SeawayCompass

U.S. Department of Transportation • Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation continued on page 3 ing which calls for 88 winding which turbines to Other wind projects are also in the works.Other wind are projects Terminals- Marine Federal the arrival confirmed ofMilwaukee summer this later eight vessels wind farms. carrying wind destined for the region’s turbine components Field $300 Sky Green is also bidding on the nearby Blue The terminal start set to this spr million project Project cargoes in the Seaway System are ramping up for are System Seaway Lakes in the Great cargoes Project of be years to what promises growth. steady that two no doubt There’s in particular — wind turbines and pipes — become about to are visiblesubstantially before. more than ever when it last October from its success add to to is hoping Buffalo a shipload ofreceived largest 24 windBrazil’s turbine blades from port, Santos. long wind through turbine blades moved The 153-foot port the unloaded at the Buffalo to and trucked were and the Seaway in Erie County, at Tonawanda Farm New Wind Winds nearby Steel York. The last of brownfield on the old the wind erected turbines were spring. earlier this site Bethlehem Steel Bay,Thunder Ontario, in Germany at least one ship from will receive 2007 loadedWind with wind for the Chin Chute turbine components in Taber, Project Alberta.Power The $60 million, project 30 megawatt while eliminating 14,000 homes in the province for power provides of88,000 tons carbon dioxide. Wind Vestas the Danish company from Seaway the be shipped through Systems. the ports ofYork New In eyeing are and Ogdensburg Oswego County, in Jefferson developments and St. Vincent the Cape where environmental undergoing local and state are Farms Wind Lawrence reviews. only miles away, project A third Wind Creek Horse dubbed Farm, impact study. is just beginning a draft environmental Meanwhile, will of Island be the site Wolfe nearby a $410 million 2008. in June get underway set to mega project Canadian The German will Siemens ship 86 wind turbines and ancillarycompany parts through the Seaway. firm of The Norwegian will ship a 4-mile long trans- Nexans turbinesmission cable that will transfer wind energy the island’s from Commodities Outlook for 2007Commodities Outlook for O S 2 ’ Collister Johnson, Jr. continued on page 2 COLUMN SPRING 2007SPRING ADMINISTRATOR When I was sworn in as was sworn I When October in late Administrator 2006, the U.S. budget Seaway’s 2008 had Year for Fiscal and been completed already the Secretary by approved of the Department of Transportation, and the Office of and Budget Management (OMB). was not until some It months later, started when we preparing for the 2009 budget that I focused on the Capital and Operations and (O&M) funding Maintenance for the Seaway. mechanisms that process,In I discovered A Fundamental Problem A Fundamental for the SLSDC www.greatlakes-seaway.com Pacesetter Award Pacesetter Seatrade Cruise Shipping Convention Plans Mission Trade Upcoming Location Office SLSDC Moves Information Ballast Water GLAvailable Directory Now IndustryEthanol Growing Changes Personnel Events Upcoming In This Issue: In Columnist Guest HWY H Join Members New SPRING 2007

