Is the Quantum State Real in the Hilbert Space Formulation?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Is the Quantum State Real in the Hilbert Space Formulation? Is the Quantum State Real in the Hilbert Space Formulation? Mani L. Bhaumik Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Editors: Zvi Bern & Danko Georgiev Article history: Submitted on November 5, 2020; Accepted on December 18, 2020; Published on December 19, 2020. he persistent debate about the reality of a quan- 1 Introduction tum state has recently come under limelight be- Tcause of its importance to quantum informa- The debate about the reality of quantum states is as old tion and the quantum computing community. Almost as quantum physics itself. The objective reality underly- all of the deliberations are taking place using the ele- ing the manifestly bizarre behavior of quantum objects gant and powerful but abstract Hilbert space formal- is conspicuously at odds with our daily classical phys- ism of quantum mechanics developed with seminal ical reality. The scientific outlook of objective reality contributions from John von Neumann. Since it is commenced with the precepts of classical physics that rather difficult to get a direct perception of the events cemented our notion of reality for centuries. Discover- in an abstract vector space, it is hard to trace the ies starting in the last decade of the nineteenth century progress of a phenomenon. Among the multitude of revealing the uncanny quantum world in the microscopic recent attempts to show the reality of the quantum domain shook that perception. state in Hilbert space, the Pusey–Barrett–Rudolph With the particular exception of Einstein, who was the theory gets most recognition for their proof. But some lone supporter of his postulated wave-particle duality for of its assumptions have been criticized, which are still photons for about two decades, physicists continued to not considered to be entirely loophole free. A straight- think of the microscopic quantum world within the con- forward proof of the reality of the wave packet func- fines of the ingrained classical physics. Finally, with de tion of a single particle has been presented earlier Broglie’s proposed extension of the wave–particle dual- based on the currently recognized fundamental real- ity to matter particles like electrons and its experimental ity of the universal quantum fields. Quantum states verification, irrevocably opened the door ushering in the like the atomic energy levels comprising the wave bizarre new world of quantum physics. packets have been shown to be just as real. Here With some talented younger physicists like we show that an unambiguous proof of reality of the Schrodinger,¨ Heisenberg, Born, Dirac and others, quantum states gleaned from the reality of quantum the development of the quantum physics proceeded in a fields can also provide an explicit substantiation of break neck speed starting in early 1926. Although these the reality of quantum states in Hilbert space. efforts led to the most successful description of events in Quanta 2020; 9: 37–46. the atomic domain, the revelations of quantum physics were so weird that immediately a debate started about the significance of it all. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-3.0, which Soon the dispute came to a climax at the 1927 Solvay permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, Conference in Belgium with the famed Bohr–Einstein provided the original author and source are credited. debate. While Bohr insisting that there was no reality Quanta j DOI: 10.12743/quanta.v9i1.142 December 2020 j Volume 9 j Issue 1 j Page 37 before a quantum state is measured, Einstein maintained the Standard Model provides a remarkably uni- there must be a reality even before a quantum state is fied view of all types of matter and forces (ex- observed. Almost a century later the debate is surprisingly cept for gravitation) that we encounter in our still thriving. A conspicuous example is the substantial laboratories, in a set of equations that can fit account presented in the recent review article by Matthew on a single sheet of paper. We can be certain Leifer [1]. All of these contemporary considerations are that the Standard Model will appear as at least conducted using the abstract Hilbert space formulation of an approximate feature of any better future the- quantum mechanics initiated by John von Neumann. ory. [7] After John Bell’s epochal paper [2] presented Bell’s inequality and its numerous experimental substantiations, Thus, it would be cogent to consider the space filling the reality of the quantum state is now more acceptable in universal Quantum Fields as the primary ingredients of contrast to the conclusion of earlier Bohr–Einstein debate. physical reality uncovered by us so far. An abundant The most prominent recent theory of reality is presented proof of this can be encountered all around us in several by Matthew Pusey, Jonathan Barrett, and Terry Rudolph different ways. The most direct convincing evidence [3]. Other theories are also advanced by