Integrated Monitoring Programme

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Lead Coordinator: Nada Krstulović Project team coordination: Zamir Dedej, Marina Marković, Anis Zarrouk, Ivan Sekovski, Rezart Kapedani, Daniel Cebrian Authors: EO1: Lefter Kashta, Ferdinand Bego, Enerit Sacdanaku, Ivan Guala, Draško Holcer, Yakup Kaska, Marco Zenatello EO2: Sajmir Beqiraj, Argyro Zenetos EO3: Rezart Kapedani, Anis Zarouk EO5: Arjana Ylli, Robert Precali EO7: Hamdi Beshku, Petrit Llaveshi, Olivier Brivois EO8: Odhise Zoto, Ivan Sekovski EO9: Edlira Baraj, Raimonda Lilo, Carlos Guitart EO10: Magdalena Cara, Eduart Cani, Christos Ioakemidis Maps: Robert Precali Editing: Cover design: swim2birds.co.uk Graphic design: Ljudomat Proofreading: Cakum-Pakum d.o.o. Cover photograph: Caretta caretta © SPA/RAC, Artescienza

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/MAP concerning the legal status of the country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries.

This study was prepared by PAP/RAC, SPA/RAC, UNEP/MAP and the Ministry of Tourism and Environment with the National Agency for Protected Areas of Albania within the GEF Adriatic Project and supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Document citation:

UNEP/MAP-PAP/RAC-SPA/RAC, MET and NAPA (2021). Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania. Prepared by (alphabet order): Edlira Baraj, Ferdinand Bego, Sajmir Beqiraj, Hamdi Beshku, Olivier Brivois, Eduart Cani, Magdalena Cara, Daniel Cebrian Zamir Dedej, Ivan Guala, Carlos Guitart, Draško Holcer, Christos Ioakemidis, Rezart Kapedani, Lefter Kashta, Yakup Kaska, Nada Krstulović, Petrit Llaveshi, Raimonda Lilo, Marina Marković, Robert Precali, Enerit Sacdanaku, Ivan Sekovski, Arjana Ylli, Anis Zarrouk, Marco Zenatello, Argyro Zenetos, Odise Zoto. Eds: PAP/RAC, GEF Adriatic project. pp140 + Annexes

Table of contents BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 MARINE AREA ...... 5 MONITORING PROGRAMME ...... 7 1. (EO1) ...... 9 1.1. Habitats ...... 9 1.2. Marine species ...... 25 2. NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES ...... 45 2.1. Common indicator ...... 45 2.2. Selection of the target species ...... 46 2.3. Selection of the sampling area ...... 46 2.4. Selection of parameters ...... 51 2.5. Sampling frequency ...... 51 2.6. Sampling and measurement methodology ...... 51 2.7. Methodology of laboratory sample processing ...... 52 2.8. Data processing methodology ...... 52 3. FISHERIES (EO3) ...... 53 3.1. Common indicators ...... 54 3.2. Methodologies and procedures ...... 55 4. (EO5) ...... 62 4.1. Common indicators ...... 62 4.2. Selection of sampling sites ...... 63 4.3. Selection of parameters ...... 63 4.4. Sampling frequency ...... 66 4.5. Methodology of sampling, measurement and laboratory work ...... 67 4.6. Data processing ...... 70 5. HYDROGRAPHY (EO7) ...... 72 5.1. Common indicator ...... 73 5.2. Selection of sampling sites ...... 73 5.3. Selection of parameters ...... 76 5.4. Frequency and methodology of sampling and measurement ...... 76 5.5. Data processing methodology ...... 76 6. COASTAL AND LANDSCAPES (EO8) ...... 78 6.1. Common Indicator ...... 78 6.2. Monitoring methodology ...... 79 6.3. Monitoring frequency (temporal resolution) ...... 79 6.4. Extent of monitoring area and spatial resolution ...... 80 6.5. Data processing and data format methodology ...... 80 7. CONTAMINANTS (EO9) ...... 81 7.1. Common Indicators ...... 82 7.2. Common indicator 17: Concentration of key harmful contaminants measured in the relevant matrix (related to biota, sediment, seawater) ...... 83 7.3. Common indicator 18: Level of pollution effects of key contaminants where a cause-and-effect relationship has been established ...... 89 7.4. Common Indicator 19: Occurrence origin (where possible) extent of acute pollution events (e.g. slicks from oil products and hazardous substances) and their impact on biota affected by this pollution ...... 90 7.5. Common Indicator 20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood...... 92 7.6. Common Indicator 21: Percentage of intestinal enterococci concentration measurements within established standards ...... 96 8. MARINE LITTER (EO10) ...... 99 8.1. Common indicators ...... 99 8.2. Beach Marine Litter (CI 22) ...... 99 8.3. Seafloor Marine Litter (CI23) ...... 104 8.4. Floating Marine Litter (CI23) ...... 107 8.5. Amount of litter ingested by marine organisms (Candidate Indicator 24) ...... 110 POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 113 9. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK UNDER THE BARCELONA CONVENTION SYSTEM ...... 115 10. NATIONAL LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 117 10.1. Overview of key institutions and management bodies ...... 121

i BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 125 ANNEXES ...... 141 Annex 1: Spatial Interconnections between Ecological Objectives ...... 143 Annex 2: Interaction and Interconnection among Ecological Objectives ...... 147

List of tables Table 1.1. Common indicators with regard to EO1-habitats ...... 9 Table 1.2. Selected monitoring sites for photophilic algae communities ...... 11 Table 1.3. Selected monitoring sites for Posidonia oceanica ...... 15 Table 1.4. Summary of the P. oceanica parameters to be evaluated and methods for measurements in the field (scuba diving) or in the laboratory ...... 19 Table 1.5. List of typical/indicator species occurring within the coralligenous habitat along the Albanian part of the (mainly according to Andromede Oceanology, 2016) and classified according to UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA (2011) and Garrabou et al. (2014) ...... 22 Table 1.6. Selected survey sites for coralligenous assemblages area ...... 22 Table 1.7. Common indicators, GES operational objectives and targets with regard to EO1 – Marine mammals (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1) ...... 26 Table 1.8. Common indicators, GES operational objectives and targets with regard to EO1 – Marine reptiles (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1) ...... 30 Table 1.9. Marine turtles monitoring sites in Albania ...... 31 Table 1.10. Samples and data that need to be collected from sea turtles ...... 34 Table 1.11. Common indicators with regard to EO1- Seabirds (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1) ...... 37 Table 1.12. Seabird monitoring sites in Albania ...... 41 Table 2.1. Common indicator with regard to EO2 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1) ...... 45 Table 2.2. List of invasive species the most likely to populate Albania, with pathways other than the Suez Canal (unaided)*, ranked according to their assessed impact, in descending order (using Horizon Scanning methodology)...... 46 Table 2.3. NIS monitoring sampling locations in Albania (excluding monitoring of Callinectes sapidus) ...... 48 Table 2.4. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) sampling locations in Albania ...... 48 Table 3.1. Common indicators with regard to EO3 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1) ...... 54 Table 3.2. List of species that have been recently subject to biological sampling in Albania ...... 59 Table 4.1. Common indicators with regard to EO5 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/5) ...... 62 Table 4.2. Monitoring stations for EO5 ...... 64 Table 4.3. Description of monitoring locations for EO5 ...... 64 Table 4.4. List of key parameters and sub-indicators according to IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets (UNEP (DEPI)/MED WG.444/5) ...... 66 Table 4.5. Key nutrients in the water column (CI13) ...... 67 Table 4.6. Chlorophyll-a in the water column (CI14) and related parameters ...... 68 Table 4.7. Major coastal water types in the Mediterranean (only applicable to phytoplankton) according to the EU Commission Decision 2013/480/EU ...... 71 Table 4.8. Coastal water types reference conditions and boundaries in the Mediterranean ...... 71 Table 5.1. Common indicator with regard to EO7 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.433/Inf.2) ...... 73 Table 5.2. Monitoring sites of hydrographical parameters, harmonised with EO5 ...... 74 Table 6.1. Common indicator related to EO8 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.433/Inf.2) ...... 79 Table 7.1. Common indicators related to EO9 ...... 82 Table 7.2. Selected monitoring stations of relevance for monitoring efforts related to IMAP CI 17/CI18...... 84 Table 7.3. Methodologies for heavy metals, trace elements and organic chemicals (CI17) according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019) ...... 88 Table 7.4. Methodologies for CI18 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019) ...... 90 Table 7.5. Methodologies for CI19 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019) ...... 92 Table 7.6. Selected monitoring stations of relevance for monitoring efforts related to IMAP CI20 ...... 93 Table 7.7. Methodologies for CI20 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019) ...... 94 Table 7.8. Codes and coordinates of 102 Albanian coastline bathing water monitoring stations ...... 97 Table 7.9. Methodologies for CI21 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019) ...... 98 Table 8.1. Common indicators related to E10 ...... 99 Table 8.2. Wider monitoring areas for beach marine litter ...... 101 Table 8.3. Geographical coordinates of sites for monitoring marine litter deposited on the seafloor in Albania (MEDITS survey) (SP – starting position, EP – ending position) ...... 106 Table 8.4. Sites (transects) for floating marine litter monitoring ...... 108 Table 8.5. Observation width from different observation levels above the sea for a ship's speed of 2 and 6 knots...... 110 Table 9.1. Policy documents within the Barcelona Convention system ...... 115

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List of figures

Figure.1. Marine and coastal Albanian monitoring area ...... 6 Figure 1.1. Monitoring sites for photophilic algae communities along the Adriatic part of the Albanian coastline ...... 12 Figure 1.2. Monitoring sites for photophilic algae communities along the Ionian part of the Albanian coastline ...... 13 Figure 1.3. Monitoring sites for Posidonia meadows along the Adriatic part of the Albanian coastline ...... 16 Figure 1.4. Monitoring sites for Posidonia meadows along the Ionian part of the Albanian coastline ...... 17 Figure 1.5. Three sites for monitoring coralligenous assemblages ...... 23 Figure 1.6. Selected transects for monitoring the abundance and distribution of common bottlenose dolphin and striped dolphin in the Adriatic Sea (Source: Proposal of the monitoring and observation system for future environmental assessments of Croatia, 2012) ...... 27 Figure 1.7. Monitoring sites for marine turtles in the northern part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 32 Figure 1.8. Monitoring sites for marine turtles in the southern part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 33 Figure 1.9. Sazan Island and location of vessel-based transects: Transect 1. Fishery harbour-Sazan Island; 2. Transect 2-around Sazan Island; Transect 3. Mezokanal ...... 40 Figure 1.10. Ksamil islets to be surveyed by boat ...... 40 Figure 1.11. Seabird monitoring sites in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 42 Figure 1.12. Seabird monitoring sites in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 43 Figure 2.1. Non-indigenous species monitoring sites in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 49 Figure 2.2. Non-indigenous species monitoring sites in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 50 Figure 3.1. Map of MEDIAS transects and pelagic trawl positions ...... 56 Figure 3.2. Map of DEPM and CTD stations ...... 56 Figure 4.1. Monitoring stations for physicochemical and biological parameters in Albania ...... 65 Figure 5.1. Monitoring stations in the pilot area of Drini and Mati Bays ...... 74 Figure 5.2. Monitoring stations for hydrographic parameters, associated with eutrophication monitoring, in the Adriatic area ...... 75 Figure 7.1. Monitoring stations for CI17 in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 85 Figure 7.2. Monitoring stations for CI17 in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area ...... 86 Figure 8.1. Sites for monitoring marine litter deposited on beaches ...... 102 Figure 8.2. MEDITS hauls in Albania, used for monitoring marine litter deposited on the seafloor ...... 105 Figure 8.4. Sites for monitoring floating marine litter in the Ionian area ...... 108 Figure 8.3. Sites for monitoring floating marine litter in the Adriatic area ...... 109 Figure A.1. Interconnections between EOs and their CIs in the northern area ...... 144 Figure A.2. Interconnections between EOs and their CIs in the central area ...... 145 Figure A.3. Interconnections between EOs and their CIs in the southern area ...... 146

iii List of abbreviations

BAC Background assessment concentrations REMPEC Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response BC Background concentration Centre for the CAMP Coastal Area Management Programme ROV Remote Operating Vehicle CI Common indicator SAC Scientific and Advisory Committee COP Conference of the Parties SAF Stock assessment form CP Contracting Parties SAM State-Space Assessment Model CPUE Catch per unit effort SPA/RAC Specially Protected Area Regional Activity Centre CTD Conductivity, temperature, depth SSB Spawning stock biomass DCRF Data Collection Reference Framework TRIX Trophic index PSIR Drivers Pressures State Impact Response UN United Nations EAC Environmental Assessment Criteria UNEP United Nations Environment Programme ECAP Approach UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and EEA European Environment Agency Cultural Organization EEZ Exclusive economic zone WGBS Working Group on the EMSA European Maritime Safety Agency WGSA Working Group on Stock Assessment EO Ecological Objective QA Quality assurance EQV Ecological Quality Value QC Quality control FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United XSA Extended survivor analysis Nations GEF Global Environment Facility

GES Good Environmental Status GFCM General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean GPS Global Positioning System HAS Herpetofauna Albanian Society IMAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme IMO International Maritime Organisation IMP Integrated Monitoring Programme IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing IWC International Waterbird Census LOA Length Overall LSI Land-sea Interactions MAP Mediterranean Action Plan MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MEDIAS Mediterranean Acoustic Survey MEDITS Mediterranean Trawl Survey MPA Marine Protected Area MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive MSP Marine Spatial Planning MSY Maximum sustainable yield NIS Non-indigenous species PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAP/RAC Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl POMI Posidonia oceanica Multivariate Index POP Persistent organic pollutants RAS Rapid Assessment Survey

iv Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

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Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

INTRODUCTION

Albania is a Contracting Party to the Barcelona . Embraces and takes into consideration the Convention and its Protocols in the framework of experiences from the previously conducted national UNEP/MAP. UNEP/MAP has committed to applying the monitoring, existing national monitoring programmes ecosystem approach to assess the level of the for fisheries, undertaken within MEDITS and MEDIAS environmental status of marine waters and coasts. surveys, monitoring undertaken as part of different Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention (CP) relevant projects, such as DeFishGear for marine litter, have adopted the Integrated Monitoring and Assessment etc. Programme (IMAP) based on eleven ecological objectives IMP has been developed taking into consideration (Decision IG.22/71), on the basis of which the Adriatic adequate spatial coverage, frequency and timing, also countries need to adjust their national monitoring addressing interconnections and necessary integration programmes. However, it should be noted that the current between different ecological objectives, in order to IMAP includes elaborated and agreed common indicators contribute to the cost-effectiveness of the Integrated and ecological objectives related to biodiversity, non- monitoring. indigenous species, eutrophication, hydrography, coast, contaminants and marine litter. In addition, monitoring In terms of spatial coverage, monitoring applies to the and assessment specifics for fisheries are those being entire marine area of Albania. Having in mind the national developed by the General Fisheries Commission for the competencies, it includes marine waters within national Mediterranean (GFCM). Integrated monitoring programme sovereignty. Therefore, monitoring includes not only for the marine environment in Albania (IMP) is based on coastal but also offshore stations for all ecological the "Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance" objectives. (UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.22/Inf.7). In addition to the spatial coverage, applying sufficient In order to avoid a sectoral approach, the IMP: sampling frequency is very important. Monitoring . Equally and in an integrated manner elaborates frequency envisaged within the Integrated monitoring is monitoring for all ecological objective for which CPs to provide an adequate amount of information to ensure: have agreed on indicators and monitoring protocols: determination of GES, monitoring trends towards GES as Ecological Objective for Biodiversity (EO1), Ecological well as trends towards full implementation of the IMAP, Objective for Non-Indigenous Species (EO2), including measures, without creating unnecessary Ecological Objective for Fisheries (EO3), Ecological financial strains. Objective for Eutrophication (EO5), Ecological Throughout the monitoring, it is important to carefully Objective for Hydrography (EO7), Ecological Objective consider the timing, undertaking it in the appropriate for Coastal ecosystems and landscapes (EO8), yearly periods, with the minimum time lapse throughout Ecological Objective for Contaminants (EO9) and the entire spatial coverage process. Ecological Objective for Marine Litter (EO10).

1 "Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Mediterranean Sea and Coast and Related Assessment Criteria" (IMAP) adopted by the 19th Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in 2016 (COP 19, Athens, Greece, 9-12 February 2016)

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All ecological objectives are mutually interlinked, within the reported to the IMAP INFO system. When entering data common marine and coastal ecosystem and addressing into the IMAP Info system, each monitoring station/site some of them consequently affects the other as well. must have its own and permanent unique code, as a Addressing those linkages is essential to be a part of the monitoring reference. An example of such codes is given monitoring programme in order to be able to continuously for the EO5, EO7 and EO9, where each code contains: monitor progress towards good environmental status. . Up to two letters referring to the station name; Specific interactions and interconnections among . Ordinal number, corresponding to the station/site. ecological objectives are elaborated on in more detail in It should be highlighted that discussions are still in Annex 2. Spatial interactions between different ecological progress with the Contracting Parties regarding objectives at the level of monitoring stations in Albania is monitoring guidelines related to some ecological given in Annex I. However, further integration among objectives and common indicators. If the updated different monitoring stations could be proposed following guidelines are published, they should be taken into the results of the first cycle of the monitoring programme. account in the implementation of the present IMP Having in mind the interconnectivity of marine area, document. across the national borders, it is recommended to apply Preparation of the integrated monitoring programme for the Integrated monitoring as much as possible in Albania was prepared as part of the project coordination with other countries of the Adriatic. This is "Implementation of Ecosystem Approach in the Adriatic particularly important in monitoring marine species Sea through Marine Spatial Planning" (GEF Adriatic (EO1), non-indigenous species (EO2), fisheries (EO3) and project) financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) marine litter (EO10). and implemented in Albania and Montenegro. The project Based on the most recent findings and available data, the provides the framework for enabling restoration of the most suitable areas for IMP along the Albanian coasts are ecological balance of the Adriatic Sea through the selected to allow the best assessment of Good implementation of the ecosystem approach. In doing so, Environmental Status (GES) of the Albanian marine and the aim is to integrate horizontal (sectoral) management coastal area. However, it should be emphasized that IMP approaches into a single, coherent one for the overall has been developed as the overall, comprehensive benefit of the marine resources. monitoring programme to be implemented every year.

Taking into consideration possible limitation in the full- scale IMP implementation (considering the available dedicated technical and financial resources for the IMP), it is recommended, in the case where the overall IMP cannot be implemented, to at least select and monitor priority areas where integrated monitoring can be implemented. Following the Decision IG.22/7, this must include at least the monitoring of the reference list species and habitats with at least two monitoring areas, one in a low-pressure area (e.g. marine protected area/ Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI)) and one in a high- pressure area caused by human activity.

Integrated monitoring is developed taking into consideration regional requirements of the IMAP INFO system, also harmonised with the EEA data requirements. All the information collected during monitoring shall be appropriately reported using the IMAP Info standards to be stored in the national database and subsequently

4 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

MARINE AREA

Albania is a Mediterranean country with a length of the with the ongoing regional efforts for defining the scales of coastline of approximately 427 km: 273 km of coast in the assessment within IMAP implementation, precise West facing the Adriatic Sea and 154 km of coast in the assessment areas per ecological objective could be South West in the Ionian Sea. The total marine area is further proposed. approximately 6,000 km2, with internal waters representing 12% of the marine area (RAC/SPA and IUCN, 2014). The breadth of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles (NM). The Continental Shelf in the north extends up to 25 NM into the Adriatic Sea and 2-3 NM to the south in the Ionian Sea. Albania has not yet established an EEZ (EC,

2011).

An indicative marine area, relevant for the IMP implementation is shown in Figure 1. It is important to emphasize that any map representing the monitoring area within this document does not imply formal delimitation of the Albanian and/or the neighbouring countries boundaries. The shown boundaries limits are only referring to the areas proposed for monitoring. Considering the species mobility, the environmental interconnections and some particular sub-regional aspects, common threats and issues, common approaches and cooperation with other Adriatic countries are highly recommended.

For geographical indication purposes, monitoring stations are presented for the Adriatic and Ionian area, respectively.

These areas do not correspond to reporting units. In addition, they do not necessarily correspond to assessment areas either. However, having in mind that each area is composed of sets of monitoring stations for all the ecological objectives, where appropriate, they could be used as preliminary assessment areas during the first monitoring cycle. Based on its findings, also in line

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Figure 0.1. Marine and coastal Albanian monitoring area

6 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

MONITORING PROGRAMME

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8 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

1. BIODIVERSITY (EO1)

The most widely agreed-upon definition of biodiversity is as following: predominant habitats (photophilic algae the one found in the Convention on Biological Diversity communities, Posidonia oceanica meadows and (CBD, 1992): “the variability among living organisms from coralligenous assemblages) and biological communities all sources including, inter alia, [terrestrial,] marine [and associated with the predominant seabed and water other aquatic ecosystems] and the ecological complexes of column habitats (marine mammals, reptiles and which they are part; this includes diversity within species, seabirds), as well as non-indigenous species. between species and of ecosystems”. Marine biodiversity is GES definition: Biodiversity is maintained or enhanced. undergoing rapid alteration under the combined pressure The quality and occurrence of coastal and marine habitats of climate change and human impact, but protection and the distribution and abundance of coastal and measures, either for species or ecosystems, are still marine species are in line with prevailing physiographic, scarce. hydrographic, geographic and climatic conditions. Characteristics of the biological diversity in the Albanian Biodiversity monitoring highlighted in the following waters should be described according to the Components chapters is in line with the SPA/RAC Guidelines within the and agreed-upon Common Indicators proposed by the UNEP/MED WG 461.21 document2 which include all the IMAP (Decision IG.22/7) which are mostly in coherence necessary complementary information and details to the with Annex III of MSFD. Components to be monitored and present IMP document regarding Biodiversity. assessed concerning biodiversity in Albanian waters are

1.1. Habitats

According to the IMAP, concerning biodiversity at the level of habitat, two common indicators for assessing progress towards good environmental status are defined (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1. Common Indicators with regard to EO1-habitats

Common indicator 1: Habitat distributional range considering also habitat extent as a relevant attribute This indicator is area-related, i.e. the proportion of the area of habitats that are permanently or for a long time lost or subject to change in habitat type due to anthropogenic pressures. GES definition The habitat is present in all its natural distributional range. Operational objective Coastal and marine habitats are not being lost. The damaged or lost area per habitat type, especially for physically defined and not biogenic habitats, could be set GES target as to not exceed an acceptable percentage of the baseline value.

