Energy Conservation and Audit-A Case Study
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ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 10, October 2013 ENERGY CONSERVATION AND AUDIT-A CASE STUDY M.Bala Raghav1, M.Sravya Srijaa2, G.Srinivasa Rao3, K.Naga Bhavya4, Y.Suchitra5 Bachelor of Technology, Dept. of Electrical& Electronics Engineering, K.L.University,Vijayawada, India1,2,4,5 Asst. Professor, Dept. of Electrical& Electronics Engineering, K.L.University,Vijayawada, India3 ABSTRACT: Final energy consumption can be analysed by taking into account the energy demand in each sector like industry,transportation,residential and agriculture.Energy consumption by 2015 year will amount to roughly 70% of the grossworldproduction,because of losses mainly in electric power production plants and in distribution and othertransformations inside energy industries.Energy saving is a social responsibility of every individual.In this paper we have analysed the different methods of energy auditing and we have analysed the energy consumption of our EEE department in K.L.University and provided the paths of less energy consumption. Keywords: Energy audit, auditing types, instruments, opportunities, pay back periods. I. INTRODUCTION An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.It shows where the power consumption is more in the given system.It can also be called as controlling of the power to avoid losses for maximize efficiency A) NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT: In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists. The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programs which are vital for production and utility activities. Such an audit programme will help to keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc. In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time frame.The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit provides a “bench- mark” (Reference point) for managing energy in the organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization B)IDENTIFICATION OF ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES Fuel substitution: Identifying the appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion Energy generation: Identifying Efficiency opportunities in energy conversion equipment/utility such as captive power generation, steam generation in boilers, thermic fluid heating, optimal loading of DG sets, minimum excess air combustion with boilers/thermic fluid heating, optimizing existing efficiencies, efficient energy conversion equipment, biomass gasifiers, Cogeneration, high efficiency DG sets, etc. Energy distribution: Identifying Efficiency Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 4957 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 10, October 2013 opportunities network such as transformers, cables, switchgears and power factor improvement in electrical systems and chilled water, cooling water, hot water, compressed air, Etc. Energy usage by processes: This is where the major opportunity for improvement and many of them are hidden. Process analysis is useful tool for process integration measures. C)TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY The technical feasibility should address the following issues Technology availability, space, skilled manpower, reliability, service etc The impact of energy efficiency measure on safety, quality, production or process. The maintenance requirements and spares availability. The Economic viability often becomes the key parameter for the management acceptance. The economic analysis can be conducted by using a variety of methods. Example: Pay back method, Internal Rate of Return method, Net Present Value method etc. For low investment short duration measures, which have attractive economic viability, simplest of the methods, payback is usually sufficient. A sample worksheet for assessing economic feasibility is provided below: Sample Worksheet for Economic Feasibility Name of Energy Efficiency Measure 1. Investment • Equipment • Civil works • Instrumentation • Auxiliaries 2. Annual operating costs • Cost of capital • Maintenance • Manpower • Energy • Depreciation 3. Annual savings • Thermal Energy • Electrical Energy • Raw material • Waste disposal Net Savings /Year (Rs./year) = (Annual savings-annual operating costs) Payback period in months = (Investment/net savings/year) x 12 II. TYPES OF ENERGY AUDITS The term energy audit is commonly used to describe a broad spectrum of energy studies ranging from a quick walk-through of a facility to identify major problem areas to a comprehensive analysis of the implications of alternative energy efficiency measures sufficient to satisfy the financial criteria of sophisticated investors. Three common audit programs are described in more detail below, although the actual tasks performed and level of effort may vary with the consultant providing services under these broad headings. The only way to insure that a proposed audit will meet your specific needs is to spell out those requirements in a detailed scope of work. Taking the time to prepare a formal solicitation will also assure the building owner of receiving competitive and comparable proposals. A) PRELIMINARY AUDIT The preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit, is the simplest and quickest type of audit. It involves minimal interviews with site operating personnel, a brief review of facility utility bills and other operating data, and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building operation and identify glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency. Typically, only major problem areas will be uncovered during this type of audit. Corrective measures are briefly described, and quick estimates of implementation cost, potential operating cost savings, and simple payback periods are provided. This level of detail, while not sufficient for reaching a final decision on implementing a proposed measures, is adequate to prioritize energy efficiency projects and determine the need for a more detailed audit. B)GENERAL AUDIT The general audit alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit or complete site energy audit expands on the preliminary audit described above by collecting more detailed information about facility operation and performing a more detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures identified. Utility bills are collected for a 12 to 36 month period to allow the auditor to evaluate the facility's energy/demand rate structures, and energy usage profiles. Additional metering of specific energy-consuming systems is often performed to supplement Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 4958 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 10, October 2013 utility data. In-depth interviews with facility operating personnel are conducted to provide a better understanding of major energy consuming systems as well as insight into variations in daily and annual energy consumption and demand.This type of audit will be able to identify all energy conservation measures appropriate for the facility given its operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure based on detailed implementation cost estimates, site-specific operating cost savings, and the customer's investment criteria. Sufficient detail is provided to justify project implementation. C)INVESTMENT-GRADE AUDIT In most corporate settings, upgrades to a facility's energy infrastructure must compete with non- energy related investments for capital funding. Both energy and non-energy investments are rated on a single set of financial criteria that generally stress the expected return on investment (ROI). The projected operating savings from the implementation of energy projects must be developed such that they provide a high level of confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings. The investment-grader audit alternatively called a comprehensive audit, detailed audit, maxi audit, or technical analysis audit, expands on the general