Lucien Hardy comes from the fact that elementary particles like an [4] as well as Roger Colbeck and Renato Renner [5]. electron has exactly the same properties, such as mass- However, none of these latest advances is considered to energy, charge, spin etc., irrespective of when or where in be entirely loophole free. Leifer’s considerably extensive the universe it comes into existence—in the big bang, in review [1] provides a distinct example of the difficulties of astrophysical processes throughout the eons or anywhere reaching a definitive conclusion using the circuitous way in a lab in the world. of deliberations in the abstract Hilbert space. Here we A manifestation of the fluctuations of the quantum present a rather straightforward way to prove the reality fields in a phenomenon like the electron anomalous g- of the quantum state. factor agrees up to an unprecedented twelve decimal In order to avoid any possible confusion, it would be places when the experimental results are compared to prudent to agree upon the definition of reality. In this the theoretical computation. Observed phenomena like regard, we rely upon the generally acknowledged conno- Lamb shift, Casimir effect further assert the existence of tation of reality. We consider something to be physically the fluctuations of the quantum fields. A very dramatic real if it is independently observed by several people confirmation of the indispensable effects of the quantum and they agree with each other that the result of their field fluctuations comes from the mass of the compos- observations is the same. Accordingly, one could rely on ite particles like protons and neutrons. The mass of the the following notions of the distinguished contemporary three valence quarks in a proton provided by the Higgs physicists for our understanding of reality. boson is only about 9 Mev while the total proton mass is Referring to the outstanding developments in the a whopping 938 Mev. This magical “mass without mass” cutting-edge quantum field theory or QFT in short, the ascends from the endowment of quantum fluctuations. distinguished Physics Nobel Laureate Frank Wilczek as- Perhaps the most spectacular graphic evidence is pro- serts vided by the observed anisotropy in the cosmic mi- crowave background radiation with their presumed origin the standard model is very successful in de- in the cosmic inflation in the early universe when the scribing reality—the reality we find ourselves quantum fluctuations of the reputed inflaton field enor- inhabiting. [6, p. 96] mously expanded from the very microscopic to macro- scopic dimensions providing seeds for galaxy formation Wilczek additionally enumerates afterwards. Any reasonable concept of physical reality The primary ingredient of physical reality, from should then owe its eventual origin to the fundamental re- which all else is formed, fills all space and time. ality of quantum fields and their characteristic attributes. Every fragment, each space-time element, has The elementary particles like electrons, one of the the same basic properties as every other frag- members of the initial act of material formation from ment. The primary ingredient of reality is alive the abstract but physical quantum fields, are quanta of the with quantum activity. Quantum activity has fields. Each of them can be rendered as a wave packet con- special characteristics. It is spontaneous and sisting of an admixture of the various fields. Accordingly, unpredictable. [6, p. 74] the wave packet function of the elementary particle ought to be considered as real as the primary quantum fields. Another esteemed Physics Nobel Laureate Steven Wein- More generally the fields whose quantization produces berg confirms the 24 other observed elementary particles in Nature, such Quanta j DOI: 10.12743/quanta.v9i1.142 December 2020 j Volume 9 j Issue 1 j Page 38 as the photons, W+, W−, Z0, quarks and gluons, embod- quently, the contribution of the different quantum fields ied in the Standard Model of particle physics should be to the single particle would comprise of irregular dis- just as real. Consequently so would be the composite turbances of the fields with energy off the mass shell, particles like protons and neutrons. We can then consider resulting in the electron ripple to be very highly distorted. the quantum states of atoms and molecules comprising It is well known that such a pulse, no matter how the elementary and composite particles real as well. deformed, can be expressed by a Fourier integral with This would empower us with confidence to extend the weighted linear combinations of simple periodic wave reality of the quantum states to those in Hilbert space forms like trigonometric functions [9]. The result would formalism including all its operations to be as real as the be a wave packet function to represent an electron that wave packet of a single quantum particle and the wave would embody a fundamental reality of the universe since functions of all quantum states of the Schrodinger¨ and all the amplitudes of the wave packet would consist of Heisenberg formulation.