2 Discussions are still in progress with the Contracting Parties regarding the guidelines related to marine vegetation and coralligenous. If updated guidelines are published, it shall be considered during the implementation of the present IMP document.

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Common indicator 2: Condition of the habitat's typical species and communities The concept of “typical species” emerges from the conservation status of natural habitats to their long-term natural distribution, structure and functions, as well as to the long-term persistence of their typical species within the territory. GES definition The habitat is present in all its natural distributional range. Operational objective Coastal and marine habitats are not being lost. No human-induced significant deviation of population abundance and density from reference conditions; The GES target species composition shows a positive trend towards reference condition over an increasing proportion of the habitat (for recovering habitats).

1.1.1. Component: Photophilic algae communities and Cystoseira spp.

Habitat type code and name: MB1.51c Well illuminated infralittoral rock, sheltered MB1.511c Association with Fucales National name: Included in 1170 Shkëmbinj nënujorë detarë of Annex I of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (source: DCM No. 866, date 10.12.2014)

Photophilic algae communities, including Cystoseira forests, specific community (Ballesteros et al., 2007). The use of have been scarcely investigated in Albania. There are no relevant geomorphological situations, species and existing time series, and available data are limited to few communities and the sensitivity levels defined by Nikolic descriptive studies of Marine Protected Areas or proposed et al. (2013) is recommended, being applicable for the MPAs. This habitat is known to be present mainly along Eastern Adriatic Sea. the predominantly Ionian rocky coast of Albania, from Sazan Island to Stillo Cape (Kashta, 1986; Kashta et al., 1.1.1.3 Sampling frequency 2009; RAC/SPA (ed.), 2014; Andromede Oceanology, 2016). Each location is to be monitored every 2-3 years from April On the Adriatic shore, this habitat type is very scarce, to June due to the seasonality of species. However, not all isolated in some small areas, mainly in capes (Rodoni Cape, the stations need to be monitored in the same year. Lagji Cape and Treporti Cape) (Beqiraj & Kashta, 2014). 1.1.1.4 Sampling and measurement methodology Details regarding common indicators relevant for The CARLIT methodology is to be applied in Albania monitoring are shown in Table 1. according to general procedures elaborated by 1.1.1.1 Selected monitoring sites Ballesteros et al. (2007) indicated in the Guidelines for monitoring of Biodiversity and NIS (UNEP/MED Monitoring will be done along the entire Albanian WG.461/21) and with slight modifications on specific coastline, excluding artificial substrates avoiding coastal attributes of macroalgae communities in the Adriatic Sea areas too close to the sandy beaches, which represent and on typical upper-sublittoral communities in the 70% of its total (Simeoni et al., 1997), most of them facing eastern part of the Adriatic Sea (Nikolić et al., 2013). the Adriatic Sea. Coastal areas close to large freshwater inflows should be avoided too. Monitoring sites are shown A major limitation of the CARLIT methodology is that it in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.1. and 1.2. cannot assess shorelines that are completely sandy, even if there are rocky bottoms in the lower sublittoral or 1.1.1.2 Selection of parameters offshore that are suitable for macroalgal growth Through coastline mapping, a standard set of data are (Ballesteros et al., 2007). Furthermore, Paracentrotus gathered according to CARLIT (Cartography of littoral and lividus and/or Arbacia lixula overgrazing barren areas upper-sublittoral rocky-shore communities) methodology should be excluded from the calculation of EQR values, that includes the length of each stretch of coastline, since they seem to be potentially independent of the defined by a specific geomorphological situation and by a water quality (Nikolić et al., 2013).

10 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

For more details and implementation of the methodology, should be collected for identification by stereomicroscope see the Background document: EO1 Marine habitat and identification keys. monitoring in Albania: state of knowledge and detailed guidelines. 1.1.1.6 Data processing methodology Data processing needs to be implemented according to 1.1.1.5 Methodology for laboratory processing the Thematic monitoring programme for EO1-Marine of samples habitats for GPS waypoints; length of coastline occupied In general, there is no laboratory processing. In case of by the species; the sensitivity levels associated with each uncertain identification, samples of Cystoseira species community; as well as ecological quality value (EQV) and the ecological quality ratio (EQR).

Table 1.2. Selected monitoring sites for photophilic algae communities

Survey Site Level of Inside Monitoring Site Starting Ending Max Main Pressures Area Pressure MPA Method Name Position Position Depth 41.54454 41.55888 Rodoni 1 1 m - Coastal erosion - High CARLIT method 19.48875 19.45961 - Urban and tourism pollution - Medium No (Ballesteros et al., 2007; 41.56727 41.58776 Rodoni 2 1 m - IUU fishing - Low Nikolic et al., 2013 19.45895 19.44511 - Coastal erosion - Medium CARLIT method Kallm – 41.31018 41.32553 1 m - Urban and tourism pollution - Medium No (Ballesteros et al., 2007; Currila 19.43491 19.42058 Adriatic - Touristic infrastructure - Medium Nikolic et al., 2013 - Coastal erosion - Medium CARLIT method 41.14559 41.14806 Lagji Cape 1 m - Tourism pollution - Medium No (Ballesteros et al., 2007; 19.43707 19.43973 - Touristic infrastructure - Medium Nikolic et al., 2013 CARLIT method 40.51466 40.52249 - Tourism pollution - Medium Treporti Cape 1 m No (Ballesteros et al., 2007; 19.39301 - IUU fishing - Medium 19.38652 Nikolic et al., 2013 Karaburun 40.43867 40.37000 1 m East 19.32062 19.40676 Karaburun 40.42026 40.43776 1 m CARLIT method North 19.28908 19.31709 - Tourist activities - Medium Adriatic Yes (Ballesteros et al., 2007; Karaburun 40.17187 40.41986 - Aquaculture - High 1 m Nikolic et al., 2013 West 19.57991 19.29300 40.47387 40.51163 Sazan West 1 m 19.28576 19.27276

Dhërmi- 40.10983 40.13356 - Urban and tourism pollution - Medium 1 m CARLIT method Livadh 19.71912 19.64748 - Tourism infrastructure - High No (Ballesteros et al., 2007; Potam – Porto 40.05024 40.08867 - Aquaculture - High 1 m Nikolic et al., 2013 Palermo 19.81225 19.74958 - IUU fishing - Medium Qefali – 39.87050 39.91353 - Urban and tourism pollution - High Ionian 1 m CARLIT method Sarandë 19.98870 19.91558 - Tourism infrastructure - High No (Ballesteros et al., 2007; 39.74435 39.77969 - Aquaculture - Medium Ksamil 1 m Nikolic et al., 2013 19.97842 20.00708 - IUU fishing - Medium CARLIT method 39.69433 39.72181 - Aquaculture - Medium Stillo Cape 1 m Yes (Ballesteros et al., 2007; 20.00772 - IUU fishing - Medium 19.98796 Nikolic et al., 2013

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Figure 1.1. Monitoring sites for photophilic algae communities along the Adriatic part of the Albanian coastline

12 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

Figure 1.2. Monitoring sites for photophilic algae communities along the Ionian part of the Albanian coastline

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1.1.2. Component: Posidonia oceanica meadows

Benthic marine habitat SPA/RAC CODE: MB 2.54 (Posidonion oceanic meadows) National name: *1120 Livadhe të posidonieve (Posidonion oceanica meadows) (source: DCM No. 866 date 10.12.2014)

Posidonia oceanica meadows are defined as priority 1.1.2.1 Common indicators natural habitats in Annex I of the EC Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna Common indicator 1: and Flora (EEC, 1992), which lists natural habitat types Habitat distributional range considering also habitat extent whose conservation requires the designation of special as a relevant attribute areas of conservation, identified as Sites of Community Common indicator 2: Interest (SCIs). At the Mediterranean level, Posidonia Condition of the habitat's typical species and communities oceanica is included in the Barcelona Convention Annex II (list of endangered or threatened species). The species is also included in Annex I (Strictly Protected Flora Species) Details regarding common indicators relevant for of the Convention on the Conservation of European monitoring are shown in Table 1. Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 1.1.2.2 Selected monitoring sites At the national level, Posidonia oceanica is included on the In general, it is appropriate to start the surveys of a limited Red List of Wild Flora and Fauna of Albania, approved by number of meadows in order to ensure they are regularly Ministerial Order No. 1280, as of 20.11.2013, and identified monitored over time. At a later stage, according to budget as vulnerable (VU). The amended Law No. 64/2012 “on availability, additional monitoring sites may be added for Fishery” prohibits fishing with trawl nets, dredges, purse filling the gaps throughout the habitat range (UNEP/MAP- seines, boat seines, shore seines or similar nets above RAC/SPA, 2014). beds of, in particular, Posidonia oceanica or other marine phanerogams and trawling is banned at less The following factors could be considered for selecting than 3 nautical miles from the coastline or up to a depth potential sites to be monitored: of 50 m by DCM No. 402 of 8.5.2013. . Priority 1: the site is relevant for conservation purposes Due to its recognized ecological importance, Posidonia (e.g. it is located within the National Parks, Marine oceanica is considered as the main biological quality Protected Areas or data on conservation status of the element in monitoring programmes developed to meadows already exists); evaluate the status of the marine coastal environment . Priority 2: the site is subject to various anthropogenic and particularly under the Integrated Monitoring and pressures; Assessment Programme (IMAP) of the Barcelona . Priority 3: the site is relevant for other monitoring Convention (UNEP/MAP, 2016). purposes (e.g. sites as potential protected areas).

The monitoring methodology for Posidonia oceanica will Based on the above priorities and in order to cover as be done according to the Guidelines for Standardization much geographical area of the habitat as possible, 9 sites of Mapping and Monitoring Methods of Marine have been selected for monitoring (Table 1.3, Figures 1.3 Magnoliophyta in the Mediterranean (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, and 1.4). 2015).

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Table 1.3. Selected monitoring sites for Posidonia oceanica3

Survey Site Inside Monitoring Site Starting Ending Max Main Pressures Area MPA Method Name Position Position Depth

41.50856 41.55822 Rodoni 1 30 m 19.41718 19.48903 Presence of a high sedimentation Proposed Monitoring on plots 41.55949 41.58720 rate MPA (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) Rodoni 2 30 m 19.40373 19.45816 Porto Romano 41.31576 41.35844 High sedimentation and water Monitoring on plots 30 m – – Kallm 19.39127 19.42374 turbidity (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) Adriatic Vlora bay – 40.34381 40.41869 25 m Marine East 19.46828 19.48298 Monitoring on plots Coastal development National Park Vlora bay – 40.36102 40.43923 (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) 25 m (partly) West 19.32031 19.41008 Sazan Island / 40.47958 40.50953 Increasing sedimentation from the Marine Monitoring on plots 25 m Sazan East 19.27603 19.30305 Vjosa River National Park (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) Dhërmi 40.11175 40.15867 Monitoring on plots 40 m – – (Himara area) 19.59950 19.70091 (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) Porto Palermo 40.04226 40.07791 Proposed Monitoring on plots 40 m Fish farming (Himara area) 19.76190 19.80381 MPA (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) Lukovë area - 39.91407 39.98257 Monitoring on plots 40 m – – Ionian Kakome 19.90165 19.93808 (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) Part of the 39.75459 39.79357 Monitoring on plots Ksamil 30 m Tourism infrastructure Butrint 19.97300 20.00649 (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014) National Park 39.68355 39.72308 Monitoring on plots Stillo Cape 30m – – 19.98000 20.0059 (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014)

3 Deatailed survey area, with transects, shall be defined following the initial monitoring and detailed marine survey in the proposed areas.

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Figure 1.3. Monitoring sites for Posidonia meadows along the Adriatic part of the Albanian coastline

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Figure 1.4. Monitoring sites for Posidonia meadows along the Ionian part of the Albanian coastline

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1.1.2.3 Parameters, methodology of sampling and . presence of other seagrass species (e.g. Cymodocea measurement nodosa, noltii): by visual observation;

The overall objective of monitoring is to obtain . presence of alien species (e.g. Caulerpa cylindracea, information on the conservation status of Posidonia Womersleyella setacea): by visual observation; oceanica meadows in Albania and to identify any . evidence of mechanical pressures (e.g. mooring degradation or habitat changes over time. systems, concrete blocks, pier, chains, ropes, trash): by visual observation; Monitoring on plots allows estimating the ecosystem status and changes at each monitored site through . signs of impacts (e.g. detached shoots, detached ecological synthetic indices that are informative, sensitive plates of matte, damages due to trawling or to stress, easily measured and not destructive anchoring): by visual observation; (UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, 2014). . depth: it should be recorded using a depth gauge at the beginning and end of each transect and each Different types of data will be collected at different spatial quadrat; scales (sites, zones within sites and stations within zones). 2 General information will be recorded at the scale of a . shoot density (number of shoots per m ): the values of meadow (see Field Sheets, Annex I, II of the Background density are detected by counting the number of leaf document: EO1 Marine habitat monitoring in Albania: state shoots (counting twice those in division) within the of knowledge and detailed guidelines). sampling unit; . % coverage of live P. oceanica: within each of four Physical and physiographic data will be recorded at the transects (LITs) 10 m long; scale of a zone; in each zone, the following data will be . recorded: % coverage of dead matte: within each of four transects (LITs) 10 m long; . position and depth of upper limit: to be recorded by . the GPS device and echo sounder from the boat or % coverage of unvegetated muddy/sandy patches: depth gauge in SCUBA diving; within each of four transects (LITs) 10 m long; . . position of lower limit: by the GPS device from the boat % coverage of unvegetated rocky patches: within each marking the position of safety buoy of divers; of four transects (LITs) 10 m long. . depth of lower limit: using a depth gauge in SCUBA All percentage cover values will be assessed using the Line diving; Intercept Transect (LIT) technique (Bianchi et al., 2004; . typology of lower limits: according to the characteristics Montefalcone et al., 2007) (Table 1.4). (progressive, sharp, sparse, regressive) described in b) Community data UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA (2015). . % coverage of substrate colonized by other Habitat and community data at the scale of a station; at (, Zostera noltii): as within each of each sampling station the following data should be four transects (LITs) 10 m long; recorded through SCUBA diving: . % coverage of substrate colonized by alien species (e.g. the green algae Caulerpa cylindracea): within a) Habitat data each of four transects (LITs) 10 m long; . distribution concerning the nature of the bottom (e.g. . flat/step and continuous/discontinuous beds, presence of target invertebrate fauna: the bivalve terraced beds, belts, stripes, patches, hills, reefs, atolls) Pinna nobilis (listed in Annex IV of HD) is exclusively by visual observation; seagrass-dependent, and is therefore affected by physical impacts on the meadows (e.g. boat anchoring); . main substrate type (mud/sand, matte, rock/ the presence of P. nobilis is a characteristic of healthy coralligenous formations, mixed): by visual P. oceanica meadows (Borum et al., 2004). All observation; individuals encountered within a 2 m corridor for both

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sides of each of four transects 10 m long are then For more details and implementation of methodology see counted (see “Belt Transect” technique in Bianchi et the Background document: EO1 Marine habitat monitoring al., 2004) and evaluation of their status (dead or alive) in Albania: state of knowledge and detailed guidelines performed. (Posidonia oceanica).

Table 1.4. Summary of the P. oceanica parameters to be evaluated and methods for measurements in the field (scuba diving) or in the laboratory

Parameters Method and units

Population level descriptors (meadow characteristics) Depth of upper and lower limits Estimated directly in the field using a depth meter Lower limit type Estimated either directly in the field or in the laboratory by processing images collected in the field Number of shoots per m2 measured in the field by shoot counts in quadrats sized 40 x 40cm or 0.16 Shoot density m2 (10 replicated quadrats) Meadow cover % living patches within each of four transects (LITs) 10 m long Dead-matte cover % dead patches within each of four transects (LITs) 10 m long Plagiotropic rhizomes Measured in the field, by counts in 40 x 40 quadrats (replicated as for shoot density) Individual level descriptors

Leaf morphometry Measured in the laboratory according to Giraudʼs (1979) classification as ʽadultʼ, ʽintermediateʼ or (number and type of leaves, leaf width and length) ʽjuvenileʼ leaves Shoot foliar surface Leaves (length and width) measured to obtain shoot surface from five different shoots per station Necrosis on leaves % leaves with necrosis marks per shoot identified by direct observation in the laboratory State of the apex or Coefficient A % of broken leaves (without apex) per shoot Foliar production Number of leaves produced (n year-1 shoot-1) estimated by lepidochronology (Pergent, 1990) Rhizome production Dry weight of vertical rhizomes (g year-1 shoot-1) estimated by lepidochronology (Pergent, 1990) Biomass of epiphytes Dry weight after removal from leaves – mg cm-2

1.1.2.4 Sampling frequency morphometry, state of apex, necrosis on leaves, foliar production, rhizome production, epiphytic biomass. Monitoring sites should be examined annually around the same time of year. For practical and logistical reasons, it is Leaf morphometry (number and types of leaves, leaf width preferable to schedule the monitoring in late spring or and length). summer (May to early September), reflecting the more favourable weather conditions. The leaves are divided into three categories depending on their maturity as defined by Giraud, 1979 as: If the budget is not available for the monitoring of all sites . adult leaves, with a sheath (sheath greater than or in the same year, there are two options: equal to 2 mm) and more than 50 mm long; . carry out monitoring of all sites every two years; . intermediate leaves with no sheath and more than 50 . divide the sites into two sets to be monitored mm long; alternately with a frequency of 2 years. . juvenile leaves with no sheath and less than 50 mm long. 1.1.2.5 Methodology of laboratory sample processing Total length and width are measured for each leaf. Those Parameters measured in the laboratory, based on leaf measurements allow calculation of the following shoots sampled at a depth of 15 ± 1 m are leaf descriptors:

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. mean number of leaves (adult, intermediate, and the laboratory. Before the measurement of leaf biomass, juvenile) per shoot; epiphytes must be removed and scraped from the leaves . mean leaf length and width; using a single-edged razor, and dry in a pre-fired and pre- weighed crucible at 70°C for 48 hours. The biomass has to . mean leaf surface for adult and intermediate leaves; be assessed as mg dry weight shoots-1. . mean leaf area index (LAI) for adult and intermediate leaves. 1.1.2.6 Data processing methodology

Knowing the density, the Leaf Area Index is calculated by The average number of leaf shoots detected in 40 x 40 cm multiplying the leaf area by the density: it is then frames is reported in square meters (m2) to assess the expressed in m2/m2. meadow density at each site.

State of the apex. The percentage of juvenile and adult Percentage cover of live and dead mat allows leaves with the broken apex in each foliar shoot has to be calculation of the meadow conservation index (CI) using recorded as “coefficient A”. the formula CI = P/(P + D), where P is the percentage cover of living P. oceanica and D is the percentage cover of dead Necrosis on leaves represent the percentage of juvenile matte (Moreno et al., 2001; Montefalcone et al., 2006). and adult leaves with necrosis marks per shoot, identified by direct observation in the laboratory Per each site, the average foliar surface (cm2 per shoot) is calculated from the length and width of juvenile and adult Foliar production is the number of leaves produced each leaves. year (n year-1 shoot-1) estimated by lepidochronology (Pergent, 1990). Foliar production is calculated as the mean number of leaves in a year. Rhizome production has to be assessed as dry weight of vertical rhizomes (g year-1 shoot-1) or as rhizome elongation Rhizome production is assessed as a mean value of (mm rhizome-1 yr-1) estimated by lepidochronology elongation and biomass per year. The mean values can be (Pergent, 1990) applied to the whole meadow by multiplying them by the density assessed at each site. Biomass of epiphytes. Samples should be placed into a fixative solution (3% formaldehyde) and transported to

1.1.3. Component: Coralligenous assemblages

Benthic marine habitat SPA/RAC CODE: MB1.55 Coralligenous

According to the National Classification of Habitats of the subject to management measures”). Likewise, Axinella Republic of Albania, coralligenous biocenosis is part of cannabina and A. polypoides have been listed in Annex III Annex I habitat – 1170 (Reefs) – listed in Annex I of the of the Barcelona Convention. Habitats Directive. According to Law No. 64/2012, catching, keeping on Coralligenous assemblages host species of Community board, transboarding, intentional landing and marketing interest such as the red coral (Corallium rubrum) listed in or consumption, at any time, area and using any type of Annex III of the Bern Convention (list of “Protected fauna gear, is prohibited for the corals (Corallium spp.). Also, the species”), in Annex III of the SPA/BD protocol (List of Law (Article 128) imposes a fine of 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 “Species whose exploitation is regulated”, last amended lekë (ALL) for fishing of prohibited corals and sponges in in February 2012) and in Annex V of the EU Habitats violation of the national law. The extraction of the red Directive (List of “Animal and species of Community coral (Corallium rubrum) is also strictly prohibited (Law interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be No. 81/2017 on “Protected Areas”).

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However, in the period 1993–2000, intense activity for the Typical species collection of the red coral has occurred (INCA, 2011). A list of species to be considered in the inventory and/or In Albania, baseline data on coralligenous assemblages monitoring of coralligenous communities was provided do not exist, and the complete distribution of this habitat (after UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA, 2011; Garrabou et al., 2014). is still unknown. Based on the above-mentioned lists and field data, a To establish a complete range of this habitat type in preliminary selection of typical/indicator species that Albania, comprehensive and systematic mapping needs should be monitored within the national protocol has to be done. been proposed (Table 1.5).