SeawayCompass Administrator’s Column, continued from page 1 from their general fund, based on rolling 5-year capital plans negotiated with the Corporation. a fundamental flaw in the Seaway funding model, a flaw which our Canadian partners suffered from for many Officials at the Corporation anticipate that this year, toll years, but which they fixed in the mid-1990s. This flaw is revenue will be approximately CD 60 million while the still plaguing the U.S. Seaway. Unless remedied, it could capital contribution from government will reach approxi- result in dire consequences — both for our System and mately CD 50M, a ratio of capital to O&M expense our employees. of almost one to one. By contrast, last year the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation’s “capital” Like bridges, tunnels, pipelines, subways and similar budget was $800,000 and O&M was approximately $17M, infrastructure, the Seaway is what is known in finance a ratio of capital to O&M expense of one to twenty. In circles as a “perpetual asset.” That is, when the assets short, the Canadian model assures renewal of their locks that make up the Seaway reach the end of their useful as a perpetual asset. The U.S. model does not. life, they are not discarded. Rather, during the course of their useful life, the assets are renewed through periodic It is a known and self-evident fact that it is simply capital investment, so that at the end, they have been not possible to safely maintain the Seaway in the future rehabilitated and rebuilt. Their cycle of life can then through O&M expenses alone and without a robust begin all over again. capital account. As proof, one needs only to look at the Canadian experience with the locks at the Welland The useful life of the Seaway’s locks and related equip- Canal, which were completed in 1932 in order to provide ment is approximately 50 years. Having been installed ship passage around Niagara Falls. From the beginning, in 1959, our infrastructure is almost 50 years old and the received funding only from tolls — indeed nearing the end of its useful life. What one in other words, only enough to pay for O&M expenses. would expect to see over the course of the last 50 years There was no capital account and therefore no spikes is recurring spikes of capital investment in the Seaway of capital investment in the System. Like clockwork, to assure its status as a perpetual asset. What I found, fifty years later — at the end of its useful life — one however, to my amazement and even shock, is that of the locks suffered a catastrophic failure, collapsing throughout its entire history the U.S. Seaway has never onto a ship, shutting down Great Lakes shipping for had a Capital account independent of its O&M expenses. over a month, and triggering a host of lawsuits and That is, the Seaway has never received the capital political repercussions. required to adequately renew its infrastructure assets. If we at the U.S. Seaway are to avoid a similar fate, we To address the problem of inadequate capital investment, must solve the problem of years of minimal investment in the 1990s the Canadian Government instituted some and a non-existent capital account. We owe this to our major reforms for the St. Lawrence Seaway Management President, to the American public, to the Department of Corporation (SLSMC). It created a Board of Directors Transportation, to our customers and stakeholders, and to oversee management of the Corporation. More impor- most importantly, to our employees. tantly, it formalized the Corporation’s funding model. Under that model, tolls received by the Corporation The funding model we have now is both unsustainable would be used by the Corporation to fund O&M expenses for our infrastructure and unsafe for our employees and and some capital costs but the majority of capital costs customers. That is why we are working hard to resolve would be paid by the Government of annually the problem.

2 SPRING 2007

Commodities Outlook for 2007, 36" diameter pipe carrying crude oil running 1,000 mile SeawayCompass continued from page 1 from Hardisty, Alberta, to Superior, Wisconsin. The pipeline will move 450,000 barrels per day (bpd) that will in a short under water to Canada’s mainland for integration into time increase to 800,000 bpd. At Superior, the new line will the power grid. connect with the main pipeline running to Chicago. Given the amount of pipe required and the importance of keeping Another major project expected to get underway in 2008 is skilled crews on schedule, the likelihood is strong that this the $200 million Port Alma Wind Project south of Chatham imported pipe could arrive through the Seaway. on Lake Erie. Kruger Energy is undergoing environmental review of its 101 mw project that will require 44 wind tur- Enbridge is also undertaking a project called Southern bines to power up to 25,000 homes. Lights, which will move 180,000 bpd of diluent. Hundreds of miles of 16"-, 20"- and 24" pipe will be installed along the The second major project cargo in the Great Lakes Seaway way from Chicago to Edmonton. The opening stage of the System that promises to become increasingly visible in 2007 $1.3 billion project has already begun and is anticipated to is commercial grade steel pipes. Hundreds of miles of pipe be completed by the summer of 2010. varying from 18" to 48" in diameter will be needed to move gas, crude and synthetic oil and diluents (light oil) to Three Great Lakes states pipeline companies — Precision a growing energy market. The current flow of 1 million Pipeline, LLC of Eau Claire, Wisconsin; Michels Corporation barrels per day from Canada’s oil sands region of Alberta is of Brownsville, Wisconsin; and Welded Construction, L.P. of set to increase to 2.6 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2015. Perrysburg, Ohio — are part of a four company partnership of contractors called Global Pipeline Partners LLC that is With the world’s largest known potential petroleum working with Enbridge on Southern Lights. This partnership reserves, Alberta has become a magnet for energy invest- will be an entity marine industry personnel are likely to be ment. More than a hundred billion dollars are expected to contacting frequently as energy infrastructure investments be spent on exploration, production, and infrastructure continue to grow throughout the region. improvements. Mining, refining, and pipeline activities in Alberta are enjoying boom times, and skilled labor world- Significant growth in gas consumption has prompted con- wide is eagerly ‘Alberta bound.’ struction of the $3 billion Rockies Express (REX) pipeline that will move 1.8 billion cubic feet per day. Stretching more Crude oil starts as oil sand. Two tons of sand yield a barrel than 1,300 miles from Cheyenne, Wyoming to Clarington, of tar-like bitumen which is then upgraded into synthetic Ohio, the owners were required to contract for pipe from as crude by diluents so the product can be pumped in far away as Germany to meet tight construction schedules. pipelines for delivery to refineries. From there emerge The port of Toledo received two of these pipe shipments the final products sold to consumers and businesses, last year carried by CANFORNAV ships that originated in such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene and JP-4. Bremen, Germany. Toledo expects 10 more shipments of the specialized pipe over the next two years. All that good news does have challenges. A generation ago 350 North America refineries could help speed delivery In summary, wind turbines and gas-petroleum infrastruc- to thirsty markets, but fewer than 150 are currently in ture products should provide strong growth for the Seaway operation. New refineries means increased demand for this year. new pipelines.