Recommended publications
  • 6. Knowledge, Information, and Entropy the Book John Von
    6. Knowledge, Information, and Entropy The book John von Neumann and the Foundations of Quantum Physics contains a fascinating and informative article written by Eckehart Kohler entitled “Why von Neumann Rejected Carnap’s Dualism of Information Concept.” The topic is precisely the core issue before us: How is knowledge connected to physics? Kohler illuminates von Neumann’s views on this subject by contrasting them to those of Carnap. Rudolph Carnap was a distinguished philosopher, and member of the Vienna Circle. He was in some sense a dualist. He had studied one of the central problems of philosophy, namely the distinction between analytic statements and synthetic statements. (The former are true or false by virtue of a specified set of rules held in our minds, whereas the latter are true or false by virtue their concordance with physical or empirical facts.) His conclusions had led him to the idea that there are two different domains of truth, one pertaining to logic and mathematics and the other to physics and the natural sciences. This led to the claim that there are “Two Concepts of Probability,” one logical the other physical. That conclusion was in line with the fact that philosophers were then divided between two main schools as to whether probability should be understood in terms of abstract idealizations or physical sequences of outcomes of measurements. Carnap’s bifurcations implied a similar division between two different concepts of information, and of entropy. In 1952 Carnap was working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and about to publish a work on his dualistic theory of information, according to which epistemological concepts like information should be treated separately from physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Information, Cognition and the Principle of Existence Intrinsically
    Adv. Studies Theor. Phys., Vol. 7, 2013, no. 17, 797 - 818 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2013.3318 Are Information, Cognition and the Principle of Existence Intrinsically Structured in the Quantum Model of Reality? Elio Conte(1,2) and Orlando Todarello(2) (1)School of International Advanced Studies on Applied Theoretical and non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy (2)Department of Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy Copyright © 2013 Elio Conte and Orlando Todarello. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The thesis of this paper is that Information, Cognition and a Principle of Existence are intrinsically structured in the quantum model of reality. We reach such evidence by using the Clifford algebra. We analyze quantization in some traditional cases of quantum mechanics and, in particular in quantum harmonic oscillator, orbital angular momentum and hydrogen atom. Keywords: information, quantum cognition, principle of existence, quantum mechanics, quantization, Clifford algebra. Corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction The earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first decade of the 20th century following about the same time the basic discoveries of physics as 798 Elio Conte and Orlando Todarello the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light that was basically updated by Einstein. Early quantum theory was significantly reformulated in the mid- 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan, who created matrix mechanics, Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrodinger who introduced wave mechanics, and Wolfgang Pauli and Satyendra Nath Bose who introduced the statistics of subatomic particles.