Methodology for monitoring of coralligenous outcrops as 1.1.3.2 Selection of sampling sites well as reference values will be identified according to the The selection of the sampling sites depends on the spatial Standard methods for inventorying and monitoring distribution of the habitat. Mapping and monitoring coralligenous and rhodoliths assemblages (SPA/RAC, should be combined to increase the knowledge 2015). distribution of the coralligenous habitat. 1.1.3.1 Selected common indicators The monitoring sites may be selected considering As biologically important, protected by different different environmental conditions, providing a better legislation, widespread and under significant human understanding of the status of the habitat. However, pressure, coralligenous outcrops including the species because of their patchy distribution, the sites can be Corallium rubrum might serve as good components for identified even without a detailed mapping (particularly in GES assessment under the following common indicators: the case of coralligenous on vertical cliffs) based on their presence information. Common indicator 1: As suggested by the Action plan for the conservation of the Habitat distributional range considering also habitat extent as a relevant attribute coralligenous (UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA, 2017), when selecting monitoring sites, one should keep in mind the existence of Common indicator 2: previous information on the extension and ecological Condition of the habitat's typical species and communities quality of the coralligenous habitat.

Based on the only scientific data available (collected as Further details regarding common indicators are provided part of the survey in April 2016 at the National Marine Park in Section 1.1.1. of Karaburun-Sazan; Andromede Oceanology, 2016) and national expert opinion, 3 sites for monitoring are temporarily proposed below (Table 1.6 and Figure 1.5).

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Table 1.5. List of typical/indicator species occurring within the coralligenous habitat along the Albanian part of the Adriatic Sea (mainly according to Andromede Oceanology, 2016) and classified according to UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA (2011) and Garrabou et al. (2014)

Algal builders Rhodophyta . Coralline algae: Mesophyllum sp., Lithophyllum sp. . Encrusting Peyssonnelia spp.

Animal builders Bryozoans Serpulids . Myriapora truncata (Pallas 1766) . Filograna sp. . Pentapora fascialis (Pallas 1766) Scleractinians . Smittina cervicornis (Pallas 1766) . Caryophyllia inornata (Duncan 1878) . Schizomavella mamillata (Hincks 1880) . Leptopsammia pruvoti (Lacaze-Duthiers 1897) . Madracis pharensis (Heller 1868)

‘Agglomerative’ animals Sponges Bryozoans . Geodia sp.

Bioeroders Sponges Molluscs . Cliona viridis (Schmidt 1862) . Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus 1758) Echinoids . Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816)

Species of particular importance (particularly abundant, sensitive, architecturally important or economically valuable) Rhodophyta Gorgonians . Uncalcified Peyssonnelia spp. . Paramuricea clavata (Risso 1826) Chlorophyta . Eunicella cavolini (Koch 1887) . Halimeda tuna (J.Ellis & Solander, J.V. Lamouroux 1816) . Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus 1758) Sponges Tunicates . Crambe crambe (Schmidt 1862) . Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus 1767) . Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank 1874) . Chondrosia reniformis (Nardo 1847) . Petrosia ficiformis (Poiret 1789) . Axinella cannabina (Esper 1794) . Axinella polypoides (Schmidt 1862)

Invasive species

Chlorophyta Rhodophyta . Caulerpa cylindracea (Sonder 1845) . Womersleyella setacea (Hollenberg, R.E.Norris 1992)

Table 1.6. Selected survey sites for coralligenous assemblages area

Minimum Maximum Inside Main Area Sub-Area Sites Geopositions Depth Depth MPA Pressures 40.49300 National Marine . Exploitation of the red Sazan island Kepi i Pulebardhave 35 m 50 m 19.26700 Park coral 40.35700 National Marine . Pollution Adriatic Karaburun peninsula North of Dafina Bay 45 m 50 m 19.35389 Park . Sedimentation Western Cape 40.06203 . Invasive species Porto Palermo 30 m 50 m Proposed MPA of the Castel's island 19.78986 . Divers impact

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Figure 1.5. Three sites for monitoring coralligenous assemblages

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Definition of a monitoring site . Indicators on the degree of complexity of coralligenous habitats; At each location harbouring well-developed coralligenous . Indicators on coralligenous functioning: bioeroders outcrops, the depth range where the monitoring will be and bioconstructors; carried out (e.g. 30–35 m) must be determined in order to . Qualitative, semi- and quantitative indicators on the avoid the potential effect of depth on the outcome of the impacts of different disturbances on coralligenous surveys. communities (e.g. presence of fishing nets, invasive species, sedimentation, high diving pressure). Within the depth range selected, to limit the effects of These parameters can be determined every three local heterogeneity on the outcome of the surveys, the years at each target site. specific monitoring area (e.g. it should be an area of . Environmental parameters: several hundred m2) of each sampling site needs to be . Mainly temperature conditions obtained with determined when possible, with the help of remarkable temperature data loggers (other parameters could seascape marks. Some marks may be fixed to contribute be added in the future depending on the to the relocalization of the area. technological developments, e.g. transparency, pH). Temperature records can be obtained on an hourly Sampling design basis and recovered on an annual or semi-annual basis. The data loggers can be set up every 5 m from Since the aim of the monitoring programme is to assess the surface down to 40 m in order to acquire the conservation status of the coralligenous habitat and information on stratification dynamics along the its evolution over time in Albanian coastal waters, the vertical profile, including depths where the sampling design has to be able to cope with the spatial coralligenous habitat develops (see http://www.t- heterogeneity (including different environmental mednet.org/). conditions and different degree of pressures) and time as 1.1.3.4 Sampling frequency a factor. However, given the information scarcity in terms of the distribution of the coralligenous and the kind of Monitoring will be implemented every two years. assemblages thriving along the Albanian coast as well as The best time for monitoring is late summer (late August their respective surfaces and depth ranges, the sampling to early October). At that time water transparency and design scheme proposed within this monitoring temperature allow better performances on data gathering programme is to be applied and adapted according to and photo sampling. In addition, if any mass mortality potential new data in line with SPA/RAC guidelines for occurs in the summer it can be observed in this period. monitoring marine benthic habitat (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). The frequency of monitoring activities may be revised according to new data that may have been collected. 1.1.3.3 Selection of parameters

The basic scheme of surveillance includes periodic 1.1.3.5 Sampling and measurement methodology monitoring of reference parameters as indicators of Given the lack of basic information on the coralligenous conservation for the targeted habitat type. Monitoring is habitat, it is proposed to follow the basic methodological conducted by a combined method that includes approach proposed for the Croatian coast of the Adriatic collecting habitat and species data by scuba divers diving Sea (Garrabou et al., 2014) in line with the SPA/RAC to depths of up to 40 meters and by the Remote Operate guidelines for monitoring marine benthic habitat Vehicles (ROVs) beyond this depth range (UNEP/MED WG. (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). 461/21). For mapping, a scale equal to 1:1000 (or larger) is Monitoring parameters include: requested for detailed monitoring studies of selected . Structural and functional parameters: rhodoliths beds, where the areal definition and the . Species/Categories composition/abundance (semi- rhodoliths boundaries should be more accurately located or quantitative data); and monitored through time. Two adjacent rhodoliths

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beds are considered separate if, at any point along their Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean of the Convention limits, a minimum distance of 200 m occurs (Basso et al., for Protection Against Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea 2016). (Barcelona Convention), in Annex II of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural For the selected sites, monitoring will be performed by Habitats (Bern Convention), in Annexes I and II of the direct observation by scuba diving (visual census, photo Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of sampling and video census along transects. Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) and in the Agreement on To the extent possible, it could be associated with the Conservation of Cetaceans (Cetacea) in the Black Sea, SideScan Sonar or ROV in line with the SPA/RAC the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic Area guidelines for monitoring marine benthic habitat (ACCOBAMS). (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). The species are also listed in Annex II and IV of the In order to establish the complete range of this habitat Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural type in Albania, comprehensive and systematic mapping Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. is needed. Although a number of Cetacean species and Mediterranean A detailed description of the methodologies is available in monk seal have been recorded in the Adriatic Sea and the Background document: Thematic monitoring Albania, little data exist on their presence (see Holcer and programme for EO1-Marine habitats and in the SPA/RAC Fortuna (2015). Nevertheless, the available knowledge of guidelines for monitoring marine benthic habitat general distribution and abundance of species provides (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). enough information that selection of indicator species and development of monitoring program can be 1.1.3.6 Data processing methodology established. The ecosystem approach of the UNEP/MAP Barcelona Convention seeks synergy with the Standard analyses and data processing will be carried out implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework according to Garrabou et al. (2014) in line with the Directive (MSFD) of the European Union (EU). In that UNEP/MED WG 461.21. sense, the selection of widely distributed species as At each site, photo sampling will be combined with visual common indicators instead of assessment and census to gather information on habitat structure and monitoring of the entire marine mammal fauna seems like function as well as on the degree of impact of the main a sensible approach. disturbances. Due to their permanent occurrence, presumed distribution pattern and a relative abundance, bottlenose dolphins 1.2. are suitable species to be used as components for the Marine species assessment and monitoring of the status of the marine An ecologically relevant set of species has been applied environment in the shelf areas covering mostly territorial here in particular to the following (highly) mobile species waters, while striped dolphins can be used as indicators in groups: seabirds, marine reptiles and mammals. Each the offshore waters. functional group represents a predominant ecological 1.2.1.1 Common indicators role within the species group. According to the IMAP, with regard to marine mammal 1.2.1. biodiversity, three common indicators for assessing Marine mammals (Cetacea) progress towards good environmental status are defined (Table 1.7). Endangered marine mammals species are listed in Annex II of the Protocol on the Specially Protected Areas and the

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Table 1.7. Common indicators, GES operational objectives and targets with regards to EO1 – Marine Mammals (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1)

Common Indicator 3: Species distributional range This indicator is aimed at providing information about the geographical area in which marine mammal species occur. It is intended to determine the species range of cetaceans that are present in Mediterranean waters, with a special focus on the species selected by the Parties. GES definition The species are present in all their natural distributional range. Operational objective Species distribution is maintained The distribution of marine mammals remains stable or expanding and the species that experienced reduced distribution in GES target the past are in the favourable conservation status and can recolonize areas with suitable habitats Selected species distribution follows the expected distribution pattern. Target is monitored using a standardized mapping Target evaluation method method.

Common Indicator 4: Species population abundance CI4 is aimed at providing information about the abundance of marine mammals population. It is intended to determine the abundance and density of cetaceans species that are present in Albanian waters, with a special focus on the species selected by the Parties. The species population has abundance levels allowing qualifying to Least Concern Category of IUCN Red List or has GES definition abundance levels that are improving and moving away from the more critical IUCN category. Operational objective The population size of selected species is maintained, or, if depleted, it recovers to natural levels. No human-induced mortality is causing a decrease in breeding population size or density. Populations recover towards GES target natural levels.

Common Indicator 5: Population demographic characteristics This indicator is aimed at providing information about the population demographic characteristics of marine mammals in the Mediterranean Sea. Monitoring effort should be directed to collect long-term data series covering the various life stages of the selected species. This would involve the participation of several teams using standard methodologies and covering sites of particular importance for the key life stages of the target species. Cetaceans: species populations are in good condition: low human-induced mortality, balanced sex ratio and no decline in GES definition calf production. Operational objectives Population condition of selected species is maintained. Cetaceans: preliminary assessment of incidental catch, prey depletion and other human-induced mortality cases followed GES Targets by implementation of appropriate measures to mitigate these threats. Target evaluation method Natality rate within the selected species population is maintained, while mortality is not changing.

Apart from monitoring the CIs, it would be necessary to 1.2.1.2 Selection of monitoring areas (sampling assess the anthropogenic impacts on Cetacean sites) and measurement methodology populations causing changes in the number, mortality, Common Indicator 3: distribution and the status of the species include shortage Species distributional range of prey due to: . overfishing; Sub-regional (Adriatic) approach . bycatch, mortality in fishing gear; Due to their highly mobile nature, distribution and high . pollution (toxic materials, junk) and the occasional anthropogenic impact in the Adriatic, monitoring of intentional killing of individuals; indicators for the status of bottlenose and (particularly) striped dolphins in the entire Adriatic needs to be . cumulative impacts of anthropogenic activities on conducted. species are also of concern (naval transit, fishing, seismic research, underwater noise, hydrocarbon To determine the distribution and population abundance, exploitation, pollution, etc.). an aerial survey using conventional distance sampling is a

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method of choice. The basic concept of the Distance approach would be to use a standard European Sampling method is that the perpendicular distance Environmental Agency reference grid4 (1 x 1, 10 x 10 and between an observer and all sighted “objects/animals/ 100 x 100 km) guaranteeing interoperability and comparability groups” along the transects can be used to estimate the of data on sub-regional and European level. effective strip width covered by observation activities (for Concerning all the above, to achieve successful details see SPA/RAC Guidelines for monitoring Marine monitoring, the activities must be carried out throughout mammals (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21) and Buckland, the entire Adriatic Sea, in collaboration with all Adriatic Anderson et al. 2001, Buckland, Anderson et al. 2004, countries (Figure 1.6). Thomas, Buckland et al., 2010). Furthermore, data that could be used as a baseline have been obtained on a Territorial sea approach subregion scale. As bottlenose dolphins in other areas of the Adriatic and Although both species selected for monitoring are present the Mediterranean Sea are found in coastal areas, national throughout the country’s inshore and offshore waters, it is monitoring of this species shall be conducted. Current necessary to collate available data from different data locations of particular interest in Albania include a wider holders and, if necessary, carry out dedicated surveys to area of Karaburun peninsula – the island of Sazan in the further identify species distributional range. In order to south of Albania, and Drini Bay, covering the area from monitor potential changes in species distributional range, Rodoni Cape to the border with Montenegro, in the north it is necessary to develop a methodology for standard of Albania. mapping (standard grid or similar). The most useful

Figure 1.6. Selected transects for monitoring of the abundance and distribution of common bottlenose dolphin and striped dolphin in the Adriatic Sea (from Proposal of the monitoring and observation system for future environmental assessments of Croatia, 2012)

4 https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eea-reference-grids-2

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In addition, dedicated initial surveys of the shelf area must a rigid hull able to accommodate a selected crew, digital be carried out. Surveys should be organised as basin-wide photo camera and GPS at a minimum) and availability of surveys and after identification of suitable/critical areas, needed logistics (like availability of housing, fuel and monitoring of local populations should be organised anchoring) as that would greatly improve the monitoring using photo ID as the main method that can provide data efficiency. needed for other indicators too. Surveys in the shelf area The abundance estimates for both species at the sub- will be organised using Vlora harbour in the south and regional level (Adriatic-wide scale) obtained through Durrësi and/or Shëngjini harbour in the north, both found aerial survey data from 2010 and 2013 provided by suitable in terms of availability of housing, fuel and transect line/distance sampling may provide an initial anchoring. reference point. In order to carry out monitoring that In order to provide regular updates on species would provide comparable data on the species distribution, the monitoring activities should be carried abundance that would not be influenced by current local out as a continuous data collection process throughout environmental or other influences, a method for joint the whole coastal area. Dedicated surveys organised to monitoring needs to be developed at the sub-regional provide necessary data for CI 4 and CI 5 will provide most level. The optimal and cost-effective method is aerial of the necessary information, but additional data survey using Conventional Distance Sampling (Buckland, collection should also include citizen science (involving Anderson et al. 2004, Thomas, Buckland et al. 2010). the general public, citizens, tourists, visitors, fishermen, sailors etc) in providing information on observations of Common Indicator 5: Population demographic characteristics live and stranded/by-caught animals and organisation of operational stranding networks covering the entire Due to the difference in distribution and life histories for coastline (providing details on mortality and causes of the two species, identifying demographic parameters death). The additional benefit of citizen science and would be different. For striped dolphins, due to the stranding network is that they raise public awareness and presumed abundance and presence only in the offshore boost the visibility needed for effective conservation. waters, assessing the demographic parameters would not be possible without substantial effort and financial Common Indicator 4: support. Therefore, this species is not recommended for Population abundance of selected species population demographic monitoring. The abundance estimates in local populations of As for bottlenose dolphins, continuous photo identification bottlenose dolphins should enable the team to monitor based surveying within identified coastal areas (see trends. As local populations have not been identified yet, details about CI 4 for methodology) would provide the available data gathered so far together with additional detailed population parameters (natality, mortality surveys should provide a reference point. Using the (natural and due to anthropogenic influence like bycatch, standard photo ID method in surveying local bottlenose shipping etc., survival etc.)). In order to identify mortality dolphin populations can provide data needed for mark- due to anthropogenic influences, it would be necessary to recapture abundance estimates. develop additional monitoring of bycatch mortality in Detailed photo ID protocols have been developed and fishing activities (see comments in CI 3 on citizen science used worldwide (see Hammond, Mizroch et al., 1990). and stranding network). Monitoring surveys should cover the same period (most After establishing the baseline data, monitoring could be likely in the summer months) and the same area to allow developed based on simple indicators such as monitoring identification of the population size and subsequent the average number of juveniles with known females by monitoring. When developing the monitoring plan, apart photo-identification etc. in line with the SPA/RAC from having to identify the area with an abundance of guidelines for monitoring Marine mammals (UNEP/MED. animals, a key consideration should also be the WG 461.21). availability of the needed equipment (a rubber boat with

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In addition, genetic research helped identify and 1.2.2. understand the main parameters of population structure Component: Marine reptiles within the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. The published results identified a clear population structuring Due to its relatively high abundance and presence in between the eastern and western sides of the Adriatic and almost any part of the Adriatic Sea, especially in the open between coastal regions (Gaspari, Holcer et al., 2013, pelagic area and in the North Adriatic, as well as species Gaspari, Scheinin et al., 2015). The same research listed on the main list of protected species, the provided data on the presence of pelagic bottlenose loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) is a suitable dolphin ecotype in the Mediterranean. Therefore, while component for the assessment and monitoring of GES carrying out monitoring activities locally every effort and is recommended for the common indicators according should be made to support the identification of detailed to EcAp fact sheet: UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1 population structure using DNA analysis for both species. (Table 1.8).

1.2.1.3 Sampling frequency

The aerial survey aimed at collecting data for abundance estimates and distribution patterns in the wider area (region) should be carried out every 3rd year.

Photo-identification analysis for local bottlenose dolphin population assessment should be carried out every year or (in case there are limited resources) every second year, depending on the site. In case surveying becomes less frequent, the survey effort should be increased to be able to obtain robust enough data needed for CI assessment.

Additional sampling and data collection either opportunistically or through dedicated campaigns should be carried out to obtain the missing data and to complement monitoring activities. This would include recording incidental sightings (potentially by developing citizen science programmes or using platforms of opportunity), monitoring of stranding and identifying the causes of death, tissue sampling from stranded animals or through biopsy sampling etc.

1.2.1.4 Data processing methodology

Data processing after the aerial survey includes data quality checking and correction, effort and sighting layers development, calculation of the distance to observed animals and data testing. The analysis is performed using the software DISTANCE (http://www.distancesampling.org) and a model for abundance estimate is produced using CDS. Detailed methodology is presented by Buckland, Anderson et al. 2001, Buckland, Anderson et al., 2004.

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1.2.2.1 Common indicators

Table 1.8. Common indicators, GES operational objectives and targets with regard to EO1 – Marine reptiles (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1)

Common Indicator 3: Species distributional range – Reptiles The objective of this indicator is to determine the species range of sea turtles that are present in Mediterranean waters, especially the species selected by the Parties. The species continues to occur in all its natural range in the Mediterranean, including nesting, mating, feeding and GES definition wintering and developmental (where different to those of adults) sites. Operational objective Species distribution is maintained. Turtle distribution is not significantly affected by human activities. Turtles continue to nest in all known nesting sites. Pressure/Response. Protection of known turtle nesting, mating, foraging, wintering and developmental sites. Human GES target activities having the potential to exclude marine turtles from their range area are regulated and controlled. The potential impact of climate change is assessed.

Common Indicator 4: Species population abundance – Reptiles The objective of this indicator is to determine the population status of selected species by medium-long term monitoring to obtain population trends for these species. This objective requires a census to be conducted in breeding, migratory, wintering, developmental and feeding areas The population size allows to achieve and maintain a favourable conservation status taking into account all life stages of the GES definition population Operational objective The population size of selected species is maintained Turtle distribution is not significantly affected by human activities. Turtles continue to nest in all known nesting sites. Pressure/Response. Protection of known turtle nesting, mating, foraging, wintering and developmental sites. Human GES target activities having the potential to exclude marine turtles from their range area are regulated and controlled. The potential impact of climate change is assessed.

Common Indicator 5: Population demographic characteristics – Reptiles Demography is the study of various population parameters. Demography provides a mathematical description of how such parameters change over time. Demographics may include any statistical factors that influence population growth or decline, but several parameters are particularly important: population size, density, age structure, fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratio. GES Definition Low mortality caused by incidental catch, favourable sex ratio and no decline in hatching rates. Operational objectives Population condition of selected species is maintained. GES Targets Measures to mitigate incidental catches in turtles have been implemented.

1.2.2.2 Monitoring

The monitoring of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) Data will be collected from monitoring of suitable nesting will be performed according to the methodology grounds, aerial surveys, fisheries bycatch and stranding described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea information. turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21) and in line with the In the case of a live turtle, tagging, tag information (if National Action Plan for Sea Turtles. Three types of already tagged) and at least morphometric measurements monitoring will be carried out in Albania: should be noted (CI5). 1. Monitoring carried out on beaches (CI3, CI4 and CI5); 2. Monitoring carried out at sea (CI3, CI4 and CI5), and The SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21) include all the detailed 3. Monitoring that takes place in rescue centres and labs descriptions of the parameters that need to be assessed (CI3, CI4 and CI5).