With crude oil production expected to triple in the next decade, new pipeline projects are emerging in many markets. The larger the project the more likely that marine transport is explored by project managers as a viable transportation option. Waterborne efficiency in moving oversized cargo has long been recognized by project plan- ners, and Highway H2O connects foreign markets inland more than 2,300 miles to ports like Duluth-Superior and Thunder Bay. Both ports offer excellent rail service and intermodal yards essential for unloading pipes from ships.

Enbridge, the Canadian oil pipeline giant, has a project The above pipeline was discharged at Midwest Terminals of bearing close watching for all stakeholders in the Great Toledo International, Inc. It was manufactured in Germany Lakes Saint Lawrence Seaway System. Called the Alberta and shipped from the BLG Logistics terminal in Bremen. The Clipper, the $2 billion undertaking calls for new specialized pipeline will be used in the REX project. 3 http://www.inloc.info/internal/wp1/ http://www.rne.at/media/Presentations/06%20-%20 becoming an extension of an extension becoming the freight corridor system. move designeda freight could corridor system Properly of Range Iron plants in the from slabs steel northern high rail, or by roads limit Ports the Twin to Minnesota port rail or truck and by lake a lower to vessel then by mill. the rolling along another freight corridor to On every leg of the journey individual unit cargo each vehicle gross highway the interstate be exceeding would weight limit. of economics allow would This system scale, energy reduce consumption, freight costs, lower damage. and limit highway of example An supply chain intermodal this robust Baltic region in the ofis being introduced northern such and companies governments a number by Europe as the paper industry. Enso, Stora a leading international paper company, Enso Stora in Europe has introduced Cargo Units, intermodal oversize that resemble (SECU) cargo containers. loads over- supply chain Enso’s Stora right at the SECUs into paper reels and overweight size mills, rail or truck and sends them by ports to on freight for the a vessel loaded onto theycorridors are where journey industry the next to cluster. have The SECUs (RFID) data tags for Identification Radio Frequency and information identification tracking.automatic Each wide meters 3.6 can and long by SECU is 13.8 meters 90 metric of tons hold approximately cargo. Additional and Chain concept information on the Baltic Supply and Baseport project SECUs innovative Enso’s Stora can be found at: 10_case_study_technical_and_logistic_aspects301205.pdf and Stora%20Enso%20Clason.pdf is building three shipyard Ruma Yard’s Aker The Finish Off On Roll Roll ice-strengthened ships which (RORO) specifically designed for carryingare as as well the SECUs containers. was launched M/V TransPaper The first vessel ofin June 2006. as the Swedish such Existing vessels carry also used to Selandia are SECUs. Tor RORO for paper move- be utilized the SECUs only could Not Lakes,ments on the Great but for other dense cargoes freight corridor movements. to that lend themselves as well Examples of and emerging include existing markets metals, bottled water, agricultural products, and canned goods. SECUS, addition to In also handle could the vessels weight loaded limits to (ISO) containers international or rails cars but not for vessels acceptable that are trucks. repair, for road resources limited With in the high cost and the ability to or railways building new highways take sense to the energy it makes consumption reduce ofadvantage attributes. mode’s each The Marine Link The Marine Link in Freight Corridors Administration Highway The Federal 2020 a number that by has forecast of the around immediately highways region will Lakes be at or near Great capacity and the freight market is expected to continue to capacity is expected market and the freight grow.to loaded trucks can cause significant Heavily at funding highway and current highways damage to up with keep and federal is insufficient to level the state needed repairs. an 80,000 pound to limited are Trucks weight on most of(40 short vehicle gross tons) the this weight and limit is not system highway interstate transportation. in interstate increase to expected In state Lakes this issue some Great an effort address to Departments of desig- considering are Transportation nating freight corridors. of a number Over as years these select highways occur and rebuilding repairs trucks. for heavier be reinforced would The concept links industry and transportation clusters nodes with the freight corridors. One of of the advantages marine transportationis its ability carry to cargoes. heavy marine On some routes transportation a viable provide linkage for freight may corridors. our transportation take Ideally would system ofadvantage attributes. mode’s each Industries that non-bulk com- dense or oversize or consume produce near freight corridors that be clustered modities could trucks that overweight specially designed highways have on bringing the marine the cargo to portcan move for seamless rapid transfer. intermodal would The vessel freight corridor. the next then link to The marine link business clusters, these cargoes between move could GUEST COLUMNIST D.Richard Stewart, Ph.D., Lake Great Co-Director Institute Maritime Research SECU between single ISO containers and double stacked SPRING 2007SPRING

