written authorization an inspector determines to present a issued by APHIS to allow the inter- risk of spreading Phytophthora state movement of restricted articles ramorum, if an inspector notifies the in accordance with part 330 of this person in possession of the product or chapter. article that it is a restricted article. Person. Any association, company, (b) Regulated articles. The following corporation, firm, individual, joint are regulated articles: stock company, partnership, society, (1) Nursery stock, decorative trees or other entity. without roots, unprocessed wood and Plant Protection and Quarantine. The wood products, and plant products, in- Plant Protection and Quarantine pro- cluding firewood, logs, lumber, 4 gram of the Animal and Plant Health wreaths, garlands, and greenery of Inspection Service, United States De- proven host plant taxa listed in para- partment of Agriculture. graph (d) of this section. Quarantined area. Any State, or any (2) Soil and growing media. portion of a State, listed in § 301.92– (3) Any other product or article that 3(a)(3) of this subpart or otherwise des- an inspector determines to present a ignated as a quarantined area in ac- risk of spreading Phytophthora ramorum cordance with § 301.92–3(a)(2) of this if an inspector notifies the person in subpart.
  • Verticillium Wilt of Trees and Shrubs

    Verticillium Wilt of Trees and Shrubs

    Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Founded in 1875 Email: [email protected] Putting science to work for society Website: www.ct.gov/caes VERTICILLIUM WILT OF ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS Verticillium wilt is a common disease of a wide variety of ornamental trees and shrubs throughout the United States and Connecticut. Maple, smoke-tree, elm, redbud, viburnum, and lilac are among the more important hosts of this disease. Japanese maples appear to be particularly susceptible and often collapse shortly after the disease is detected. Plants weakened by root damage from drought, waterlogged soils, de-icing salts, and other environmental stresses are thought to be more prone to infection. Figure 1. Japanese maple with acute symptoms of Verticillium wilt. Verticillium wilt is caused by two closely related soilborne fungi, Verticillium dahliae They also develop a variety of symptoms and V. albo-atrum. Isolates of these fungi that include wilting, curling, browning, and vary in host range, pathogenicity, and drying of leaves. These leaves usually do virulence. Verticillium species are found not drop from the plant. In other cases, worldwide in cultivated soils. The most leaves develop a scorched appearance, show common species associated with early fall coloration, and drop prematurely Verticillium wilt of woody ornamentals in (Figure 2). Connecticut is V. dahliae. Plants with acute infections start with SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE symptoms on individual branches or in one DEVELOPMENT: portion of the canopy.