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and the methodologies to be used for each Common Monitoring at sea Indicator. It is important to follow those guidelines when Aerial survey at sea can be performed jointly with implementing sea turtles monitoring. Indeed, an monitoring of cetaceans, at least once every 3 years. Due exhaustive description of all monitoring practices that to the high mobility of the sea turtles and the high need to be implemented is not provided in the paragraphs technical and financial requirements of aerial monitoring, below but rather the needed additional information/ cooperation and implementation through sub-regional descriptions related to the monitoring sites, rescue and regional surveys are recommended. In addition, centres, sampling, monitoring frequency, the proposal for monitoring at sea shall be undertaken in areas with high field data collection, etc. have been presented. When concentrations of turtles, such as Drini bay (Table 1.9; needed, additional recommendations are highlighted. Figures 1.7 and 1.8). 1.2.2.3 Sampling sites and frequency In addition, bycatch survey is to be performed by different Monitoring of suitable nesting sites organizations and institutions in Albania, but mainly by the Herpetofauna Albanian Society (HAS), Regional The monitoring activities will be performed at the selected Agencies of Protected Areas (Ministry of Tourism and sites within broader areas of Drini bay, Rodoni bay, Durrës Environment), Universities (the University of Tirana, the area, Divjaka and Vlora bay (Table 1.9; Figures 1.7 and 1.8). University of Vlora, etc.) as well as Research Institutions Monitoring will be conducted from May to August. It could and NGOs in coordination with fisheries Institutions and be weekly or bi-weekly depending on the source available, stakeholders. the beaches can be monitored for tracks, signs of nests/predation and/or stranded animals. The bycatch monitoring should be performed at least once a year and in line with the EO3 Monitoring. To determine turtle activities, potential nesting sites should be monitored every two weeks during the summer Monitoring at the rescue centres period. Every time a stranded or injured sea turtle is found, it Beaches identified as nesting areas should be monitored should be transferred to one of the two rescue centres, every 1-3 days for nest/track counts. During these visits, either Patok Sea Turtle Research and First Aid Center or stranded turtles can also be recorded and the necessary Sea Turtle Rescue and Rehabilitation Center in Radhima sampling conducted. (Table 1.9; Figures 1.7 and 1.8).

Table 1.9. Marine turtles monitoring sites in Albania

Geopositions for land/beach Area Sites Sea Geoposition Main pressure Starting point Endpoint Drini bay 41.59449 41.85651 41.69288 Water pollution, tourism infrastructure, fishing 19.57440 19.40646 19.49639 activities. Rodoni (Lalzi) 41.40686 41.57339 41.487406 Coastal development, tourism infrastructure. bay 19.43797 19.45556 19.439856 Durrës area 41.04422 41.38603 41.229683 Coastal development, tourism infrastructure, water Adriatic 19.44325 19.42102 19.431389 pollution, fisheries. Divjaka area 40.67088 40.98928 40.874594 Fishing activities. 19.32681 19.45156 19.264161 Vlora bay 40.32630 40.62447 40.479439 Coastal development, tourism infrastructure, 19.45275 19.33906 19.341197 fishing activities.

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Figure 1.7. Monitoring sites for marine turtles in the northern part of the Albanian monitoring area

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Figure 1.8. Monitoring sites for marine turtles in the southern part of the Albanian monitoring area

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1.2.2.4 Selection of parameters Key parameters that will be monitored are shown below in Table 1.10.

Table 1.10. Samples and data to be collected from sea turtles

Implementation Monitoring methodology Data to be collected and/or sampling Beach monitoring In-water surveys Stranding . Size class Morphometric measurements X X X . Age at sexual maturity Tagging Metal tags . Population size estimates Plastic tags . Inter-nesting period X X PIT tags . Migration route Photo ID . Genetic analysis . Stable isotope analysis Skin sampling X X X . Trace element analysis . Heavy metal analysis . Stable isotope analysis Scute sampling . Trace element analysis X X X . Heavy metal analysis . Genetic analysis . Blood biochemistry and health parameters . Sexing juveniles Blood sampling X X . Blood cell physiology . Stable Isotope Analysis . Trace element analysis . Heavy metal analysis . Histologic investigation Tissue sampling from internal . Genetic analysis X organs and muscles . Heavy metal analysis . Marine litter ingestion . Health status Parasyte – Epibiont X X X . Stable isotope

1.2.2.5 Sampling and measurement methodology . Curved carapace length: A tape measure is used to measure straight length. Morphometric measurement of individuals and tagging . Straight carapace width (SCW): A calliper is used to measure the straight width of the carapace. SCW is Regardless of monitoring methodology, measuring measured at the widest point and there is no carapace length is an essential tool for identifying the age anatomical reference point for the measurement. class of sea turtles. . Curved carapace width (CCW): A tape measure is used The below measurements will be performed according to to measure the straight width of the carapace. As in the methodology provided in the SPA/RAC guidelines for SCW, CCW is measured at the widest point and there is monitoring sea turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21): no anatomical reference point for the measurement.

. Straight carapace length (SCL): A calliper is used to Each size class of sea turtles, apart from hatchlings, can be measure straight length. tagged. Albania has a tagging database, which is owned

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by the HAS. Each captured turtle gets a Stockbrand’s Hatched Nest Excavation titanium tag with an Albanian address and the name of the Nest excavations are essential for saving hatchlings that Albanian researcher, Idriz Haxhiu. are unable to quit the nest because they are not strong Additional tags (with an Albanian address on them) are enough or due to the nest being closed by an external necessary and need to be delivered to interested actors or factor. During a nest excavation, information is recorded other institutions (RAPAs, NGOs, universities, etc.). Indeed, about healthy hatchlings, unfertilized eggs, dead embryos, the only tagging database that exists in Albania is the one empty shells and live hatchlings that could not leave the owned by the HAS. Having more than one tagging nest. Eggshells found in the nest are recorded as empty programme would facilitate the process of tagging a turtle shells, and eggs containing dead embryos are recorded as that might be captured in different areas of the Albanian dead embryos. However, the detection of early embryonic coast and minimize the risk of releasing an untagged death can be difficult. turtle (as it has already happened many times). Data collected during the nest excavation must be In cases when a turtle has been released untagged, the collected according to the methodology described in the photo-identification tool needs to be used (Photo‐ SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles (UNEP/MED. recognition: PF & FP numbers; carapacial scute counts; WG 461.21). photographs). Calculation of hatching and incubation period Photo identification is an alternative tagging method that It needs to be done according to the methodology is becoming increasingly popular. The methodology is described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea minimally invasive, as it is a technique that depends on turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21) photographing an individual’s scales, creating a photo database, and evaluating database photos. Computer Calculation of hatching success programmes for photo identification are available. The lateral scale patterns of turtles are commonly used. To It needs to be done according to the methodology obtain the best results, photographs should be taken from described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea the same distance and angle for each individual. turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21).

Skin and scute sampling Sand, nest, sea surface temperature

Skin and scute sampling must be performed as indicated It needs to be done according to the methodology within the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). Collaboration with other turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). Mediterranean organisations may be necessary for the Monitoring abundance of in-water population analysis of the samples and to deliver results. Data can be collected: Beach monitoring . From fishermen: Some fishermen in Albania use a Beach monitoring needs to be conducted at night or particular method of fishing stationery uncovered during morning patrols. Night patrols permit encounters pound nets, which are known as ‘stavnik’. This type of with nesting females while finding nests at night helps fishing trap is considered healthy for marine turtles them to be protected from predation, inundation risk, or that enter it because they can feed on fishes, crabs, poaching. Night patrols begin after sunset and may jellyfish, and breathe at the same time. Due to a good continue until the morning. Morning beach surveys start collaboration with the fishermen owning ‘stavnik’ at dawn. throughout Albania (it is mostly used in the northern part), data is collected and such practice must continue. . Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) method for in-water population monitoring (optional): A vessel could be

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rent for this purpose. The methodology is described in the two rescue centres need important equipment the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles upgrade to allow monitoring of pollution and (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). contaminants in line with the methodology described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles Satellite tracking (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). The first satellite‐tracking programme in Albania – Collaboration with other institutions (Research and deploying (UHF) transmitters started in September 2009. Rehabilitation Centres, etc.) to monitor the pollution and Transmitters were attached to three individuals of Caretta contaminants in sea turtles is needed as the rescue caretta. In June 2017, the second satellite-tracking centres get equipped. programme was launched, where a satellite transmitter was attached to a juvenile individual of Chelonia mydas in The monitoring needs to be performed in coherence with the area of Vlora bay by the HAS research team. The owner the Pollution thematic Monitoring programme. of these data is the HAS. Habitat use: stable isotope analysis Additional individuals (at least one) need to be tagged by It needs to be done according to the methodology using satellite transmitters over the next 5 years. described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea Genetic structuring turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). In Albania, the infrastructure to do such an analysis is currently non-existent. Blood and skin are the two most common tissues used for Collaboration with external partners is recommended in collecting genetic samples. Genetic structuring must be doing the analysis. Baseline Data is available. done according to the methodology described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles (UNEP/MED. Sample collection for stable isotope analyses WG 461.21). It needs to be done according to the methodology Monitoring strandings described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring sea turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). In Albania, the infrastructure In the Action Plan for the Conservation of Sea Turtles and to do such an analysis is currently non-existent. their Habitats in Albania, it was stated that the authority Collaboration with external partners is recommended in currently responsible for sea turtles and their habitats is doing the analysis. Baseline Data is available. the Department for Biodiversity, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Water Administration (MoEFWA), now Ministry 1.2.3. of Tourism and Environment. Component: Seabirds Monitoring strandings must be performed according to True seabird species (Calonectris diomedea, Puffinus the methodology described in the SPA/RAC guidelines for yelkouan, Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii – and monitoring sea turtles (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). Larus audouinii), highly depend on the good environmental status of the marine environment, because Pollution and contaminants monitoring they feed on the large marine areas. These species are not In Albania, pollution and contaminants in sea turtle reported to breed in Albania; however, they have been species are not monitored even if a lot of injured animals observed during migration and winter periods. In addition and dead ones (mostly C. caretta) have been recorded to these, there are other bird species, which in part through the years. For this reason, two Sea Turtle depend upon the marine environment during their life Research and First Aid Centres were created in Patok, in cycle, which breed in Albania, such as Larus genei and northern Albania and Vlora, in southern Albania. Sterna albifrons. Therefore, the monitoring programme will not include only seabirds, but also other relevant Having so many injured animals, especially over the last 5 coastal and waterbirds. years, the opening of these two Rescue Centers in Albania is considered highly important. However, unfortunately,

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1.2.3.1 Common indicators

Common indicators related to Seabirds are shown in Table 1.11.

Table 1.11. Common Indicators with regard to EO1- Seabirds (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1)

Common Indicator 3: Species distributional range – Seabirds The objective of this indicator is to determine the species range of the seabirds that are present in Mediterranean waters; especially the species selected by the Parties The distribution of seabird species continues to occur in all of their Mediterranean natural habitats. Biological diversity is GES definition maintained. The quality and occurrence of habitats and the distribution and abundance of species are in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climatic conditions (EO1, Biodiversity). Operational objective Species distribution is maintained. No significant reduction in the population distribution in the Mediterranean in all indicator species. GES target New colonies are established and the population is encouraged to spread among alternative breeding sites.

Common Indicator 4: Species population abundance – Seabirds The objective of this indicator is to determine the population status of selected species by medium to long-term monitoring to obtain population trends for these species. This objective requires a census to be conducted in breeding, migratory, wintering, developmental and feeding areas. The species population has abundance levels allowing qualifying to Least Concern Category of the IUCN Red List or has GES definition abundance levels that are improving and moving away from the more critical IUCN category. Operational objective The breeding population size of selected species is maintained or, where depleted, it recovers to natural levels.

No human-induced decrease in breeding population size or density. Breeding populations recover towards natural levels where depleted. GES target The total number of individuals is sparse enough in different spots. Local declines are balanced out by increases elsewhere so that overall numbers of breeding birds are maintained at the appropriate scale.

Common Indicator 5: Population demographic characteristics – Seabirds Demography is the study of various population parameters and it is used in ecology (particularly population and evolutionary ecology) as the basis for population studies. Demography provides a mathematical description of how such parameters change over time. Demographics may include any statistical factors with the potential to influence population growth or decline, with several parameters being particularly important: population size, density, age structure, fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratios. When applied in population viability models, demographic parameters allow estimating the extinction risk of any given population. Species populations are in good conditions: Natural levels of breeding success & acceptable levels of survival of young and GES Definition adult birds. Operational objectives Population condition of selected species is maintained Populations of all taxa, particularly those with IUCN threatened status are maintained long term and their average growth GES Targets rate (λ) is equal to or higher than 1 as estimated by population models. Incidental catch mortality is at negligible levels, particularly for species with IUCN threatened status.

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1.2.3.2 Selection of parameters, sites, sampling Sampling method: Diurnal surveys of coastal , frequency and methodology ponds and islets, searching for breeding colonies, which tend to be monospecific and rather dense, particularly in The standard ornithological method includes a survey of the case of L. genei. Counts of adults sitting on their nests breeding areas in the breeding period and counting of or close to it allow a good estimate of the size of the breeding pairs or adults which show typical breeding breeding colony. For best results, counts should be behaviour in the case that nests cannot be located. performed in the first hours of the morning or close to Breeding success is estimated based on newborn and sunset, due to better visibility (lower heat haze). fully developed chicks. In certain breeding colonies, an estimation of the impact of rats and disturbance by Suggested frequency and timing: at least one survey/year, human activities needs to be assessed. preferably between 15 and 25 May.

The proposed protocols aiming to investigate breeding Parameters to be recorded: Species; location of colonies parameters will focus on breeding Little Tern Sterna (coordinates); A number of incubating adults, B total albifrons and Slender-billed Gull Larus genei colonies; number of adults at a colony site (e.g. if the colony cannot these protocols can be easily transferred to other colonial be closely approached or is flushed before the count of breeding gulls and terns (e.g. Audouin's Gull Larus incubating adults). A = minimum size of the local breeding audouinii, Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus, population (number of certainly breeding pairs); B*0.7= Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis) with minor approximate estimate of the local breeding population adjustments of timing, according to their respective breeding phenology. Breeding of colonial species (CI5)

The protocols suggested for the non-breeding season are Species to be monitored: Sterna albifrons and Larus genei common to many species (e.g Common Eider Somateria Sampling/observation sites: coastal lagoons and ponds mollissima, Common Scoter Melanitta nigra, Velvet Scoter (Karavasta, Narta, Drini Delta (Kune-Vaine), Viluni, Patok, Melanitta fusca, Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica, Red- Lalzi bay), Ksamil islets and Sazan island. All monitoring throated Diver Gavia stellata, Cory’s Shearwater sites are listed in Table 1.12 and Figures 1.11. and 1.12. Calonectris diomedea, European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii, Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii, Sampling method: visits to known colonies after egg Slender-billed Gull Larus genei, Mediterranean Gull Larus laying. Clutch size and hatching success can be investigated melanocephalus, Little Tern Sterna albifrons, Sandwich by visiting the colony site during late incubation and soon Tern Sterna sandvicensis), and aim to assess the after hatching. Please note that these surveys can be very importance of marine areas as bottlenecks during the impacting on the species and should be avoided migration or feeding/resting spots for these species, whenever they are not strictly required or carefully through standardised counts at sea. planned by expert ornithologists. As a general rule, however, visits to the colony should not last longer than Breeding of colonial species (CI3 and CI4) 30 minutes, to reduce the impact on eggs/juveniles. Visits Species to be monitored: Sterna albifrons and Larus genei should be done in the early hours of the morning or the hours nearing sunset, to reduce heat stress to Sampling/observation sites: Both species typically breed eggs/juveniles. In the case of the afternoon visits, the field (or may breed) in coastal lagoons and ponds (Karavasta, operations should end about an hour before nightfall, to Narta, Drini Delta (Kune-Vaine), Viluni, Patok, Lalzi bay). allow birds enough time to settle before dark. Other suitable habitats for Larus genei could be found in Ksamil islets and Sazan Island. All sites should be Suggested frequency and timing: ca. 5-7 days before thoroughly investigated during the breeding season. All hatching for clutch size and nest count (25-30 May for monitoring sites are listed in Table 1.12 and Figures 1.11. Larus genei, 25 May-15 June – according to laying date – and 1.12. for Sterna albifrons); ca. 5 days before fledging to assess fledging success. Juveniles of Larus genei fledge after ca.

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25 days, those of Sterna albifrons after ca. 15 days. Visits to which use a similar protocol. Ideally, counts should be the colony after juveniles have fledged allow the performed in the morning or the early afternoon, since in collection of data about chick mortality and – at least for the late afternoon some species (notably gulls) may dense colonies – a precise count of nests with almost no concentrate on the coast as their evening roost location. impact on target species. Suggested frequency and timing: one-two surveys/ month Parameters to be recorded: C count of nests (colony size, during spring-summer months (May-July). to be compared with estimates obtained from the count Parameters to be recorded: Species, number of individuals, of breeding adults), D number of fully grown juveniles. D/C coordinates, time of observation, approximate distance or D/A; D/(B*0.7) if the count of nests is not performed = from the boat. The results (abundance of species) are nesting success. expressed as birds/km or birds/km2. Additional parameters to be recorded: E number of eggs/nests. Average of E=mean clutch size. Winter distribution and abundance of seabirds (CI3 and CI4)

At-sea distribution of breeding and non-breeding Winter distribution and population size of waterbirds/ seabirds (CI3 and CI4) seabirds can be assessed using IWC data collected in Distribution and population size of waterbirds/seabirds in coastal areas. IWC counts have already been taking place the open sea can be obtained through a ship-based routinely in Albania since 1995, according to standardised survey according to the SPA/RAC guidelines for methods agreed internationally (www.wetlands.org/ monitoring of sea birds (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21) publications/iwc-guidance-field-protocol-for- waterbird-counting/). Species to be monitored: Calonectris diomedea, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Larus genei Species to be monitored:

. Sampling/Observation sites: As part of this monitoring, Seabirds: Calonectris diomedea, Phalacrocorax two locations at sea will be covered: 1) Sazan Island- aristotelis, Larus audouinii Mezokanal-Vlora bay and 2) Ksamil islets. Both areas will . Coastal birds: Phoenicopterus roseus, Charadrius be visited and observed from rental boats (Figures 1.9 and alexandrinus, Larus genei, Larus melanocephalus, 1.10). Sterna sandvicensis. . Waterbirds: Microcarbo pygmeus, Pelecanus crispus, Sampling method: To make the data comparable inter- Numenius tenuirostris, Sterna caspia, Gavia arctica, annually, surveys must be carried out at the same time Gavia stellata, Somateria mollissima, Melanitta fusca, each year, and with comparable efforts. In addition, this Melanitta nigra. monitoring must be coupled with measurements of environmental variables, particularly of the water mass Sampling/observation sites: All coastal areas included in (temperature, chlorophyll, etc.), to make it possible to link the previous IWCs. To increase the coverage of the coastal the interannual variability of observations to zone to be counted during IWC (mid-January), we are environmental conditions. proposing to include 2-3 new sites such as Karpen, Osmani marsh NW of Karavasta complex and Poro (Fier) Diurnal count of seabirds is performed from a boat along north of the Vjosa river mouth. All monitoring sites are selected transects. Birds resting on the water and those presented in Table 1.12 and Figures 1.11. and 1.12. flying are identified and counted in 10 minutes counting intervals (snapshots) from a moving boat along a known path (transects). It can be coupled with cetacean surveys,

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Figure 1.9. Sazan Island and location of boated transects: Transect 1. Fishery harbour-Sazan island; 2. Transect 2-around Sazan island; 3. Transect 3 - Mezokanal

Figure 1.10. Ksamil islets to be surveyed by boat

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Sampling method: Absolute waterbird counting from the used in previous IWC surveys. Field observers are seashore (birds can be seen and identified up to 3 km in equipped with binoculars and spotting scopes and GPS good weather conditions). Counts should be ideally devices. This equipment is used for direct counts as well performed in the morning or the early afternoon, since in as estimations following the methodology provided by the late afternoon some species (notably gulls) may Bibby et al. 2000. All species of seabirds and waterbirds concentrate on the coast as their evening roost location. associated with coastal wetlands should be entered into At each wetland site along the coast, they will be counted standardised count forms and stored in a national according to a standardised methodology, following the database (BioNNA). same protocol used in the last IWCs in Albania, to enable Suggested frequency and timing: one survey/year, around collecting comparable data and to assess the trends in mid-January (12-18 January) winter seabird distribution and abundance. Each coastal wetland site is divided into polygons using landmarks in Parameters to be recorded: Species and number of the field and a site map having a scale of 1:25,000. Each individuals. The results are expressed as the number of polygon is covered by one or two (or sometimes more) birds or number of birds/km. Annual counts are routinely counting points chosen according to accessibility, analysed with TRIM software to produce local/national visibility and the best coverage of the area. The field trends. observers try to use the same counting points as those

Table 1.12. Seabird monitoring sites in Albania

Area Site Selected Geopositions Main pressure Part of MPA Velipoja 41.88876 19.41087 Proposed MPA Drini delta 41.74169 19.58493 Patoku 41.60226 19.59244 Proposed MPA Lalzi bay 41.41518 19.41238 Karpen 41.18354 19.46575 Osmani marsh 41.03681 19.46179 Adriatic Karavasta 40.94820 19.46020 Coastal development, tourism Semani 40.84160 19.40074 infrastructure, poaching Poroja 40.71030 19.35130 Narta 40.58119 19.39815 Sazan island-Mezokanal- 40.49340 19.27779 National Marine Park Vlora bay Orikumi 40.33336 19.44567 Proposed MPA Ksamil islets 39.77481 19.99372 Ionian NP Butrinti Butrinti 39.72971 20.01651

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Figure 1.11. Seabird monitoring sites in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area

42 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

Figure 1.12. Seabird monitoring sites in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area

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1.2.3.3 Additional research monitoring

Changes in feeding areas due to food availability can be important information for the assessment of the marine environment. Monitoring of the breeding areas does not give information on food availability and at-sea mortality of birds. Such information can be obtained using telemetric methods.

Due to that, in the future period, a telemetric monitoring method for specific seabird species has to be developed and referential data established. The main goal is to find the basic feeding areas and home range during breeding and non-breeding periods and subsequent changes in the distribution and range of target species.

Metal ringing and (mostly) PVC colour-ringing and ring- reading of adult and juvenile seabirds allow collecting data about movements, longevity, annual mortality, recruitment rate etc. of marked populations.

44 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

2. NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES

In the Adriatic Sea, the presence of non-indigenous The NIS monitoring presented in the following chapters is species (NIS) is increasing. Their impact on biological and in line with the SPA/RAC Guidelines within the UNEP/MED ecological diversity as well as on the economy and human WG 461.21 document5 that include all the necessary health becomes increasingly significant. Therefore, complementary information and details to the present monitoring of NIS occurrence, spreading and impact is of IMP document for NIS. paramount importance.