SeawayCompass 4 SPRING 2007 SeawayCompass HWY H2O Members New Members Join City of Hamilton, Economic Development HWY H O Initiative City of Superior 2 Gaelic Tugboat Company The St. Lawrence Seaway’s Highway H2O marketing Great Lakes Feeder Lines Inc. campaign continues to add new members. The member- KO Transport Inc. ship drive continues to be a success, just recently adding Liebherr-Canada Ltd. 15 new members, bringing the total membership to 34. McKeil Marine We have recently reached out and added stevedoring Midwest Terminals of Toledo International companies, ship operators, tugboat operators, ship Pennsylvania Department of Community & agents and trucking operations as part of the Highway Economic Development H2O initiative. Purvis Marine Limited Quebec Stevedoring, Limited Highway H2O will launch a quarterly newsletter in Trac-World Freight Services, Inc. early spring to bring members closer together and Upper Lakes Group Inc. update them on activities. World Shipping, Inc.

Contact Jennie Richardson at the St. Lawrence Seaway HWY H2O Alliances Management Corporation, (905) 641-1932 or email The Seaports of Niedersachsen her at: [email protected], if you would like mem- Shanghai Port Authority bership information. Chinese Ministry of Communications Water Transport Division Port Partners and Members:

HWY H2O Port Partners Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority Duluth Seaway Port Authority Hamilton Port Authority Port Authority Oshawa Port Authority Ports of Indiana Burns Harbor/Portage Port of Milwaukee Port of Oswego Authority Port of Prescott Quebec Port Authority The Illinois International Port District Thunder Bay Port Authority Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority Port Authority Trois-Rivieres Port Authority Valleyfield Harbour Corporation Valport Maritime Services, Inc. Windsor Port Authority

5 Left to right — (Terry) Collister Johnson, Jr., Administrator, Saint Lawrence DevelopmentSeaway Corporation presents J.the Robert Lewis Pacesetter Award McCoshen, to Mike Manager, General Dock Hallett Company. Hallett Dock Terminal Posts Robust Increase Increase Robust Posts Terminal Dock Hallett in 2006 Shipments in Seaway The Port ofThe Port 99 for is Recognized Milwaukee Tonnage in International Increase Percent Left right to — Eric Reinelt, Director, Port of Port Milwaukee; Dan Steininger, of President of the Port Board Milwaukee of Johnson, (Terry) Collister Commissioners; Harbor Jr., Administrator, Development Saint LawrenceSeaway Walker, Scott Corporation; Executive County Milwaukee and member of the St.Advisory Board. Seaway Lawrence Robert J.Robert Lewis Pacesetter Winners Award The Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Seaway The Saint Lawrence Johnson, CorporationTerry Administrator Jr. that eight announce U.S.is pleased to Lakes Great St. ports have and four terminals Seaway Lawrence Robert J. annual earned the Corporation’s Lewis season. for the 2006 navigation Award Pacesetter the U.S. to is presented This award ports termi- and nals whose management, marketing, and operational in international in an increase resulted have excellence when compared the Seaway shipped through tonnage the previous season. to navigation the winnersAnd are: Authority County Port Cleveland-Cuyahoga Authority County Port Detroit/Wayne District Port The Illinois International ofPort Indiana — Burns Harbor ofPort Terminal Metro Gateway Buffalo ofPort Milwaukee ofPort Authority Oswego Authority County Port Toledo-Lucas Terminals Marine Federal — Burns Harbor Terminals Marine Federal — Cleveland Dock CompanyHallett — Duluth and Dock Company Terminal Nicholson — Detroit SPRING 2007SPRING