    [Show full text]
  • Seven Principles of Quantum Mechanics
    Seven Principles of Quantum Mechanics Igor V. Volovich Steklov Mathematical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Gubkin St. 8, 117966, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The list of basic axioms of quantum mechanics as it was formulated by von Neu- mann includes only the mathematical formalism of the Hilbert space and its statistical interpretation. We point out that such an approach is too general to be considered as the foundation of quantum mechanics. In particular in this approach any finite- dimensional Hilbert space describes a quantum system. Though such a treatment might be a convenient approximation it can not be considered as a fundamental de- scription of a quantum system and moreover it leads to some paradoxes like Bell’s theorem. I present a list from seven basic postulates of axiomatic quantum mechan- ics. In particular the list includes the axiom describing spatial properties of quantum system. These axioms do not admit a nontrivial realization in the finite-dimensional Hilbert space. One suggests that the axiomatic quantum mechanics is consistent with local realism. arXiv:quant-ph/0212126v1 22 Dec 2002 1 INTRODUCTION Most discussions of foundations and interpretations of quantum mechanics take place around the meaning of probability, measurements, reduction of the state and entanglement. The list of basic axioms of quantum mechanics as it was formulated by von Neumann [1] includes only general mathematical formalism of the Hilbert space and its statistical interpre- tation, see also [2]-[6]. From this point of view any mathematical proposition on properties of operators in the Hilbert space can be considered as a quantum mechanical result.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Order 13978 of January 18, 2021
    6809 Federal Register Presidential Documents Vol. 86, No. 13 Friday, January 22, 2021 Title 3— Executive Order 13978 of January 18, 2021 The President Building the National Garden of American Heroes By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Background. In Executive Order 13934 of July 3, 2020 (Building and Rebuilding Monuments to American Heroes), I made it the policy of the United States to establish a statuary park named the National Garden of American Heroes (National Garden). To begin the process of building this new monument to our country’s greatness, I established the Interagency Task Force for Building and Rebuilding Monuments to American Heroes (Task Force) and directed its members to plan for construction of the National Garden. The Task Force has advised me it has completed the first phase of its work and is prepared to move forward. This order revises Executive Order 13934 and provides additional direction for the Task Force. Sec. 2. Purpose. The chronicles of our history show that America is a land of heroes. As I announced during my address at Mount Rushmore, the gates of a beautiful new garden will soon open to the public where the legends of America’s past will be remembered. The National Garden will be built to reflect the awesome splendor of our country’s timeless exceptionalism. It will be a place where citizens, young and old, can renew their vision of greatness and take up the challenge that I gave every American in my first address to Congress, to ‘‘[b]elieve in yourselves, believe in your future, and believe, once more, in America.’’ Across this Nation, belief in the greatness and goodness of America has come under attack in recent months and years by a dangerous anti-American extremism that seeks to dismantle our country’s history, institutions, and very identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Scientists, Jewish Ethics and the Making of the Atomic Bomb
    8 Jewish Scientists, Jewish Ethics and the Making of the Atomic Bomb MERON MEDZINI n his book The Jews and the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders, Ben-Ami IShillony devoted a chapter to the Jewish scientists who played a central role in the development of nuclear physics and later in the construction and testing of the fi rst atomic bomb. He correctly traced the well-known facts that among the leading nuclear physics scientists, there was an inordinately large number of Jews (Shillony 1992: 190–3). Many of them were German, Hungarian, Polish, Austrian and even Italian Jews. Due to the rise of virulent anti-Semitism in Germany, especially after the Nazi takeover of that country in 1933, most of the German-Jewish scientists found themselves unemployed, with no laboratory facilities or even citi- zenship, and had to seek refuge in other European countries. Eventually, many of them settled in the United States. A similar fate awaited Jewish scientists in other central European countries that came under German occupation, such as Austria, or German infl uence as in the case of Hungary. Within a short time, many of these scientists who found refuge in America were highly instrumental in the exceedingly elabo- rate and complex research and work that eventually culminated in the construction of the atomic bomb at various research centres and, since 1943, at the Los Alamos site. In this facility there were a large number of Jews occupying the highest positions. Of the heads of sections in charge of the Manhattan Project, at least eight were Jewish, led by the man in charge of the operation, J.