A national monitoring programme for marine NIS does 2.1. not exist in Albania. Occasionally, NIS have been reported Common indicator from different marine expeditions, research surveys, The common indicator related to the NIS is presented in diploma and doctoral thesis, scientific papers and project Table 2.1. reports. Based on these data, 35 marine alien species have been reported until now for Albania, including Three metrics are proposed as indicators based on the list macroalgae, plants, molluscs, polychaetes, crustaceans, of NIS that are newly introduced via human activity into fish and ascidians. The predominant groups are molluscs the wild per assessment period (6 years). As a reference, (12), macroalgae (9) and fish (7). However, an updated list the year with the most comprehensive data should be or database still does not exist. used as a basis for assessing: . trends in the introduction at 6 year-intervals; Relevant pressure: Increase in maritime traffic, world trade including aquarium trade, aquaculture. . trends in pathways at 6 year-intervals; . CIMPAL indicator at any spatial level. CIMPAL is a GES definition: Non-indigenous species (NIS) introduced standardized, quantitative method for mapping by human activities are at levels that do not adversely alter cumulative impacts of invasive alien species on the ecosystem. marine ecosystems (Katsanevakis et al., 2016).

Table 2.1. Common indicator with regard to EO2 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1)

Common indicator 6: Species population abundance Common indicator 6 is an indicator that summarizes data related to biological invasions in the Mediterranean into simple, standardized and communicable figures and can give an indication of the degree of threat or change in the marine and coastal ecosystem. Furthermore, it can be useful in assessing the effectiveness of management measures in the long run implemented for each pathway but also, indirectly, the effectiveness of the different existing policies targeting alien species in the Mediterranean Sea. GES definition A decreasing abundance of introduced NIS in risk areas. Operational objective Invasive NIS introductions are minimized. GES target The abundance of NIS introduced by human activities reduced to levels giving no detectable impact.

5 There is an ongoing discussion with the contracting parties regarding the guidelines related to marine vegetation and coralligenous. If updated guidelines are published, it shall be considered during the implementation of this IMP document.

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priority since the majority of NIS in Albania belongs to the 2.2. group of species transferred from the vessel (including Selection of the target species recreational boats). Areas that host aquaculture facilities Invasive target species are to be selected following the are also prone to biological invasions. Coastal lagoons Horizon Scanning methodology (Roy et al., 2018), among and are especially important in monitoring those listed in Karachle et al. (2017), giving priority to the already present and highly invasive blue crab. Monitoring species using the pathways other than the Suez Canal MPAs is of paramount importance, due to their high (unaided). The first Horizon Scanning exercise has sensitivity in biodiversity conservation and sociocultural brought to light ten species most likely to be introduced values. in Albania in the near future (Table 2.2). These species are The blue crab Callinectes sapidus has already been characterised by impacts on biodiversity and/or detected and found in high abundance in most of the economy. Among them, two species (the lionfish/devil lagoons and river estuaries in Albania. It is important to firefish Pterois miles and the Asian clubbed tunicate Styela monitor their population trends and their long term clava) pose a threat to human health. impact on the native species. For this reason, a Table 2.2. The list of invasive species that are most likely to populate special monitoring program for C. sapidus is proposed Albania, with pathways other than the Suez Canal (unaided)*, ranked separately in this document (see below), also taking into according to their assessed impact, in descending order account that the Albanian coast has 9 lagoons and 9 river (based on Horizon Scanning methodology). mouths and that this species has been recorded in most of them. The overall The overall English impact on impact on Species The selected locations for NIS monitoring (excluding Name biodiversity ecosystem monitoring of Callinectes sapidus) in Albania are shown in score services score Table 2.3. and Figures 2.1. and 2.2. Spaghetti Amathia verticillata 100 300 bryozoan The sites include five ports and two marinas that should Codium fragile Green fleece 64 256 be of the highest priority for NIS monitoring in Albania Mnemiopsis leidyi Sea walnut 64 256 since the presence of NIS is mainly linked to ships, through ballast waters and fouling. Ciona robusta Tunicate 64 254 . Ports of Durrës, Vlora and Saranda have the highest Anadara transversa Transverse arc 60 120 intensity of maritime traffic, with an increasing Lionfish / Devil Pterois miles* 36 144 number of cruising ships from one year to another, firefish besides the usual passenger, cargo, small and fisheries Rope-grass Garveia franciscana 36 144 vessels. hydroid Asian clubbed . Marina of Orikum is the largest on the Albanian coast, Styela clava 36 144 tunicate hosting a considerable number of yachts and other Clytia hummelincki Hydrozoan 36 108 tourist vessels. Megabalanus Titan Acorn . Four areas include aquaculture facilities (in Orikum, 36 108 tintinnabulum Barnacle Porto Palermo, Ksamil and Stillo Cape) that, based on the experience in the Mediterranean and worldwide, * Even if its arrival pathway is the Suez Canal, this species (P. miles) was put on the list because of its impact on human health. facilitate biological invasion. . The six areas other than ports, namely Rodoni Cape, 2.3. Kepi i Lagjit – Spille, Karaburun – Sazan (in Vlora Bay), Selection of the sampling area Bay of Porto Palermo, Ksamil archipelago and Stillo Cape are highly sensitive in biodiversity and socio- Hotspot areas for NIS are ports, marinas, lagoons and cultural aspects, either as existing or proposed MPAs. MPAs. Ports and marinas should be given the highest Furthermore, these areas are mainly predominated by

46 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

hard bottom, where the RAS methodology, diving and A special monitoring programme is proposed for the blue snorkelling survey can be easily applied, and most of crab Callinectes sapidus for the following reasons: the NIS reported for Albania that also had the highest . its presence has already been established along most detection frequency and abundance have been of the Albanian coast, concentrated mainly in lagoons recorded at these sites (based on Katsanevakis et al. and river deltas; 2011). . in some areas it is found in very high abundance, A special focus in the proposed NIS monitoring should be which has obviously impacted the indigenous put on the Vlora Bay area. This area seems to be highly populations of invertebrates, as well as the fish stock, relevant for the NIS, as it includes the MPA Karaburun – causing socio-economic impacts (limited data about Sazan, a passenger port and a fishery port (distant from its impacts have been collected from Vilun and Patok each other), a marina and an aquaculture facility in lagoons, however, specific studies on its impact have Orikum, the Vjosa River mouth, as well as the lagoons of not been carried out in Albania); Narta and Orikum where the blue crab C. sapidus has been . it has already become a serious concern for the local found (see below about the special monitoring fishermen, as it seriously damages the fishing nets; programme for C. sapidus). This monitoring programme . it has also been recorded in the existing and proposed will also facilitate the administration of the MPA MPAs in Albania, albeit with a low detection frequency Karaburun – Sazan, for which NIS monitoring should be and abundance. However, its presence in, or close to one of the tasks included in the MPA Management Plan. the MPAs would be considered alarming, taking into account the quick and massive distribution of this species along the Albanian coast in recent years, as well as the fact that almost all existing and proposed MPAs in Albania (8 in total) are situated a short distance from the coastal lagoons and estuaries, where the blue crab presence has already been established and is abundant.

Nine coastal lagoons (three of them including river mouths in their vicinity) have been proposed as monitoring sites for the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in Albania (Table 2.4 and Figure 2.2).

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Table 2.3. NIS monitoring sampling locations in Albania (excluding monitoring of Callinectes sapidus)

Included in an MPA or Area Site Geoposition NIS hotspot 41.813314 Port of Shëngjin NIS hotspot 19.587242 41.587133 Rodoni Cape Proposed MPA 19.445231 41.311717 Port of Durrës NIS hotspot Adriatic 19.455047 41.146014 Kepi i Lagjit – Spille Proposed MPA 19.437106 Vlora Bay 40.473086; (including Vlora passenger port, Triport fishery port, the marina of NIS hotspot and MPA 19.448228 Orikum, aquaculture facility in Orikum, MPA Karaburun – Sazan) 40.100347; Port of Himara NIS hotspot 19.741506 Bay of Porto Palermo (also including marina and aquaculture 40.063942; NIS hotspot and Proposed facility) 19.793547 MPA Port of Saranda 39.870322; Ionian NIS hot spot (including Saranda passenger port and Limioni fishery port) 20.003628 Ksamil archipelago 39.772997; NIS hotspot and Proposed (including aquaculture facility) 19.99685 MPA Stillo Cape 39.687756; NIS hotspot and Proposed (including aquaculture facility) 19.986183 MPA

Table 2.4. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) sampling locations in Albania

Nr. of monitoring Area Site Geoposition sites at each location 41.868089; Lagoon of Vilun 3 19.451972 41.768097; Lagoon of Kune 3 19.601344 41.746478; Lagoon of Vain 2 19.592194 41.636586; 4 19.591853 Adriatic Lagoon of Rrushkull 41.427242; 3 (one at the river mouth) (including Erzeni River mouth) 19.456408 Lagoon of Karavasta 40.953728; 4 (one at the river mouth) (including Shkumbini River mouth) 19.478625 40.521514; 4 19.448328 40.319656; Lagoon of Orikum 2 19.438511 Lagoon of Butrint 39.751826 Ionian 4 (one at the river mouth) (including the Pavllo River mouth) 20.027535

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Figure 2.1. Non-indigenous species monitoring sites in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area

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Figure 2.2. Non-indigenous species monitoring sites in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area

50 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

photo documentation and collection of samples. Those 2.4. activities need to be done by SCUBA diving, snorkelling or Selection of parameters observation and collection from coastal areas. This is The measurement parameters depend on the risk related particularly so for: to the area and target species. Research should include at . Hard and soft substrata in marinas and ports: Rapid least: assessment survey, snorkelling, diving, wall scrape, 1. Date of collection/detection; settlement panels, benthic grab. 2. Location of record (including depth and habitat); . Water column: phytoplankton samples and zooplankton 3. Taxonomic identification; samples. Only for harbours, a modified CRIMP protocol 4. Abundance data; is suggested as a standard methodology for NIS 5. Assessment of the transport mechanism. collection and assessment. . Vessel hulls (including recreational vessels), ballasts: 2.5. Diving for target species (based on Peters et al., 2019). Sampling frequency . MPAs: Snorkelling/diving for target species. The first mandatory survey of hard and soft substrata (in . Fisheries surveys for target species: Boat-seine Hotspots and MPAs) can be conducted through the Rapid trammel nets. In addition, data can be collected from Assessment Survey (RAS), with subsequent sampling once experimental fishing activities. a year. For details on the RAS see the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring NIS (UNEP/MED. WG 461.21). Fieldwork is based on visual census, photo documentation and collection of samples. Underwater photos/videos and Surveys in ports should be carried out seasonally (winter, data collected in the field on dive slates and logbooks (e.g. spring, summer and autumn). species, number and sizes of fish) should be entered electronically and saved before the end of each sampling Monitoring of NIS in the water column, the first year day, to be used for further statistical analyses. seasonally, and biannually (winter and summer) in subsequent years. Most species need to be identified either in situ by the researchers, or from in situ photos. Samples of small-sized The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) survey is proposed species (< 1 cm) and species that are difficult to identify in with a frequency once every three years. This monitoring the field (e.g., some polychaetes, bryozoans and will be mainly focused on its population trends and its crustaceans) need to be collected for further laboratory impact on indigenous species, related to biodiversity and analysis. Samples must be stored in 90% ethanol. socio-economic aspects. Photos and samples of fish species caught by fishermen Additional data for potential non-indigenous fish species should also be taken into account. Furthermore, social will be collected through fisheries monitoring concerning networks could also be a valuable source of information their sampling frequency. after appropriate validation by experts.

2.6. Assessment of the impact at any spatial level will be based Sampling and measurement methodology on the implementation of the CIMPAL index (Katsanevakis et al., 2016), which requires georeferenced data. Therefore, At each location, a different methodology is applied (see precise georeferenced data is necessary for each species the SPA/RAC guidelines for monitoring NIS (UNEP/MED. record. WG 461.21) and it is always site-specific. This means that sampling methodology and spatial scale of field research (size and depth of profile), are highly dependent on specific location and cannot be completely standardized. The fieldwork methodology is based on visual census,

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2.7. Methodology of laboratory sample processing

Laboratory analysis should be done by using standard laboratory methods e.g. identification under stereomicroscopes/microscopes. Professional literature (identification keys, atlases, books, scientific papers etc.) illustrated with high-quality photos are needed to ensure correct identification. In doubtful cases, photos and/or samples, if necessary, should be sent to a taxonomist from the list of NIS expert networks on a national/regional and/or international scale. Furthermore, in problematic cases, such as finding new species in the geographical region, molecular analyses should be conducted. Voucher specimens of the first NIS records in the country should be deposited in a museum or an institute's collection and be available to other scientists for examination on request.

2.8. Data processing methodology

Validation of national lists of alien species requires:

. thorough revision to exclude misidentifications, unconfirmed, cryptogenic species; and

. harmonisation considering taxonomic and/or nomenclatural issues.

For more details on validation, see Recommendations on standardizing lists (Marchini et al 2015; Zenetos et al., 2017).

Data collection also must be improved by using the citizen science principle, involving the public in observation network, but the derived data need to be quality controlled by taxonomic experts. This can be achieved by sharing information on NIS through different networks and social media (most popular magazines, Facebook, TV, etc).

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3. FISHERIES (EO3)

In Albania, there is no institute dedicated to the collection Montenegro, and the Italian acoustic survey group – of data on the fishery sector. The main data are collected ISMAR-CNR, Ancona, Italy. The acoustic survey is through MARD by the fishing inspectors and dedicated conducted according to the standardized methodology of data collectors, while some other data are collected MEDIAS surveys (MEDIAS handbook, April 2017) revised through the University of Agriculture of Tirana, NGOs and annually. Along with the MEDIAS survey, an experts. These stakeholders are also involved in data ichthyoplankton DEPM survey (Daily Egg Production processing and reporting to different authorities. Method) is conducted in order to determine the biomass of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). Concerning the scientific research and regional cooperation, the main project related to GSA 18 is the FAO Albania is gradually starting to comply with the Data AdriaMed project. The Project aims to promote scientific Collection Reference Framework of GFCM. cooperation among the Adriatic countries (the Republics of Based on the experiences from previous monitoring and Albania, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Slovenia), in line scientific expeditions, and according to the DCRF with the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (UN- programme, the following six species have been confirmed FAO). The Project has been operative since September 1999. as the most economically important species in Albanian AdriaMed aims to contribute decisively to enlarging the fisheries, and all are listed as the Group 1 Priority Species, scope of information on the Adriatic Sea, related to shared according to Appendix A of the GFCM – Data Collection fishery resources and knowledge that is often fragmented Reference Framework version 2019.1: and localised to different territories. Given that biological . European hake (Merluccius merluccius); resources are not limited to geopolitical boundaries, . Red mullet (Mullus barbatus); scientific knowledge of resources within a single nation is . Deep-water pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris); not adequate for the responsible management of those . lobster (Nephrops norvegicus); resources. . European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus); The project has supported several at-sea surveys where . European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus). the most important are the ones related to the survey of Given the above, it is suggested that these species are the demersal resources (MEDITS) and the pelagic resources ones for which the best efforts should be made and the (MEDIAS). common indicators estimated. Following the monitoring AdriaMed trawl Survey for Albania was performed twice, in programme, other species that are considered important 2004 and 2007, while MEDITS has been more regular and should be added, also taking into account their financial except for the sporadic campaigns in the previous decade, implications. starting from 2010, it has been regularly conducted in the Definition and description of Common indicators related Albanian waters. to EO3 are presented in Table 3.1. Acoustic surveys have been carried out regularly starting In order to be more complete, the new DCM No. 256 of from 2010 in collaboration with local institutes: 24.4.2019, including its most relevant annexes, has been Agricultural University of Tirana (Fishery and Aquaculture included in the Background document: Thematic monitoring Laboratory), the Institute of Marine Biology – University of programme for EO3-Fisheries.

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3.1. Common indicators

Table 3.1. Common indicators with regard to EO3 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1)

Common Indicator 7: Spawning Stock Biomass This indicator is aimed at providing information about the SSB which is one of the most important stock status indicators and the primary indicator for the reproductive capacity of the stock. Achieving or maintaining good environmental status requires that SSB values are equal to or above SSBMSY (the level capable of producing Maximum Sustainable Yield-MSY). Achieving or maintaining good environmental status requires that SSB values are equal to or above SSBMSY, the level capable of GES definition producing maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The Spawning Stock Biomass is at a level at which reproduction capacity is not impaired. Operational objective State: B > Bthr

Common Indicator 8: Total landing This indicator is aimed at providing information about the level of Maximum Sustainable Yield of commercial species in the Albanian territorial water, the level at which fisheries resources can be exploited without exhausting them and measuring the level of exploitation or total fishing pressure on an ecosystem (including IUU catch and discards). Based on scientific advice, fishing must be adjusted to bring exploitation to levels that maximise yields (or catch) within the boundaries of sustainability. Populations of selected commercially exploited fish and shellfish are within biologically safe limits, exhibiting a population age and GES definition size distribution that is indicative of a healthy stock. Operational objective The total catch of commercial species does not exceed the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and the bycatch is reduced. . Long-Term High Yields GES target . Catch < MSY

Common Indicator 9: Fishing mortality CI9 is an essential component of fishery stock status and a fundamental variable in stock assessment. In general, fishing mortality is defined as the instantaneous rate of mortality of the number of individuals that die due to fishing and can be defined in terms of either the number of fish or biomass of fish. Populations of selected commercially exploited fish and shellfish are within biologically safe limits, exhibiting a population age and GES Definition size distribution that is indicative of a healthy stock. Operational objectives Fishing mortality in the stock does not exceed the level that allows MSY. GES Targets Pressure -FMSY -F0.1 a proxy of FMSY (more precautionary).

Common Indicator 10: Fishing effort CI10 aims to provide information about the amount of fishing gear of a specific type used on the fishing grounds over a given unit of time. It is an essential parameter in the assessment of fish stocks and their effective management. Effort information is needed to interpret changes in the amount of catch, and to regulate fishing efficiency to maximize profit and minimize overfishing. GES Definition Total effort does not exceed the level of effort allowing the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Operational objectives Fishing effort should be reduced by using a multi-annual management plan until there is evidence for stock recovery.

Common Indicator 11: Catch per unit of effort This indicator aims to provide information on the catch per unit of effort (CPUE), expressed as the biomass captured for each unit of effort applied to harvest the stock. CPUE is extensively used by biologists to determine variations in biomass and by economists as a measure of the efficiency of the fleet. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is an indirect measure of the abundance of target species. Changes in the catch per unit effort are GES Definition inferred to signify changes to the target species' abundance. A stable or positive trend in CPUE. Declines in CPUE may mean that the fish population cannot support the level of harvesting. Operational objectives Increases in CPUE may mean that a fish stock is recovering and more fishing effort can be applied.

Common Indicator 12: Bycatch of vulnerable and non-target species (EO1 and EO3) This indicator aims to provide information on the catch of other commercial species that are landed, commercial species that cannot be landed (e.g. undersized, damaged individuals), non-commercial species that are discarded, as well as the incidental catch of endangered or rare species. Incidental catch of vulnerable species is defined here as a subset of bycatch, which includes species that for some reason are considered vulnerable (i.e. long-lived vertebrates with low reproductive rates such as marine mammals, but also sea turtles, seabirds and elasmobranchs). The abundance/trends of populations of seabirds, marine mammals, sea turtles and sharks key species (selected according to their GES Definition actual and total dependence on the marine environment, and their ecological representativeness) are stable or not reduced in a statistically significant way taking into account the natural variability compared to the current situation. Operational objectives Incidental catch of vulnerable species (i.e. sharks, marine mammals, seabirds and turtles) are minimized.

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For the stock assessment of small pelagic species in the 3.2. Adriatic, State-Space Assessment Model (SAM) has been Methodologies and procedures used. Stock assessment is performed for anchovy and sardine at the Adriatic level, GSA 17 and GSA 18 together.

3.2.1. Fishery-dependent data come from official government Common Indicator 7: Spawning Stock Biomass statistics on landing, while fishery-independent data come 3.2.1.1 Methodology from MEDIAS survey. Reference points are determined during benchmark assessment sessions for small pelagics The spawning stock biomass (SSB) is the combined every 3 years. Reference points on biomass are Blim (the weight of all individuals in a fish stock capable of minimum mid-year biomass value of the assessed time reproducing. To calculate the spawning stock biomass, it series) and Bpa (40% above Blim) based on the empirical is necessary to have estimates of the number of fish by approach, while reference points on fishing mortality have length/age group, estimates of the average weight of the been assessed using analytical simulations based on the fish in each length/age group and an estimate of the stock-recruitment relationship. number of mature fish in each length/age group. SSB and

SSBMSY need to be estimated from appropriate quantitative 3.2.1.2 Data collection and processing assessments based on the analysis of catch-at-age and/or Fishery-dependent data used in stock assessment is catch-at-length (to be taken as all removals from the stock obtained through the Data Collection Reference Framework including discards). Where possible, reference points done in Albania, while fishery-independent data comes relative to SSB should be established for each stock. from the results of the Mediterranean Trawl Survey Stocks of European hake (Merluccius merluccius), red (MEDITS) and Mediterranean Acoustic Survey (MEDIAS) mullet (Mullus barbatus), deep-water pink shrimp conducted in Albanian waters. (Parapenaeus longirostris), Norway lobster (Nephrops The MEDITS survey is performed annually, usually during norvegicus), European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), and the summer period. The survey is supported by FAO European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)6 are assessed AdriaMed, performed by the Italian vessel “Pasquale e at the Adriatic level at the annual GFCM Working Groups Cristina”, and in 2018 and 2019 by the Italian vessel “Mizar”. for Stock Assessment of Demersal and Small Pelagic Species. All data and results are submitted through Mediterranean Acoustic Survey (MEDIAS) is performed relevant Stock Assessment Forms (SAF). annually, during the summer period, along with the DEPM survey, and is supported by FAO AdriaMed regional project. The status of stocks is ideally based on a validated stock The survey is performed using the research vessel G.F. assessment model, from which indicators of stock status Dallaporta over a grid of transects perpendicular to the (e.g. biomass, fishing mortality, recruitment) are obtained, coastline between a depth of 20 meters (where possible) and reference points are agreed upon for the selected and a depth of 200 meters over the entire water column. indicators. When possible, analytical stock assessment The intertransect distance is 10 nautical miles, and every models that incorporate both fishery-dependent (e.g. 5 miles along DEPM and CTD station is determined. Four catches) and independent information (e.g. surveys) are pelagic trawls are performed daily during the survey used. Different stock assessment models are used in the (figures 3.1 and 3.2). Data are processed by the Italian GFCM area of application, but recently two methods have MEDIAS team at the regional level, the eastern part of GSA been used for stock assessment of demersal species in the 18 (Montenegro and Albania), and submitted through Adriatic: a tuned version of virtual population models AdriaMed WG SP and GFCM WGSP. (extended survivor analysis – XSA) and statistical catch-at- age analysis (stock synthesis – SS3).