SeawayCompass 6 SPRING 2007 SeawayCompass Seaway and Great Lakes Leaders Attend Premier Convention to Attract Cruise Ships to the System

On March 12th, members of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (SLSDC), The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation (SLSMC), and members of the Great Lakes Cruise Coalition (GLCC) attended the annual Seatrade Cruise Shipping Convention held in Miami, Florida.

The convention is one of the cruise ship industry’s largest trade show and allowed the Seaway delegation to meet with Left to right — Mike Riehl, Toronto Port Authority, Jennie over 1,000 industry executives. More than 100 countries and Richardson, SLSMC, Steve Olinek, Detriot/Wayne County regions were represented. The Great Lakes Seaway delega- Port Authority, Lisa Marciniak, Duluth Seaway Port tion exhibited at the Convention to promote increased ship Authority, Steven Burnett, GLCC, Nichole Eller, Erie-Western voyages in the waterway. Pennsylvania Port Authority, and Tom Rausch, SLSDC.

This Trade Mission will offer a unique opportunity to Upcoming Trade explore new business and develop our position as a gate- Mission Plans way to North Americans heartland. Brazil’s role as the world’s largest supplier of iron ore, steel slabs, pig iron, Plans for the steel coils, and sugar, suggest that it will be a growing upcoming Trade trading partner for the United States and Canada for Mission to Rio de some time. Brazil currently ranks third for overall Great Janeiro and Sao Lakes Seaway System tonnage, accounting for approxi- Paulo, Brazil are mately one million tons of cargo annually. The Trade well underway Mission will also provide significant opportunities to with the dates set explore the trading potential for new cargoes, such as for October 12–20, fuel-based alcohols like methanol and ethanol. 2007. The Saint Lawrence Seaway If you are interested in joining the delegation, please Development Corporation and the St. Lawrence Seaway contact Rebecca McGill, Director of Trade Development Management Corporation are excited to host their third and Public Affairs, at (202) 366-0091 or email her at: visit to Brazil. Prior missions occurred in 1991 and 1995. [email protected].

Our phone number will remain the same. SLSDC Moves 1-800-785-2779 or (202) 366-0091. Office Location

The U.S. Department of Transportation Headquarters Facility is moving this spring. Our new location/mailing address as of May 14th will be:

Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Avenue, S.E., Suite W32-300 Washington, DC 20590 7 The website’s section begins section the with to an introduction The website’s of nature complex the actions and recounts the problem the level reduce to taken Corporations have that the Seaway of trading via in the vessels introductions ocean-going System. The U.S. is the federal entity respon- Guard Coast an enforceable,sible for developing defensible scientifically standard,ballast water Corporations work and the Seaway closely with Guard, the Coast Canada, Transport and a host of other federal and marine industry develop to groups the spread stemming and practical to solutions effective of invasives. System. you Surely will that this agree is a comp- directory of source rehensive information for new and old users of the waterway, and a first- tool. rate promotional If like would you at no charge, a copy Joy please contact Pasquariello, Public Specialist, Affairs at the SLSDC, (202) 366-0091. recent visit to a Brazilian ethanol plant supplied by sugar visit a Brazilian plant supplied by ethanol to recent petroleum in reducing interest House White cane indicates and greenhouse gas emissions. dependence of the nation hundreds Around start potential up produc- about. been talked tion facilities have One facility in the should be aware everyone that System Seaway Lakes Great of (NEB). Biofuels is Northeast NEB is building a $200 mil- oflion ethanol plant in the Town Volney, N.Y., in Oswego County. the former brewing plant Miller is converting It fuels based factory an alternate that willinto turn 40 million bushels of 114 million gallons of into corn ethanol annually. Construction for months employing has been underway 450 local workers. to Startup for this fall according is slated officials,Permolex the majority owners. is expect- The corn rail and truck. by move ed to into water by move corn Will now,the port? For that looks unlikely, back in a but check year. as long as the price of experts say Many $50 oil exceeds — the profit years it has for several a barrel — which a certainty. ethanol production more margin makes . www.greatlakes-seaway.com O, with together a directory of port authorities, The Great Lakes St. Lakes The Great System Directory Lawrence Seaway 2 Looking for Ballast Water Ballast for Looking Information? on Click our website. brokers, agents, carriers and organizations serving the Interest in ethanol has grown in direct relationship to the to relationship in direct in ethanol has grown Interest years. risesteep in gas prices in recent the issue is Whether use of increased achieve to and federal mandates state for farmers growing ethanol or tax breaks destined for ethanol production, corn varyopinions widely. One thing is certain, is growing its availability monthly. is ethanol? Basically,What fuel it’s sugars found in plants. made from States, Canada and the United In the plant for making ethanol most common is corn.currently the world’s Brazil is currently leading user and exporter of‘hot’ this fuel. Bush’s President Ethanol IndustryEthanol Growing St. Lakes in the Great Region Seaway Lawrence The Great Lakes St. Lakes The Great System Seaway Lawrence Available Directory Now Corporation Development Seaway The Saint Lawrence that the 2007/08 edition announce (SLSDC) to is happy of available. is now System Seaway Lakes the Great guide to This excellent pages ofhas 56 full-color stories information and feature about the ports, services, on Highway and commodities H The Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation Development Seaway The Saint Lawrence section on the (SLSDC) a new ballast water has developed website: binational Seaway to Corporations the site will update regularly Both Seaway informed citizens about government,keep industry and research pursuing ballast water academic organizations of the spread designed control to in North exotics America’s waterway. premier SPRING 2007SPRING

SeawayCompass 8 SPRING 2007 SeawayCompass Stuart H. Theis — The United States Great Lakes Seaway Personnel Changes Shipping Association announced the appointment of Stuart H. Theis as Executive Director. Adam Wasserman — The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Mr. Theis, an attorney and Port Authority Board of business leader in the U.S. and Directors has selected Adam Canadian Great Lakes — St. Wasserman to be the port’s Lawrence Seaway industry for President and Chief Executive many years, previously served in Officer. Mr. Wasserman a variety of executive capacities has more than 20 years of with Cleveland based M.A. experience in economic Hanna Company and Oglebay development, including Norton Company. While at working with ports on Oglebay, Theis was President of Adam Wasserman development projects. the company’s Marine Services Operations, consisting of a fleet Mr. Wasserman succeeds Gary Failor, who retired late last of 12 dry bulk carriers and dock year after leading the port authority for 12 years. Board facilities serving the Great Lakes. Stuart H. Theis Chairman John Carney said that in addition to strength- ening the port authority’s maritime and development Stephen Mosher — Stephen Mosher, Port Director, Port finance activities to retain and grow area business, Mr. of Indiana — Burns Harbor/Portage, recently announced Wasserman’s priorities will include facilitating completion that he is taking a new job as the General Manager of of the trans-Erie ferry service, and the relocation of port North America Stevedoring Company. As of press time operations to allow for lakefront redevelopment. a replacement has not been named.

May 30–June 1 Upcoming Events Mari-Tech 2007 Conference & Trade Show Niagara Falls, ON Contact: John Moriarty, (705) 730-9668, May [email protected]

May 10 June National Marine Day Ottawa, ON June 6–8 Contact: [email protected]; (613) 233-8779 International Joint Commission Great Lakes Water Quality Conference May 13–19 Chicago, IL National Transportation Week www.ijc.org www.ntweek.org June 15–17 May 14–16 Great Lakes United Annual Meeting Great Lakes Commission Semiannual Meeting Toronto, Ontario Indianapolis, IN www.glu.org www.glc.org

May 28–June 1 July Great Lakes Fishery Commission Annual Meeting Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario July 11–13 www.glfc.org Great Lakes & St. Lawrence Cities Initiative Annual Meeting Grand Rapids, MI www.glslcities.org

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