    [Show full text]
  • EUGENE PAUL WIGNER November 17, 1902–January 1, 1995
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES E U G ENE PAUL WI G NER 1902—1995 A Biographical Memoir by FR E D E R I C K S E I T Z , E RICH V OG T , A N D AL V I N M. W E I NBER G Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1998 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. Courtesy of Atoms for Peace Awards, Inc. EUGENE PAUL WIGNER November 17, 1902–January 1, 1995 BY FREDERICK SEITZ, ERICH VOGT, AND ALVIN M. WEINBERG UGENE WIGNER WAS A towering leader of modern physics Efor more than half of the twentieth century. While his greatest renown was associated with the introduction of sym- metry theory to quantum physics and chemistry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for 1963, his scientific work encompassed an astonishing breadth of sci- ence, perhaps unparalleled during his time. In preparing this memoir, we have the impression we are attempting to record the monumental achievements of half a dozen scientists. There is the Wigner who demonstrated that symmetry principles are of great importance in quan- tum mechanics; who pioneered the application of quantum mechanics in the fields of chemical kinetics and the theory of solids; who was the first nuclear engineer; who formu- lated many of the most basic ideas in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry; who was the prophet of quantum chaos; who served as a mathematician and philosopher of science; and the Wigner who was the supervisor and mentor of more than forty Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • John Von Neumann's “Impossibility Proof” in a Historical Perspective’, Physis 32 (1995), Pp
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SAS-SPACE Published: Louis Caruana, ‘John von Neumann's “Impossibility Proof” in a Historical Perspective’, Physis 32 (1995), pp. 109-124. JOHN VON NEUMANN'S ‘IMPOSSIBILITY PROOF’ IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT John von Neumann's proof that quantum mechanics is logically incompatible with hidden varibales has been the object of extensive study both by physicists and by historians. The latter have concentrated mainly on the way the proof was interpreted, accepted and rejected between 1932, when it was published, and 1966, when J.S. Bell published the first explicit identification of the mistake it involved. What is proposed in this paper is an investigation into the origins of the proof rather than the aftermath. In the first section, a brief overview of the his personal life and his proof is given to set the scene. There follows a discussion on the merits of using here the historical method employed elsewhere by Andrew Warwick. It will be argued that a study of the origins of von Neumann's proof shows how there is an interaction between the following factors: the broad issues within a specific culture, the learning process of the theoretical physicist concerned, and the conceptual techniques available. In our case, the ‘conceptual technology’ employed by von Neumann is identified as the method of axiomatisation. 1. INTRODUCTION A full biography of John von Neumann is not yet available. Moreover, it seems that there is a lack of extended historical work on the origin of his contributions to quantum mechanics.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:Quant-Ph/0101118V1 23 Jan 2001 Aur 2 2001 12, January N Ula Hsc,Dvso Fhg Nrypyis Fteus Depa U.S
    January 12, 2001 LBNL-44712 Von Neumann’s Formulation of Quantum Theory and the Role of Mind in Nature ∗ Henry P. Stapp Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Abstract Orthodox Copenhagen quantum theory renounces the quest to un- derstand the reality in which we are imbedded, and settles for prac- tical rules that describe connections between our observations. Many physicist have believed that this renunciation of the attempt describe nature herself was premature, and John von Neumann, in a major work, reformulated quantum theory as theory of the evolving objec- tive universe. In the course of his work he converted to a benefit what had appeared to be a severe deficiency of the Copenhagen interpre- tation, namely its introduction into physical theory of the human ob- servers. He used this subjective element of quantum theory to achieve a significant advance on the main problem in philosophy, which is to arXiv:quant-ph/0101118v1 23 Jan 2001 understand the relationship between mind and matter. That problem had been tied closely to physical theory by the works of Newton and Descartes. The present work examines the major problems that have appeared to block the development of von Neumann’s theory into a fully satisfactory theory of Nature, and proposes solutions to these problems. ∗This work is supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 The Nonlocality Controversy “Nonlocality gets more real”. This is the provocative title of a recent report in Physics Today [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Mechanics
    Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics (QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physicswhich deals with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic andsubatomic length scales. Quantum mechanics provides a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-likeand wave- like behavior and interactions of energy andmatter. In advanced topics of quantum mechanics, some of these behaviors are macroscopic and emerge at only extreme (i.e., very low or very high) energies ortemperatures.[citation needed] The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts (Latin quanta), and not in a continuous (cf. analog) way. For example, the angular momentum of an electron bound to an atom or molecule is quantized.[1] In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave–particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty principle provide a unified view of the behavior of photons, electrons, and other atomic-scale objects. The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanicsare abstract. A mathematical function known as thewavefunction provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Mathematical manipulations of the wavefunction usually involve the bra-ket notation, which requires an understanding of complex numbersand linear functionals. The wavefunction treats the object as a quantum harmonic oscillator, and the mathematics is akin to that describing acoustic resonance. Many of the results of quantum mechanics are not easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics—for instance, the ground state in a quantum mechanical model is a non-zero energy state that is the lowest permitted energy state of a system, as opposed to a more ―traditional‖ system that is thought of as simply being at rest, with zero kinetic energy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Question of Quantum Reality 24 September 2020
    A question of quantum reality 24 September 2020 virtuality. Bell spent most of his working life at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and Bertlmann first met him when he took up a short-term fellowship there in 1978. Bell had first presented his theorem in a seminal paper published in 1964, but this was largely neglected until the 1980s and the introduction of quantum information. Bertlmann discusses the concept of Bell inequalities, which arise through thought experiments in which a pair of spin-½ particles propagate in opposite directions and are measured Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain by independent observers, Alice and Bob. The Bell inequality distinguishes between local realism—the 'common sense' view in which Alice's observations do not depend on Bob's, and vice versa—and Physicist Reinhold Bertlmann of the University of quantum mechanics, or, specifically, quantum Vienna, Austria has published a review of the work entanglement. Two quantum particles, such as of his late long-term collaborator John Stewart Bell those in the Alice-Bob situation, are entangled of CERN, Geneva in EPJ H. This review, "Real or when the state measured by one observer Not Real: that is the question," explores Bell's instantaneously influences that of the other. This inequalities and his concepts of reality and theory is the basis of quantum information. explains their relevance to quantum information and its applications. And quantum information is no longer just an abstruse theory. It is finding applications in fields as John Stewart Bell's eponymous theorem and diverse as security protocols, cryptography and inequalities set out, mathematically, the contrast quantum computing.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Copy 2020 11 26 Stylia
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Stylianou, Nicos Title: On 'Probability' A Case of Down to Earth Humean Propensities General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. On ‘Probability’ A Case of Down to Earth Humean Propensities By NICOS STYLIANOU Department of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in ac- cordance with the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Faculty of Arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Disproof of John Stewart Bell
    Disproof of John Stewart Bell T. Liffert 4th October 2020 Abstract The proof of John Stewart Bell [1] [2] is based on wrong premises. A deterministic model for a hidden mechanism with an parameter λ is therefor possible. This model is possible by an integration of the experimental context into the wave function 1 The basic experiment The following considerations are based on an experiment with a pair of en- tangled photons, each of them meets a polarisation filter. The crucial phe- nomenon consists of the fact, that, if the polarisation filters are adjusted identically, the photons react always identically: Either both will be ab- sorbed or both will be transmitted. For the angular difference Φ between the polarisation filter adjustments the probability, that both photons give identi- cal measurement results, is the square of the cosine of that angular difference (law of Malus)[3]. The set of the possible measurement results is a binary one, it can be referred to by expressions like f0; 1g or f+1; −1g. For later considerations of serie experiments and related expected values I use the set f+1; −1g, for the treatment of the proof variant according to Wigner-Bell I choose the set f0; 1g. I use the following assignments for measurement results and eigenstates • 0 j0i ! 1 • 1 j1i ! −1 May α denote the measurement result of the left photon and β the one of the right photon. The upper proposition for the conditional probability P of identical measurement results given the angular difference Φ one would write like this: P (α = βjΦ) = cos2 Φ (1) 1 1.1 The quantum mechanical doctrine In the literature that I know there is a strict separation between the quantum state jΨi of the pair of photons on the one hand and the experimental context, consisting of nothing more than the angular difference of the polarisation filters or the polarizers, on the other hand.
    [Show full text]