6 All listed species are Group 1 Priority Species, according to Appendix A of the GFCM – Data Collection Reference Framework version 2017.1 (GFCM-DCRF, 2017)

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Figure 3.1. Map of MEDIAS transects and pelagic trawl positions

Figure 3.2. Map of DEPM and CTD stations

56 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

3.2.1.3 Suggestion for monitoring yield fish in the future. This is determined by calculating the within the IMAP framework population weight or biomass that is added every year At the moment, the Management Plan for Pelagic Stocks through recruitment and the growth of young fish and then is in effect in the Adriatic Sea (Recommendation deducting its natural mortality. Yield can be highly variable GFCM/42/2018/8), and the multiannual Management Plan but is related to the growth of fish, stock size, the spawning for Sustainable Demersal Stocks (GFCM/43/2019/5) has stock biomass SSB, the recruitment and the proportion of recently come into effect. the stock harvested by fishing (fishing mortality F).

Stocks of European hake (Merluccius merluccius), red Several analytical methods, based on population mullet (Mullus barbatus), deep-water pink shrimp dynamics of different stocks of demersal and small (Parapenaeus longirostris), Norway lobster (Nephrops pelagic species, have been applied within the GFCM- norvegicus), European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), and WGSAs (Working Groups on Stock Assessment) and are European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)7 are assessed also available in the literature. In the GFCM area, data for at the Adriatic level at the annual GFCM Working Groups the assessment of stocks are collected through stock for Stock Assessment of Demersal and Small Pelagic assessment forms (SAF), which also contain information Species. Data will be collected through National on reference points and outcomes of the assessment (e.g. Programme for fishery data collection of Albania and fishing mortality, exploitation rate, spawning stock scientific surveys MEDITS and MEDIAS. biomass, recruitment etc.). Within the GFCM mandate, a It is suggested that the listed species stock assessments series of stocks are already assessed on an annual basis. continue to be carried out at the regional, Adriatic level, Every year, the Scientific and Advisory Committee (SAC) and data collection will continue according to the GFCM and the Working Group on the Black Sea (WGBS) will DCRF manual. In future, some other species should be identify those species/stocks that should be assessed and considered for the monitoring of SSB, also depending on for which stock assessment form should be provided. the availability of funds. Stocks of European hake (Merluccius merluccius), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), deep-water pink shrimp 3.2.2. (Parapenaeus longirostris), Norway lobster (Nephrops Common indicator 8: Total landings norvegicus), European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), and

3.2.2.1 Methodology European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)8 are assessed Reliable fishing data (i.e. landing and/or catch data), at the Adriatic level at the annual meeting of the GFCM necessary to perform the assessment of the different Working Groups for Stock Assessment of Demersal and stocks, may come from different sources and are usually Small Pelagic Species. derived from a combination of catch reports, logbooks, observers on board, observers at the market and/or at the 3.2.2.2 Data collection and procession landing place, market and/or landing survey, and landing Total landings data is available through the Data statistics from port authorities. Landing/catch information Collection Reference Framework performed in Albania can be measured and classified by species, area, fishing since 2017. It should be noted that total landings data gear used, and other information that can be collected in became available in Albania before 2017, but the the same sampling process. methodology was not completely in line with the DCRF MSY is extensively used as an indicator for fisheries requirements. Data on total landings and catch are management and it is probably the most important yield collected through logbooks and landing declarations for indicator of the landed catch over a specific period. The the vessels with LOA>10 meters for each fishing trip, while sustainable yield of any fish stock is the amount that can be for the smaller vessels (mainly falling into the SSF fished annually without decreasing the stock’s ability to category) it should be done by sampling or by

7 All listed species are Group 1 Priority Species, according to Appendix A of the GFCM – Data Collection Reference Framework version 2017.1 (GFCM-DCRF, 2017) 8 Ibidem.

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questionnaires. Data are first submitted to the Ministry of 3.2.2.3 Suggestion for monitoring within the IMAP Agriculture and Rural Development – Agency for Fishery framework and Aquaculture Services. Data are then stored in their The quality of landings data needs to be improved databases, after which the focal point for the GFCM sends according to the methodology already in place. The first them to the GFCM through DCRF online platform as landings step is to include qualitative data coming from the fleet total by relevant fleet segment and landings total by main segments (Operational Units) related to vessels with commercial species by fleet segment (task II). LOA<10m. There should be proper annual monitoring of In Albania, there is no formal institution responsible for the biological data done according to the DCRF methodology collection of biological data. However, data are usually and in line with the Albanian new DCM No. 256 as of collected from two sources: HYDRA NGO that has several 24.4.2019. Appropriate funding, human resources and experts dealing with the collection of fishery-dependent know-how should be allocated to this task. and independent data and the Agricultural University of Also, staff/experts should be appointed on a mid and Tirana with its Fishery and Aquaculture laboratory. long-term commitment basis for the implementation of Recently, several data collectors coming from the MARD such a task. have joined the team, which has improved the quality of data collected and also removed this responsibility from 3.2.3. the fisheries inspectors. The methodology for the collection Common Indicator 9: Fishing mortality of the biological data is complex and is included in the DCM 3.2.3.1 Methodology No. 256 as of 24.4.2019. However, it should be noted that The status of stocks is ideally based on a validated stock this methodology is in line with the DCRF requirements and assessment model, from which indicators of stock status with the EU Regulation 2017/1004 “on the establishment of (e.g. biomass, fishing mortality, recruitment) are obtained, a Union framework for the collection, management and use and reference points are agreed for the chosen indicators. of data in the fisheries sector and support for scientific When possible, analytical stock assessment models that advice regarding the common fisheries policy”. Albania has incorporate both fishery-dependent (e.g. catches) and four fishing ports (Shëngjin, Durrës, Vlora and Saranda) independent information (e.g. surveys) are used. Different where these data are collected. It should be noted that, stock assessment models are used in the GFCM area of although the GFCM methodology and the DCM are in place, application, but recently two methods were used for stock not all data are collected according to the methodology. assessment of demersal species in the Adriatic: tuned According to GFCM regulations, species that comprise version of virtual population models (extended survivor more than 2% of total landings should be sampled for analysis – XSA) and statistical catch-at-age analysis (stock biological data collection and species that are listed in synthesis – SS3). For the stock assessment of small pelagic Appendix A of DCRF. species in the Adriatic, the State-Space Assessment Model (SAM) has been used. The list of species that has started to be biologically sampled in Albania is shown in Table 3.2. Stocks of European hake (Merluccius merluccius), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), deep-water pink shrimp (Parapenaeus For species that are not listed as main commercial species, longirostris), Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), the total weight of all sampled individuals is measured as European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), and European well as the length of each individual, while for the main anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)9 are assessed at the Adriatic commercial species, the entire set of biological data is level at the annual meetings of the GFCM Working Groups for collected (length, weight, sex, maturity, age) according to Stock Assessment of Demersal and Small Pelagic Species. the DCRF manual. Species are also divided into subcategories, target or bycatch. Data on discard started to be collected according to the DCRF methodology.

9 All listed species are Group 1 Priority Species, according to Appendix A of the GFCM – Data Collection Reference Framework version 2017.1 (GFCM-DCRF, 2017)

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Table 3.2. List of species that have been recently subject to biological sampling in Albania

GROUP 1 : Species that drive the fishery and for Data to be collected which assessment is regularly carried out (Y/N) Note Engraulis encrasicolus Y Merluccius merluccius Y Mullus barbatus Y Mullus surmuletus Y Nephrops norvegicus Y Parapenaeus longirostris Y Psetta maxima N Quantity of landings of species negligible Sardina pilchardus Y Sprattus sprattus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Squalus acanthias N Species not present in landings

GROUP 2 Species which are important in terms of landing and/or economic values at regional and subregional level, and for which assessment is not regularly carried out

Alosa pontica N Species not present in landings Aristaeomorpha foliacea Y Aristeus antennatus Y Boops boops Y Chamelea gallina N Species not present in landings Coryphaena hippurus N Species not present in landings Diplodus annularis N Species not present in landings Eledone cirrhosa Y Eledone moschata Y Galeus melastomus N Species not present in landings Lophius budegassa N Quantity of landings of species negligible Merlangius merlangius N Quantity of landings of species negligible Micromesistius poutassou N Quantity of landings of species negligible Octopus vulgaris Y Pagellus bogaraveo N Quantity of landings of species negligible Pagellus erythrinus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Rapana venosa N Species not present in landings Sardinella aurita N Species not present in landings Saurida undosquamis N Species not present in landings Scomber japonicus YN Scomber scombrus YN Sepia officinalis Y Siganus luridus N Species not present in landings Siganus rivulatus N Species not present in landings Solea vulgaris Y Sphyraena sphyraena N Quantity of landings of species negligible Spicara smaris N Quantity of landings of species negligible Squilla mantis Y Trachurus mediterraneus Y Trachurus picturatus Y Trachurus trachurus Y

GROUP 3 Species within international/ national management plans and recovery and/or conservation action plans; non- indigenous species with the greatest potential impact

Dalatias licha N Quantity of landings of species negligible Dipturus oxyrinchus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Etmopterus spinax N Quantity of landings of species negligible Galeus melastomus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Hexanchus griseus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Mustelus asterias N Quantity of landings of species negligible Mustelus mustelus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Mustelus punctulatus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Myliobatis aquila N Quantity of landings of species negligible Prionace glauca N Quantity of landings of species negligible Pteroplatytrygon violacea N Species not present in landings Raja asterias N Quantity of landings of species negligible Raja clavata N Quantity of landings of species negligible Raja miraletus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Scyliorhinus canicula N Quantity of landings of species negligible Scyliorhinus stellaris N Quantity of landings of species negligible Squalus acanthias N Quantity of landings of species negligible Squalus blainvillei N Quantity of landings of species negligible Torpedo marmorata N Quantity of landings of species negligible Torpedo torpedo N Quantity of landings of species negligible Fistularia commersonii N Species not present in landings Lagocephalus sceleratus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Marsupenaeus japonicus N Quantity of landings of species negligible Metapenaeus stebbingi N Species not present in landings Scomberomorus commerson N Species not present in landings Corallium rubrum N No landings Anguilla anguilla Y

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(Gross Tonnage (GT) and engine power (kW)) based on the 3.2.3.2 Data collection and processing licences that are issued to vessel operators. Fishery-dependent data used in stock assessment is 3.2.4.2 Data collection and processing obtained through the Data Collection Reference Framework done in Albania, while fishery-independent Fishing effort is a measure of the amount of fishing activity data come from the results of the Mediterranean Trawl deployed and it is calculated by multiplying the fishing Survey (MEDITS) and Mediterranean Acoustic Survey capacity deployed by the period of time. Fishing effort is (MEDIAS) done in Albanian waters. Data are processed at reported as a nominal effort by fleet segments (task V.1). the regional level during relevant AdriaMed and GFCM The nominal effort is calculated as a measure of GT for the working group meetings and submitted through Stock specific fleet segment and the total number of fishing days Assessment Forms. for the specific fleet segment. The fishing effort by gears (task V.2) is expressed as a number of fishing days (for 3.2.3.3 Suggestion for monitoring within the IMAP gears that are used on polyvalent vessels, the number of framework fishing days is estimated based on the total number of Stocks of European hake (Merluccius merluccius), red fishing days for specific fleet segments and the number of mullet (Mullus barbatus), deep-water pink shrimp gears used in the specific fleet segment). (Parapenaeus longirostris), Norway lobster (Nephrops 3.2.4.3 Suggestion for monitoring within the IMAP norvegicus), European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), and framework European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)10 are assessed at the Adriatic level at the annual GFCM Working Groups Effort data should be collected following the same for Stock Assessment of Demersal and Small Pelagic methodology by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Species. Data will be collected through the National Development – Agency for Fishery and Aquaculture Programme for fishery data collection of Albanian and Services. More reliable data related to the effort of the scientific surveys MEDITS and MEDIAS. small-scale fisheries need to be included, as well as the use of different methodology to calculate the effort of It is suggested that the stock assessments of the listed stationary uncovered pound nets. Data will be submitted species continue to be assessed at the regional, Adriatic through the DCRF online platform as a fishing effort by level, and data collection will continue according to the fleet segment and fishing effort by gears. GFCM DCRF manual. Where possible, other species should be added for the monitoring of the fishing mortality. 3.2.5. Common Indicator 11: Catch per unit effort 3.2.4. Common Indicator 10: Fishing effort 3.2.5.1 Methodology

3.2.4.1 Methodology The catch per unit of fishing effort (CPUE) is a relative measure of fish stock abundance and can be used to The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development – estimate relative abundance indices; it can also serve as Agency for Fishery and Aquaculture Services is an indicator of fishing efficiency, both in terms of responsible for data collection and sending collected data abundance and economic value. In its basic form, the to MARD focal point for GFCM that submits fishing effort CPUE could be expressed as the captured biomass for data (tasks V.1 and V.2). Data on fishing effort come from each unit of effort applied to species/stock (e.g. total logbooks and reports on catches in terms of time (number catch of a species divided by the total fishing effort: of fishing days, number of hours) and from the Albanian kg/number of fish per long line hook days). Declining National Fishery Registry system in terms of capacity

10 All listed species are Group 1 Priority Species, according to Appendix A of the GFCM – Data Collection Reference Framework version 2017.1 (GFCM-DCRF, 2017)

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trends of this estimator could indicate overexploitation, individual, dead or alive, etc.) are collected and submitted while unchanging value could indicate sustainable through the DCRF online platform. fishing. 3.2.6.2 Data collection and processing The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development – Agency for Fishery and Aquaculture Services is Data on the incidental catch of seabirds, sea turtles, seals, responsible for the collection and submission of CPUE cetaceans, sharks and rays species (Appendix E.1) as data (task V.3). CPUE is expressed as a ratio of total catch identified in the GFCM recommendations by gear and species and nominal effort by fishing gear (GFCM/35/2011/3, GFCM/35/2011/4, GFCM/35/2011/5, (Appendix F.2 of DCRF manual 2019.1). CPUE is reported GFCM/36/2012/2 and GFCM/36/2012/3) and included in by MARD for the Group 1 and Group 2 priority species Annex II (List of Endangered or Threatened Species) and found in catches in Albania. Annex III (List of species whose exploitation is regulated) of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and 3.2.5.2 Data collection and processing Biological Diversity SPA/BD in the Mediterranean of the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment Fishery-dependent data used in CPUE estimation is and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona obtained through the Data Collection Reference Convention), rare sharks and rays (Appendix E.2), are Framework done in Albania and through the data collected through onboard observers and/or self- available via fishing logbooks, landing catches and sampling and transmitted to the GFCM through the DCRF surveys on catches collected by dedicated data collectors, online platform (task III). All this information (measures of fishery inspectors and submitted to the MARD. individuals, gears, fleet segment, etc.) is collected and submitted as a report. 3.2.5.3 Suggestion for monitoring within the IMAP framework 3.2.6.3 Suggestion for monitoring within the IMAP CPUE should be calculated following the same framework methodology by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural All incidental catches of vulnerable species, the Development – Agency for Fishery and Aquaculture information on which is collected by the onboard Services. More reliable data related to the effort of the observers or questionnaires or through self-reporting, will small-scale fishery and a different methodology need to be reported through task III of the DCRF online platform. be included to calculate the CPUE of stationary uncovered The awareness of fishers needs to be raised to comply pound nets. Data will be submitted through the DCRF with the rules regarding registering, reporting and online platform as CPUE by fleet segment and fishing releasing these species. gears.

3.2.6.

Common Indicator 12: Bycatch of vulnerable and non-target species (EO1 and EO3)

3.2.6.1 Methodology

Data on incidental catches of vulnerable species come from logbooks and reports on catches (self-sampling of fisherman) and samplings by onboard observers. All available data (gear, fleet segment, measures of

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4. EUTROPHICATION (EO5)

Eutrophication is a process driven by enrichment of water provision of goods and services, such as algal blooms, by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or dissolved oxygen deficiency, declines in seagrasses, phosphorus, leading to increased growth, primary mortality of benthic organisms and/or fish. Although production and biomass of algae; changes in the balance these changes may also occur due to natural processes, of nutrients causing changes to the balance of organisms; the management concern begins when they are and water quality degradation. The direct and indirect attributed to anthropogenic sources (UNEP(DEPI)/MED consequences of eutrophication are undesirable when WG.444/5 and UNEP/MED WG.463/6). they degrade ecosystem health and/or the sustainable

4.1. Common indicators Table 4.1. Common indicators with regards to EO5 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/5)

Common indicator 13: Concentration of key nutrients in the water column Concentrations of nutrients in the euphotic layer are in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climate GES definition conditions Operational objective Human introduction of nutrients in the marine environment is not conducive to eutrophication (1) Reference nutrients concentrations according to the local hydrological, chemical and morphological characteristics of the un-impacted marine region; (2) Decreasing trend of nutrients concentrations in the water column of human-impacted areas, statistically GES targets defined; (3) Reduction of BOD emissions from land-based sources; (4) Reduction of nutrients emissions from land-based sources

Common indicator 14: Chlorophyll a concentration in the water column Natural levels of algae biomass, water transparency and oxygen concentrations in line with prevailing GES definition physiographic, geographic and weather conditions. Operational objective Human introduction of nutrients in the marine environment is not conducive to (1) Chlorophyll a concentration in high-risk areas below thresholds; GES targets (2) Decreasing trend in chl-a concentrations in high-risk areas affected by human activities.

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4.2. Selection of sampling sites

From the list of coastline stations proposed by the National Environment Agency, 5 transects for sampling at a distance of 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 kilometres from the land

(Table 4.2 and Figure 4.1) are added. The samples will be taken at depths of 0 m, 5 m, 10 m and 2 m above the bottom. Selected 5 transects will allow us to have a full picture of eutrophication and to evaluate the effect of the main pressures from land (rivers, lagoons and urban areas) as well as from the open sea.

Table 4.2. and Figure 4.1 show 21 selected stations at the 5 transects, used for sample collection and measurement and located from the coastal areas to the open sea. A detailed description of monitoring locations is provided in Table 4.3.

Due to current limited capacities, it is proposed to initially start with sampling at coastal and 1 km stations, and to gradually add further offshore stations, based on available funds and capacities, in full compliance with EO5 ecological objective target and Common Indicators (Table 4.1).

4.3. Selection of parameters

Selection of parameters for assessment of eutrophication and achievement of GES is done according to IMAP

Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets (UNEP (DEPI)/MED WG.444/5) and Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance (UNEP (DEPI)/MED IG.22/Inf.7), as well as Commission Decision (EU) 2017/848. The relevant parameters are shown in Table 4.4.

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Table 4.2. Monitoring stations for EO5

Area Station code Location Type* Longitude Latitude Distance (km)

LV01 Laguna Vilunit 1 CM 19.444685 41.857608 0,1 LV02 Laguna Vilunit 2 CM 19.441441 41.846604 1 LV03 Laguna Vilunit 3 OM 19.427948 41.815210 5 LV04 Laguna Vilunit 4 OR 19.409752 41.770800 10 KR01 Kepi i Rodonit 1 CM 19.508286 41.535053 0,1 KR02 Kepi i Rodonit 2 CM 19.499609 41.53266 1 KR03 Kepi i Rodonit 3 OM 19.452066 41.523442 5 KR04 Kepi i Rodonit 4 OR 19.394646 41.511148 10 GM01 Greth i Mesëm 1 CM 19.456744 41.083330 0,1 GM02 Greth i Mesëm 2 CM 19.448078 41.083203 1 Adriatic GM03 Greth i Mesëm 3 OM 19.396391 41.083203 5 GM04 Greth i Mesëm 4 OR 19.338079 41.082327 10 PD01 Plazhi Darzezë 1 CM 19.368639 40.742185 0,1 PD02 Plazhi Darzezë 2 CM 19.359356 40.741947 1 PD03 Plazhi Darzezë 3 OM 19.310532 40.742091 5 PD04 Plazhi Darzezë 4 OR 19.250622 40.742091 10 VL01 Vlorë 1 (Petrolifera) CH 19.451881 40.469239 0,1 VL02 Vlorë 2 CM 19.431759 40.469035 1 VL03 Vlorë 3 CM 19.383836 40.470124 5 VL04 Vlorë 4 OM 19.326329 40.469471 10 VL05 Vlorë – MPA OR 19.277595 40.469261 0,6

* Type – CM – Costal Master, CR – Costal Reference, CH – Costal Hotspot, OM – Offshore Master, OR – Offshore Reference

Table 4.3. Description of monitoring locations for EO5

Location Description Velipojë The location between the of the Buna River and with Laguna Vilunit. Laguna Vilunit The station is located close to the channel connected with pumping stations. Stations at this location have been selected in the northern part of Lalzi Bay, and just in the south of the Rodoni Cape. Kepi i Rodonit Lalzi Bay is a large and new beach with numerous buildings, bars and restaurants along the coast. The coastal station is located in the north of Shkumbini River far from the urban area but close to the southern part of Greth i Mesëm Spille Beach and the northern part of Greth Beach which are under pressure from numerous tourist facilities. The station is located in the area between the estuaries of the Semani River in the north and the Vjosa River in the south. Plazhi Darzezë Most of the 72 km coastline of the region of Fieri is filled with beaches and lagoons. This station is located near the village of Zvërnec, in the southwestern part of the Narta Lagoon. It represents the Vlora lanoline with fine white sand and it is known for high biodiversity. Its benefits include scientific (geomorphological, hydrological), didactic, tourist and economic benefits. In the summer, its surface shrinks significantly.

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Figure 4.1. Monitoring stations for physicochemical and biological parameters in Albania

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Table 4.4. List of key parameters and sub-indicators according to IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets (UNEP (DEPI)/MED WG.444/5)

Common Indicator 13 (EO5): Concentration of key nutrients in the water column

Key parameters Sub-Indicators The concentration of orthophosphate (PO4-P) The concentration of total phosphorous (TP) The concentration of nitrate (NO3-N) The concentration of nitrite (NO2-N) Nutrient ratios (molar) of silica, nitrogen and phosphorus The concentration of ammonium (NH4-N) where appropriate: Si:N, N:P, Si:P The concentration of total nitrogen (TN) The concentration of orthosilicate (SiO4-Si) The concentration of total and dissolved organic carbon

Common indicator 14: Chlorophyll a concentration in the water column

Key parameters Sub-Indicators pH Water Transparency Dissolved oxygen and Saturation Chlorophyll a concentration in seawater Temperature Salinity Concentration of phytoplankton Phytoplankton community composition

4.4. Sampling frequency

The sampling frequency is determined by the variability of confine growing algae in the well-lighted surface layer. the measured parameters and is usually determined by The geographical extent of potentially eutrophic waters how many samples are needed to reliably assess the may vary widely, depending on: differences between two neighbouring mean values. . the extent of shallow areas, i.e. at a depth of ≤ 20 m;

The power of a hypothesis test is affected by three factors: . the extent of stratified river plumes, which can create sample size (n), significance level (alpha): in most scientific a shallow surface layer separated by a halocline from studies α = 0.05, and the “true” value of the parameter the bottom layer, regardless of its depth; being tested. . extended water residence times in enclosed seas leading to blooms triggered to a large degree by The frequency and spatial resolution of the monitoring internal and external nutrient pools; and programme should reflect spatial variation in the eutrophication status and pressures following a risk- . upwelling phenomena leading to autochthonous based approach and the precautionary principle. nutrient supply and high nutrient concentrations from deep water nutrient pools, which can be of natural or The first factor promoting eutrophication is nutrient human origin. enrichment. This explains why the main eutrophic areas will be found primarily not far from the coast, but rather Considering all of the above, sampling frequency for mainly in areas with heavy nutrient loads. However, some coastal locations, which are under the influence of coastal natural symptoms of eutrophication can also be found in waters and other human impacts, will be monitored bi- upwelling areas. In addition, the risk of eutrophication is monthly at five stations near the coast (0.1 km from the linked to the capacity of the marine environment to coast), and seasonally in open waters.

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4.5. Methodology of sampling, measurement and laboratory work

The following section provides detailed scientific and parameters within the Common Indicators for technical considerations related to the current practices Eutrophication, which are necessary for appropriate in monitoring the marine environment, in accordance monitoring (UNEP/MED WG.463/6, 2019). with the IMAP Guidance Factsheets for each of the

Table 4.5. Key nutrients in the water column (CI13)

Monitoring CI13: Methodology and procedures Key nutrients Water sampling is performed using the Niskin sampler or equivalent in accordance with ISO guidelines for sampling, storage and Sample collection handling of samples. EN ISO 5667-3, ISO 5667-14:1998, ISO 5667-3:2003 Nutrient determinations should be carried out as soon as possible after sampling. Ammonia levels should be determined immediately after sampling, while nitrate, phosphate, and silicate levels should be determined within a few hours after sampling, Sample processing with samples protected from light and stored in a refrigerator. If the analysis is not possible within a few hours, then samples must be preserved. Commonly used preservation methods include freezing (for silicate, preferable temperatures are those between – 18°C and –20°C). UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2005, EN ISO 5667-3 Method for the determination of ammonium is based on the formation of the blue coloured indophenol complex, by phenol and + Ammonium hypochlorite in the presence of the NH4 and NH3 species. The reaction requires an elevated temperature or a catalyst. The colour is measured at 630 nm and remains stable for at least 30 hours. The standard method for the determination of nitrite in seawater is based on the reaction of nitrite with an aromatic amine Nitrite leading to the formation of a diazonium compound which couples with a second aromatic amine. The product is an azo dye that is quantified by spectrophotometry. UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2005; Strickland and Parsons, 1972. Nitrate Direct determination by UV spectrophotometric method. The present methods in the analysis of inorganic phosphate in seawater follow essentially the colourimetric method by Murphy Orthophosphate and Riley (1962), which is based on the formation of a highly coloured blue phosphomolybdate complex. The modified procedure described here mainly follows the method outlined by Koroleff (1983). The determination of dissolved silicon compounds is based on the formation of a yellow silicomolybdic acid when an acid sample

M e a s u r e m n t s is treated with a molybdate solution. Orthosilicate This silicomolybdic acid (occurring in two isomeric forms) is then reduced to an intensely blue-coloured complex by adding ascorbic acid as a reductant. The colour is formed within 30 minutes determined at 810 nm and remains stable for several hours. The method for the determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus is based on using a persulphate oxidizing reagent for the Simultaneous decomposition of organic material containing N and P. The oxidizing reagent breaks down organic components, releases determination of phosphorus as phosphate and oxidizes nitrogen components to nitrate. In the simultaneous oxidation of samples, the reaction Total Nitrogen and starts at about pH 9.7 and ends at 4-5. These conditions are established using a boric acid-NaOH system. Total Phosphorus Total nitrogen and total phosphorus are determined by spectrophotometer. + - Ammonium: Symbol: c(NH4 ) Nitrite: Symbol: c(NO2 ) - Nitrate: Symbol: c(NO3 ) Total Nitrogen: Symbol: c(TN) 3- Orthophosphate: Symbol: c(PO4 ) Total Phosphorous: Symbol: c(TP) 3- Orthosilicate: Symbol: c(SiO4 ) The concentration of total and dissolved organic carbon: TOC Unit: μmol/L (micromole per litre) Laboratories carrying out analyses of nutrients have to establish a quality management system according to EN ISO/IEC 17025. Accreditation by a recognized accreditation authority is also recommended. The quality assurance procedures must cover all steps of the nutrient determinations,

Reporting and Quality Assurance including sampling, storage of samples, analytical procedures, maintenance and handling of the equipment as training of the personnel. The laboratory should also take part in interlaboratory comparisons and proficiency testing, e.g. QUASIMEME, to provide external verification of laboratory performance.

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Table 4.6. Chlorophyll-a in the water column (CI14) and related parameters

Monitoring CI14 Concentration of Methodology and procedures Chlorophyll a Water sampling is performed using the Niskin sampler or equivalent in accordance with ISO guidelines for sampling, storage and Sample collection handling of samples. EN ISO 5667-3, ISO 5667-14:1998, ISO 5667-3:2003 It is recommended that the sample drawn from the water sampler should be filtered immediately on board. However, samples may be stored for short periods in the dark and at ~4°C. Sample processing If it is not possible to follow this procedure, the filters should be kept frozen at < -20 °C for no longer than 21 days. If stored longer, a temperature of < -80 °C should be maintained to avoid degradation of chlorophyll a. UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2005 Extraction of chlorophyll a from the filter residue into hot ethanol and spectrophotometric determination of the chlorophyll a concentration in the extract. Measurement Extraction procedures and measurements should be carried out in low light. UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2005 Strickland and Parsons, 1968, ISO 10260 (1992) Symbol: c(Chla) Unit: μg/L (microgram per litre) Data reporting to the IMAP database should follow the requirements of the latest reporting formats, together with QA information on methods used, detection limits, reference values, and any other comments or information relevant to an assessment of the data. It is recommended that laboratories carrying out analyses of Chlorophyll a have to establish a quality management system according to EN ISO/IEC 17025. Accreditation by a recognized accreditation authority is also recommended. The quality assurance procedures must cover all steps of the concentration of chlorophyll a determination, including sampling, storage of samples, analytical procedures, Reporting and maintenance and handling of the equipment as training of the personnel. The laboratory should also take part in interlaboratory Quality Assurance comparisons and proficiency testing, e.g. QUASIMEME, to provide external verification of laboratory performance. Given that a Certified Reference Material (CRM) for chlorophyll is not available, the laboratories should regularly take part in interlaboratory comparisons. Internal methods should be properly validated. As a routine procedure for controlling systematic errors, the use of control charts is recommended. It is common practice in analytical laboratories to run duplicate analyses at frequent intervals as a means of monitoring the precision of analyses and detecting out-of-control situations in R-charts so-called Range (control) charts or Precision charts. This is often done for determinants for which there are no suitable control samples or reference materials available. For chlorophyll a analyses it is recommended to run at least one duplicate sample within every batch of samples. EN ISO/IEC 17025, EN 14996 (2006)

Temperature and Methodology and procedures Salinity (CI14) Sample collection does not apply; EN ISO 5667-3 Temperature and Salinity will be measured in situ by a modern CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) high precision probe equipped Measurement with sensors for salinity and temperature. WOCE, 1991; UNESCO, 1994, UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2005. Temperature: symbol: t; Unit: °C (degree Celsius) Salinity: Symbol: S; Unit: – (dimensionless) Reporting and Data reporting to the IMAP database should be in accordance with the requirements of the latest reporting formats. Quality Assurance It is recommended that laboratories carrying out analyses of salinity establish a quality management system according to EN ISO/IEC 17025.

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pH (CI14) Methodology and procedures A variety of sampling bottles can be used for the collection of nutrient samples. These are commonly deployed on either a CTD -rosette or Sample collection they are clamped to a hydrographic wire and lowered to the prescribed depth. Subsamples for pH should be drawn from sampling bottles as early as possible (after samples for oxygen but before samples for nutrients and salinity) to avoid gas exchange between water and air. Samples should be collected in gas-tight bottles. Bottles should be Sample processing rinsed thoroughly with sample water before filling. Bottles are filled with a laminar flow of sample water, allowing 2-3 bottle volumes to overflow before capping. Bottles should be completely filled, leaving no headspace. Avoid trapping bubbles of air when capping bottles. Samples should preferably be analysed as soon as possible right after sampling. HALCOM, 2017 pH is measured using a glass/combined electrode. Determination of pH using a glass electrode is described in ISO 10523. The NBS pH scale should be used, although not ideal, the NBS scale has to this day been considered to be the best option for the wide range of salinity. Temperature is measured and recorded both during pH measurement and at sampling depth. pH is measured using a glass/combined electrode. Determination of pH using a glass electrode is described in ISO 10523. The NBS pH Measurement scale should be used, although not ideal, the NBS scale has to this day been considered to be the best option for a wide range of salinity. Temperature is measured and recorded both during pH measurement and at sampling depth. A correction for in situ pH (Gieskes 1969) is sometimes applied. A better option is to report measured pH, temperature from pH measurement and in situ temperature. ISO 10523; HALCOM, 2017; Wedborg et al, 2007 Symbol: pH Unit: – (dimensionless) Reporting and Data reporting to the IMAP database should be in accordance with the requirements of the latest reporting formats. Quality Assurance It is recommended that laboratories measuring pH have to establish a quality management system according to EN ISO/IEC 17025. An internal reference material (IRM) should be analysed daily.

Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen Methodology and procedures and Saturation (CI14) Water samples from specified depths are normally collected with water samplers. Various designs are commercially available. The non- Sample collection reversing type sampler such as Niskin is the most widely used. Oxygen in water samples for Winkler analysis must be fixed immediately after collection to eliminate the removal or production of oxygen in the sample. DO samples should be the first to be drawn from the sampling bottles. After fixation, samples should be stored in a dark place at a constant temperature – if possible, the same as the in situ temperature – for at least one hour. The fixed sample should be Sample processing titrated within 24 hours after collection. In some cases, longer storage of the fixed sample is unavoidable, but storage conditions and handling procedures must be validated and clearly documented. Zhang et al. (2002) note that storage under seawater is advisable in such circumstances. For general requirements for sampling, preservation, handling, transport and storage of water samples see EN ISO 5667- 3. Determination of Oxygen by Winkler Titration Method Measurement The reference method for the determination of DO is the Winkler titration to the iodine endpoint. The procedure according to ISO 5813:1983 is fully described in MAP Technical Reports Series No. 163 (UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2005).

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Phytoplankton abundance and community Methodology and procedures composition (CI14) Water sampling is performed using the Niskin sampler or equivalent in accordance with ISO guidelines for sampling, storage and Sample collection handling of samples. EN ISO 5667-3; ISO 5667-14:1998; ISO 5667-3:2003; ISO 5667-9: 1992 Preservation and storage of samples: The most commonly used fixatives are formaldehyde and Lugol’s solution, but it is good practice to observe an alive subsample first. This would allow a better characterization of cells morphology, colour and motility. If the analysis is not possible within a few hours, then samples must be preserved. Acidic Lugol’s solution is recommended since it is less toxic than Sample processing formaldehyde. Fixed samples should be stored at room temperature, in the dark for up to 12 months, but it is recommended to check the colour of the solution, which tends to become lighter with time due to the oxidation of iodine, thus reducing fixation. Quali-quantitative analysis of the subsamples should be performed using the inverted microscope method described by Utermöhl, 1958; Measurement Zingone et al., 1990. in accordance with standard method MEST EN 15204:2014. Reporting and Unit: N (number of cells)/L – cells Quality Assurance Composition of the phytoplankton community

4.6. Data processing

The Eutrophication Working Group delivered a report as . Type IIIW: continental coast, coastal sites not an information document UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.417/Inf.15 influenced/affected by freshwater inputs (Western that proposes common definitions of thresholds, the Basin); baseline, the methods, the criteria and the limit values for . Type IIIE: not influenced by freshwater input (Eastern assessing eutrophication in the Mediterranean and its Basin). sub-regions. Coastal water type III was split into two different sub- Assessment related to the eutrophication in a specific basins, the Western and the Eastern Mediterranean, area is related to the water typology scheme. The according to the different trophic conditions and is well recommended water types for applying eutrophication documented in the literature. assessment are based on hydrological parameters characterizing a certain area dynamics and circulation. Criteria for determination of the major coastal water types The typological approach is based on the introduction of in the Mediterranean, relevant for the eutrophication a static stability parameter (derived from temperature and assessment (applicable for phytoplankton only) as part of salinity values in the water column). As for eutrophication, the EU Commission Decision 2013/480/EU, based on it is accepted that surface density is adopted as a proxy salinity and density are presented in Table 4.7. indicator for the static stability of a coastal marine system.

The following water types are relevant for the Mediterranean: . Type I: coastal sites highly influenced by freshwater inputs; . Type IIA: coastal sites moderately influenced not directly affected by freshwater inputs (Continent influence);

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Table 4.7. Major coastal water types in the Mediterranean (only applicable to phytoplankton) according to the EU Commission Decision

2013/480/EU

Type IIA, IIA Type Type Type I Adriatic IIIW IIIE

σt (density) < 25 25 < d < 27 >27 >27

Salinity < 34.5 34.5 < S < 37.5 >37.5 >37.5

Across the Mediterranean, to assess eutrophication, it is recommended to rely on the classification scheme on Chlorophyll a concentration (μg L-1) in coastal waters as a parameter easily applicable by all Mediterranean countries based on the indicative thresholds and reference values presented in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8. Coastal water types reference conditions and boundaries in the Mediterranean

Coastal Reference conditions Boundaries of Chla Water of Chla (μg L-1) (μg L-1) for G/M***

Gmean 90% Gmean 90% Type I 1,4 3,33* – 3,93** 6,3 10* – 17,7** Type II-A 0,33 0,8 1,5 4,0

Type III-W 0,64 1,7

*applicable to Gulf of Lion **applicable to the Adriatic ***good/moderate

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5. HYDROGRAPHY (EO7)

GES definition: Permanent alteration of hydrographical Apart from the above, climate change certainly conditions does not adversely affect marine ecosystems. contributes to changing sea temperature and salinity and, consequently, to circulation on a time scale greater than Ecological Objective 7 (“Alteration of hydrographical a decade. Therefore, their effect, although not directly conditions”) addresses permanent alterations in the related to local human activity, should be taken into hydrographical regime of currents, waves and sediments account since it can permanently change hydrographic due to new large-scale developments (permanent conditions and, consequently, the ecosystem. In the era of structure lasting more than 10 years) that have the climate changes, alteration of hydrographical conditions potential to alter hydrographical conditions. in the Adriatic Sea became important mainly because For permanent coastal structures (built mainly between a changes occurring during extreme winter will be more depth of 0 to 50 m), the potentially affected habitats are: intense and more frequent in future.

. Mediolittoral and infralittoral benthic habitats (rock Based on historical data in combination with current and sand) observations and existing models, significant changes in . Coastal water pelagic habitats the temperature, salinity and sea level in this part of the Adriatic have been observed, and hence the changes in For permanent offshore structures (as marine/wind water masses and thermohaline circulation. These turbines, drilling/oil rigs,...), the habitats considered will changes are not uniform, they are different in the coastal depend on the location of the structures. In that case, area in relation to the open sea due to the diversity of infralittoral, circalittoral, even perhaps bathyal benthic hydrographic conditions, but they certainly have habitats could be potentially impacted, as coastal waters permanent consequences for the existing ecosystem and and shelf and oceanic waters pelagic habitats. relationships in the food web.

The pressures considered on benthic habitats are: . Physical loss: a permanent change to the seabed

(lasting more than 10 years), including changes in the substrate from the natural seabed substrate to an anthropogenic substrate (e.g. made of concrete or metal, such as the foundations of oil, gas or renewable energy installations) or a man-made structure on the

coast or offshore (e.g. land claim, artificial island). . Permanent changes to hydrological conditions: . Changes in waves, currents and tidal regime; . Changes in sediment transport processes, turbidity and morphology, for sandy sites or sites with natural sediment dynamic; . Changes in salinity or temperature, if the new structure involves water discharge, water extraction or changes in freshwater movements (estuary).

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5.1. Common indicator

Definition and a short description of Common indicator related to EO7 are presented in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1. Common indicator with regard to EO7 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.433/Inf.2)

Common indicator 15: Location and extent of the habitats impacted directly by hydrographical alterations The EO7 Common Indicator reflects the location and extent of the habitats impacted directly by the alterations and/or the circulation changes induced by them: footprints of impacting structures. It concerns area/habitat and the proportion of the total area/habitat where alterations of hydrographical conditions are expected to occur (estimations by modelling or semi-quantitative estimation). GES definition Negative impacts due to the new structure are minimal with no influence on the larger scale coastal and marine system. Operational Alterations due to permanent constructions on the coast and watersheds, marine installations and seafloor anchored objective structures are minimised. Planning of new structures takes into account all possible mitigation measures to minimize the impact on the coastal and GES targets marine ecosystem and its services integrity and cultural/historic assets. Where possible, promote ecosystem health.

5.2. Selection of sampling sites

As reiterated, the parameters (physical, biological, anthropic) related to EO7 in the Albanian part of the Adriatic Sea have not been monitored, or they are in the initial phase of monitoring. There is also a lack of tools, equipment and scientific expertise to carry out this kind of monitoring. For these reasons, a monitoring network for

EO7 is initially proposed only in a pilot area of the Drini and Mati Bays, along four transects (Figure 5.1).

The Mati and Drini Bays are located in a region with intense development of coastline dynamics. It has a length of about 25 km in which the rivers Drini, Mati and Ishmi flow. In this region, there are also three lagoons. The region has erosional dynamics over a length of about 14 km or 60% of its length; accumulation for about 7 km, or a total of 35%, while the rest is in equilibrium. Habitats that populate the region are more affected than those in other areas of the Adriatic.

Monitoring of these parameters in the pilot zone will serve as an experience for the completion of the monitoring network and its implementation throughout the Albanian coastal area.

Based on the experience gained and being equipped with the necessary tools and technology, the full monitoring network, linked with EO5, will be created (Table 5.2, Figure 5.2).

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Figure 5.1. Monitoring stations in the pilot area of Drini and Mati Bays

Table 5.2. Monitoring sites of hydrographical parameters, harmonised with EO5 Area Station code Location Longitude Latitude Distance (km) LV01 Laguna Vilunit 1 19.444685 41.857608 0,1 LV02 Laguna Vilunit 2 19.441441 41.846604 1 LV03 Laguna Vilunit 3 19.427948 41.815210 5 LV04 Laguna Vilunit 4 19.409752 41.770800 10 KR01 Kepi i Rodonit 1 19.508286 41.535053 0,1 KR02 Kepi i Rodonit 2 19.499609 41.53266 1 KR03 Kepi i Rodonit 3 19.452066 41.523442 5 KR04 Kepi i Rodonit 4 19.394646 41.511148 10 KR05 Kepi i Rodonit 5 19.29773 41.48050 24,5 KR06 Kepi i Rodonit 6 19.18404 41.45867 37 GM01 Greth i Mesëm 1 19.456744 41.083330 0,1 GM02 Greth i Mesëm 2 19.448078 41.083203 1 Adriatic GM03 Greth i Mesëm 3 19.396391 41.083203 5 GM04 Greth i Mesëm 4 19.338079 41.082327 10 PD01 Plazhi Darzezë 1 19.368639 40.742185 0,1 PD02 Plazhi Darzezë 2 19.359356 40.741947 1 PD03 Plazhi Darzezë 3 19.310532 40.742091 5 PD04 Plazhi Darzezë 4 19.250622 40.742091 10 VL01 Vlorë 1 (Petrolifera) 19.451881 40.469239 0,1 VL02 Vlorë 2 19.431759 40.469035 1 VL03 Vlorë 3 19.383836 40.470124 5 VL04 Vlorë 4 19.326329 40.469471 10 VL05 Vlorë – MPA 19.277595 40.469261 0,6 VL06 Vlore 6 19.18757 40.46856 30 VL07 Vlore 7 19.09199 40.47132 40

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Figure 5.2. Monitoring stations for hydrographic parameters, associated with eutrophication monitoring, in the Adriatic area

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used. Depth recognition: (i) colour-coded marks at 10 cm 5.3. intervals. The upper side of the disk equals 0 cm. Half and Selection of parameters full meters should be marked to be easily distinguishable; The following parameters related to ecological objective (ii) depth indicator of a winch. EO7 are proposed to be monitored: Substrate . Bathymetry . Temperature The monitoring samples of sediments will be analysed . Salinity once the survey has been carried out by ship. Samples . Transparency should be analysed by accredited laboratories, once every 5 years. So far there have been no estimates of the impact of the coastal and marine structures on the hydrographic conditions. Establishing basic hydrographic monitoring 5.5. will help us gain a better understanding of the baseline Data processing methodology hydrographic conditions necessary for any future The methodology for evaluating the Common Indicator 15 assessment of possible hydrographic alterations of its can be divided into two main stages: impacts on benthic habitats. . Baseline hydrographical conditions characterisation (Monitoring and modelling of actual conditions

5.4. without structure); and Frequency and methodology of sampling and . Assessment of habitats directly affected by measurement hydrographic alterations. Bathymetry Data from the marine environmental monitoring service Bathymetric surveys, such as depth measurements, will COPERNICUS will be used to evaluate offshore baseline be performed by using single-beam and multi-beam conditions in areas where national data are lacking or sonars (echosounders), the SVP probe for measuring the scarce. speed of sound in water, and the panoramic side- scanning sonar for identifying objects on the seabed Bathymetry terrain. All bathymetric surveys will be carried out in Data processing in a narrow hydrographic sense means accordance with the S-44 IHO Special Order standard, cleaning data from noise and reducing all measured and once every 4 years. cleaned depths to a common reference level. In order to obtain a realistic and high-quality representation of the Temperature and salinity bathymetry, recorded data must be cleaned from At each monitoring station, samples will be taken at every incorrectly measured depths (noises) using specific 10 meters of depth, using the CTD high-accuracy software. Noises and false reflections occur when depth is multiparameter probe, while standard alcohol measured with an echosounder. In other words, the thermometers will calculate surface temperature and ultrasonic beam is reflected from the first obstacle it conductivity meters; indirectly, it will calculate surface encounters and the echosounder shows the distance to salinity. The monitoring frequency will be 4 times a year. that obstacle as depth. This obstacle is often a useless noise; for example, suspended materials in water, gas Transparency bubbles, fishes or seabed vegetation. All these different A white disk (Secchi disk) with a 30 cm diameter will noises need to be cleaned to obtain the most accurate measure the transparency. The said disk is supposed to data possible. Due to the action of tidal forces, the sea weigh a minimum of 1.7 kg to avoid the influence of the surface may deviate from the vertical reference level at horizontal water movements while descending quickly. any time. It is necessary to reduce all depths measured at Measuring tape/rope of non-elastic material should be a common reference level. To obtain the reference level,

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data achieved by monitoring sea-level changes at permanent mareographic stations are used. All processed bathymetric data, cleaned from noises and reduced to the appropriate reference level, are used for the creation of a grid, a 3D model of the seabed topography of the surveyed area in the appropriate software.

Temperature and salinity

The processing of data based on CTD measurements depends on the instrument used (CTD instruments produced by different manufacturers). High-precision CTD probes with advanced software support that guarantees precise data on the physical properties and sea parameters must always be used. CTD data processing involves three stages: . exporting raw data, which involves converting all

measured data to specific formats for further processing; . data processing, which involves the analysis of data

obtained directly from measurements (temperature, conductivity, pressure) with those obtained by calculating the measured parameters;

. data visualization, which involves a graphical representation of all measured and benchmark values.

The extent of habitats directly affected by hydrographic alterations is evaluated by interfacing (intersecting) a distribution map of benthic habitats with a pressure map (permanent hydrographic alterations).

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6. COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPES (EO8)

The inclusion of the Ecological Objective 8 as the only EO Currently, there is an annual monitoring report submitted that focuses on the terrestrial part of the coastal zone is a by the Territorial Development Agency (Agjencia e particularity of the IMAP (compared to other regional Zhvillimit te Territorit – AZHT), which regularly monitors monitoring and assessment programmes including MSFD). all new developments on the coast, also through The monitoring under this EO reflects the Barcelona gathering data from municipalities. Convention's ICZM Protocol provisions, by addressing There is also a WebGIS with data from General Local Plans, human activities causing coastal artificialization and thus published on the National Territory Planning Agency (in impacting coastal ecosystems and landscapes. Albanian: AKPT) official website.11 The aim of this kind of monitoring is twofold: (i) to quantify All data from all the above-mentioned agencies are the rate and the spatial distribution of the Mediterranean available at ASIG Geoportal of the State Authority for coastline artificialization and (ii) to gain a better GeoSpatial Information (ASIG). 12 This geoportal is the understanding of the impact that this artificialization has Albanian state-owned central agency responsible for on the shoreline dynamics. surveying, mapping and land registering in Albania, The Albanian coastal area, characterised by a dense and therefore, it is an official Webgis platform of the diverse concentration of economic and natural resources, Government of Albania. has been and continues to be under the pressure of high demand to use and exploit its resources. This pressure 6.1. risks to generate unsustainable development, it can cause Common Indicator unrecoverable damage to natural resources and specific ecosystems of the region and can have a negative impact The only common indicator of the Ecological Objective 8 through continuous degradation of the urban and natural “Coastal Ecosystems and Landscapes” is the Common landscape. Indicator 16 “Length of coastline subject to physical disturbance due to the influence of human-made The Integrated Cross-Sectorial Plan (ICSP) for the Coastal structures” (Table 6.1.). Other indicator belonging to EO8 Belt is the most important planning document for the – “Land use change” still had a status of candidate common integrated management of the coastal area in Albania. It indicator at the time when this text was prepared. is meant to serve as the constitution of the coastal region development, which promotes sustainable economic development, social integrity and protection of the natural assets for the next 15 years.

11 https://akpt.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ff270e99f5be45f19c7b7a1e3e618b27 12 https://geoportal.asig.gov.al/

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Table 6.1. Common indicator related to EO8 (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.433/Inf.2)

Common indicator 16: Length of coastline subject to physical disturbance due to the influence of man-made structures Common indicator 16 is an impact indicator, which assumes that the coastlines occupied by man-made structures are potentially impacted areas. GES definition Physical disturbance to coastal areas induced by human activities should be minimized. Operational objective The natural dynamics of coastal areas are maintained and coastal ecosystems and landscapes are preserved. Proposed targets Negative impacts of human activities on coastal areas are minimized through appropriate management measures.

In the IMAP Indicator fact sheet on CI16, it says that structures with reference coastline. In addition, the share additional country-specific criteria should be taken into of this type of coastline in the country's total coastline account for the definition of targets, measures and needs to be determined. interpretation of results regarding this indicator due to The coastline to be considered as reference coastline strong socio-economic, historical and cultural dimensions should be defined as a fixed official national coastline by in addition to characteristic geomorphological and the responsible Contracting Party (in this case, Albania). In geographical conditions in each respective country Albania, the Integrated Cross-sectoral Plan for the Coast is (reflected in policy documents, strategies and other the document that governs the coastline and sets its country-specific documents). Interpretation of results boundaries. should be left to the countries taking the above criteria into account. Space and airborne earth observation systems are the most suitable tool to conduct the monitoring strategy of 6.2. the EO8 common indicator, i.e. very high resolution (VHR) Monitoring methodology satellite imagery, aerial photographs, laser scanners etc. Beyond earth observation data, identification techniques The monitoring of the Common Indicator 16 entails an and procedures used through GIS tools also have to be inventory of the length and location of all man-made described. structures on the coastline. This includes hard coastal defence structures (breakwaters; seawalls/revetments/ sea dikes; groins; jetties; river mouth structures), ports and 6.3. marinas. Soft techniques such as beach nourishment are Monitoring frequency (temporal resolution) not included in this inventory. According to the IMAP, monitoring of Common Indicator 16 should be carried out every 6 years. Albania, like any The identification procedure of man-made structures other Contracting Party, should fix a reference year in should take into account the minimum size, length, width more recent time interval to eliminate the bias due to old of human-made structures, to be included in the or past man-made infrastructures. inventory: the minimum distance between coastal defence structures should be set to 10 m to classify such segments Monitoring of sandy coastline under anthropogenic as natural, i.e. if the distance between two adjacent pressure could be, if possible, repeated annually (in the coastal defence structures is less than 10 m, the whole same period of the year). segment, including both coastal defence structures, will be classified as artificial. The annual Monitoring Report of the Territorial Development Agency is currently being published in Albania, reflecting a The length of artificial coastline should be calculated as continuous check of all new developments on the coast. the sum of segments on the reference coastline, identified Data/outputs relevant to such monitoring are entered into as the intersection of polylines representing human-made the Agency’s electronic registry.

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6.4. Extent of monitoring area and spatial resolution

The optimal resolution for CI16 monitoring is at least 5 m or 1: 2,000 spatial scale.

In Albania, there are orthophoto images from different periods of recording (resolution 0.2 m).

6.5.

Data processing and data format methodology

The total length of coastline influenced by man-made structures, and the share of this coastline in total country’s coastal length should be provided on a map showing the coastline subject to physical disturbance due to man- made structures (artificial segments) marked with a red line and the rest (natural segments) marked with a green line.

The indicator units are: . km of artificial coastline and percentage (%) of the

total length of the coastline; . percentage (%) of natural coastline on the total length of the coastline.

The assessment output should be reported as a common shapefile format with WGS 84 or ETRS 89 coordinate reference system. Shapefile with other reference systems will also be accepted if provided with a complete .prj file that allows transformations by standard GIS tools. The format for location and extent of artificial structures should be a polyline or a polygon, while for artificial/ natural coastline the selected format should be a polyline.

The details on data submission and formats can be found in UNEP/MED WG.467/10 document “Data Standards and Data Dictionaries for Common Indicators related to Coast and Hydrography”.

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7. CONTAMINANTS (EO9)

The marine environment is particularly vulnerable to chemical pollution. A large number of different hazardous substances reach the marine environment through various input pathways (riverine, coastal, atmospheric and direct inputs through, e.g., ship traffic and offshore industries). Once introduced into the sea, contaminants can be redistributed or transported to the environment by human activity and natural physical and biochemical processes. Contaminants remain in the water and especially in the sediment, from which they can be resuspended. Many substances can also accumulate in biota and thus in the food web. From there they may reach the levels which not only pose a significant risk to marine organisms but also humans through the consumption of contaminated fish and seafood. Therefore, the knowledge and consideration of such processes in the marine environment are crucial in identifying input pathways, which can lead to harm, in order to reduce or eliminate them. Monitoring the pressure deriving from chemical contaminants over time and space is a basic requirement for a quantitative assessment of the environmental status of the seas.

Albania has yet to establish a fully functional monitoring system for marine pollution and comply with monitoring and reporting procedures established within the IMAP and EU Directives.

GES definition: Concentrations of contaminants are at levels not giving rise to pollution effects. Contaminants in fish and other seafood intended for human consumption do not exceed levels established by Community legislation or other relevant standards.

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7.1. Common Indicators

The Table 7.1. presents a short description of CIs of EO9 according to EcAp Fact Sheet: UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/5.

Table 7.1. Common Indicators related to EO9

Common indicator 17: Concentration of key harmful contaminants measured in the relevant matrix (related to biota, sediment, seawater) GES definition Level of pollution is below a determined threshold defined for the area and species. Operational objective Concentration of priority contaminants is kept within acceptable limits and does not increase. (1) Concentrations of specific contaminants below Environmental Assessment Criteria (/EACs) or below reference concentrations; GES target (2) No deterioration trend in contaminants concentrations in sediment and biota from human-impacted areas, statistically defined; (3) Reduction of contaminants emissions from land-based sources.

Common indicator 18: Level of pollution effects of key contaminants where a cause and effect relationship has been established GES definition Concentrations of contaminants are not giving rise to acute pollution events. Operational objective Effects of released contaminants are minimized. Contaminant effects below threshold decreasing trend in the operational releases of oil and other contaminants GES target from coastal, maritime and offshore activities.

Common indicator 19: Occurrence origin (where possible) extent of acute pollution events (e.g. slicks from oil products and hazardous substances) and their impact on biota affected by this pollution. GES definition Occurrence of acute pollution events is reduced to the minimum. Operational objective Acute pollution events are prevented and their impacts are minimized. GES target Decreasing trend in the occurrences of acute pollution events.

Common indicator 20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood GES definition Concentrations of contaminants are within the regulatory limits for consumption by humans. Operational objective Levels of known harmful contaminants in major types of seafood do not exceed established standards. GES target Concentrations of contaminants are within the regulatory limits set by legislation.

Common indicator 21: Percentage of intestinal enterococci concentration measurements within established standards GES definition Concentrations of intestinal enterococci are within established standards. Operational objective Water quality in bathing waters and other recreational areas does not undermine human health. Increasing trend in the percentage of intestinal enterococci concentration measurements within established GES target standards.

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Monitoring Programme implementation, while the 7.2. remaining could be added in the coming years. Common indicator 17: Concentration of key As for the immediate monitoring stations (for the first harmful contaminants measured in the relevant phase), the following stations are proposed for chemical matrix (related to biota, sediment, seawater) contaminants: . Rana e Hedhun (as a reference station); 7.2.1. . Stations at Durrës (1 nearby the Port, 1 at Porto Selection of sampling sites and monitoring areas Romano as “Hot Spot”, due to the previous presence According to the IMAP methodology, sampling sites of Cr and Lindane); should cover coastal and marine areas. The selection of . Stations at Vlora Bay; the sampling sites should consider: . Saranda (Butrinti Lagoon); . Dhërmi (as a reference station). . Areas of concern identified based on the review of the existing information. Except for “hotspot” and “reference” stations, the others . Areas of known past and/or present release of chemical can be considered as long term/master monitoring contaminants and hazardous substances. stations for CI17 (Table 7.2; Fig.7.1 and 7.2). Some of these . Offshore areas where risk warrants coverage monitoring stations defined by an * should be used for the (aquaculture, offshore oil and gas platforms, dredging determination of CI18 parameters (Table 7.2). This would and mining operations, dumping sites). help maintain the coherence for further evaluation of environmental impact and help avoid any duplications in . Reference sites to establish background concentrations, terms of financial and technical costs. reference values and assessment criteria. . Representative sites/areas sensitive to pollution at As for the second phase, other monitoring stations can be sub-regional and local scales. added to the list, including those around deltas and rivers, . Deep-sea sites and sedimentation areas of potential where the environmental impact of industrial and other particular concern. anthropogenic sources is also more evident (Table 7.2; Figure 7.1 and 7.2). . Representative sites in the monitoring of other sea- based (shipping) and atmospheric sources.

In the Albanian Environmental Monitoring Plan for 2019, there are 28 monitoring stations defined for the control of nutrients in sediments and water samples along the coastline, once or twice a year. Still, particular monitoring stations for CI 17 parameters have not been foreseen. In order to include the requirements for EO9 on contaminants (heavy metals-Hg, Cd, Pb; organochlorinated compounds, PAHs and others) as part of the annual monitoring procedures, the current national monitoring plan needs to be adjusted. To avoid possible budgetary restrictions, monitoring stations already designated for nutrients should be used for CI17 and CI18 parameters as well.

The monitoring activities could be divided, to a certain extent, into two phases. The most critical points (sites) should be monitored since the first year of the Integrated

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Table 7.2. Selected monitoring stations of relevance for monitoring efforts related to IMAP CI 17/CI18 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 UNEP(DEPI)/MED 439/15 CR OR CM CM CM CM CM OM OM

X X X X

Offshore Master, OR – Offshore Reference – Offshore Reference OR Master, Offshore Bio. Sed. Wat. Type* Bas.Val./BAC 40.742091 10 X OR 39.867052 0,1 X X CM 48 41.815210 5 X OM 22 41.624095 0,1 X X CM 39 41.373250 0,1 X X 73 40.952555 0,1 CH X X CM 440842 41.036828 0,1 X X CM 19.529823 41.834697 0,1 X X CR 19.250622 19.310532 40.742091 5 l Reference, CH – Coastal Hotspot, OM CH Reference, l Monitoring stations Matrix Lezhë, Rana e Hedhun* Laguna Vilunit 3 Laguna Vilunit 4 LE01 LV03 LV04 19.4279 19.409752 41.770800 10 Velipojë Velipojë VE01 19.396259 41.852037 0,1 X X CM Patoku lagoon Patoku lagoon PL01 19.5768 Name Code Longitude Latitude Dist. (km) Dist. Latitude Longitude Name Code Kepi i Rodonit 1 Kepi i Rodonit 1 Kepi i Rodonit 3 KR01 KR03 19.508286 19.452066 41.535053 41.523442 0,1 5 X X X X CM Kepi i Rodonit 4 Kepi i Rodonit 4 Porto Romano 1 Porto Romano 3 KR03 Shukumbini delta* PR01 Greth i Mesëm 3 19.394646 Greth i Mesëm 4 19.4177 41.511148 Karavasta lagoon* PR03 SH01 1 GM03 19.322888 GM04 Plazhi Darzezë 4 19. KL01 41.366667 X Vlorë 1(Petrolifera) 19.396391 Vlorë 3* 10 41.083203 19.338079 X 41.082327 19.4577 PD04 5 VL01 10 OM X 19.451881 VL03 40.469239 X 0,1 19.383836 OR 40.470124 X 5 OR X X X CH Durrës port* Porto Romano 2 DU01 PR02 Seman 19.462418 19.377175 Plazhi Darzezë 3 41.310889 41.368842 0,1 5 X PD03 SE01 X 19.366061 40.818112 CM 0,1 X X Dhërmi beach (at the end)* Dhërmi beach (at the DB01 19.646856 40.134773 0,1 X X Sarandë SA01 20,000176 20,000176 Sarandë SA01 Butrinti lagoon* BL01 19.992783 39.727858 0,1 X X CR Vlorë 4 Vlorë – MPA Orikum VL05 VL04 OR01 19.277595 19.326329 40.469261 40.469471 19.476230 0,6 10 40.342940 0,1 X X X X X OM OM *Selected monitoring station for CI 18 monitoring *Selected * – Type – CM – Coastal Master, CR – Coasta * – Type CM

Adriatic

Area Ionian

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Figure 7.1. Monitoring stations for CI17 in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area

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Figure 7.2. Monitoring stations for CI17 in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area

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and higher costs for environmental assessment purposes. 7.2.2. In fact, for the mid-long term monitoring programme, it is Parameter selection recommended that seawater monitoring is carried out at the discretion of each country. Still, the monitoring of all, To fully comply with IMAP requirements, the parameters biota, sediments and seawater, at the same monitoring that need to be monitored should be selected in station(s) (in particular those at the sites with a relatively accordance with UNEP (DEPI)/MED WG.444/5, Directive high level of pollution or “hotspots”) is of great 2000/60/EC, EC Regulation 853/2004 and 1881/2006; and importance, as it provides useful information on the all amendments. Specifically, contaminants in biota environmental impact of such contaminants in the areas (tissue and species), sediments and seawater (although of concern. To that end, once the system is fully the latter is not mandatory) that should be analysed and operational for biota and sediments, the network can be monitored are listed as below: expanded (potential third phase) to seawater monitoring . BIOTA: In marine organisms, the whole soft tissue or at a later stage. dissected parts according to sampling and sample preparation protocols, and primarily in bivalve species Sub-indicators: it is recommended that other relevant and/or fish: chemicals (such as tributyltin, TBT) and emerging pollutants are monitored on the basis of a country’s . Trace/Heavy Metals (TM): Total mercury (HgT), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) decision until a firm COP Meeting Decision will be taken. . Organochlorinated compounds (PCBs, Hexachloro- The additional parameters can be monitored after the benzene, Lindane and ∑DDTs) establishment of a fully operational monitoring network . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (US EPA 16 PAHs system, accompanied by the strengthening of research Compounds) and technical capacities and appropriate financial resources, . Lipid content, flesh fresh/dry weight ratio for normalisation purpose ensuring that the system is functioning properly. . SEDIMENTS: In coastal and offshore sediments (<2mm Nevertheless, it could be recommendable to collect, particle size fraction): process and store in a freezer some extra samples until the . Trace/Heavy Metals (TM): Total mercury (HgT), analysis for additional sub-indicators can be undertaken Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) (provided that there is a minimum guarantee that this . Organochlorinated compounds (PCBs, Hexachloro- could be possible for the next 3 or 4 years) for CI17 and benzene, Lindane and ∑DDTs) CI20. This is imperative to have the possibility for future . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (US EPA 16 PAHs analysis and the important information reference they Compounds) might provide, as the samples that are not collected on a . Aluminium (Al), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in the monitoring effort on a specific day cannot be replaced on < 2 mm particle size fraction for normalization the following day. purpose for TM and OCs, respectively. The < 63 µm sediment fraction is recommended to be complementary for metals. 7.2.3. . The lyophilization ratio (dry/wet sediment ratio) Sampling frequency

. SEAWATER (not mandatory): The parameters are: Sampling frequencies concerning biota and sediment are . Trace/Heavy Metals (TM): Total mercury (HgT), in line with the standard frequencies established by the Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) IMAP, where annual and biannual sampling frequencies . Organochlorinated compounds (PCBs, Hexachloro- are a foreseen minimum. benzene, Lindane and ∑DDTs) . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (US EPA 16 PAHs Biota sampling Compounds As for shellfish, the monitoring is performed before the Notwithstanding, the monitoring and the determination spawning period in the spring (April/May) on an annual of contaminants in seawater present specific challenges basis as a minimum.

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The sampling of fish species, including commercial 7.2.4. species, is carried out initially once a year as a minimum Field and laboratory sample collection, sample standard. processing, measurements and reporting

Sediment sampling Detailed scientific and technical considerations related to marine monitoring practices are reflected in the current It is recommended that sediments are sampled initially national practices and capacities related to sample every two years. These frequencies correspond to an collection, sample processing, analytical determination of initial phase of a marine national monitoring programme. the contaminants, reporting and quality assurance. The Sampling frequencies could be further refined after the status presented in Table 7.3. corresponds to the IMAP initial contaminants data and trends are evaluated, or can guidance fact sheet related to the IMAP Common be adjusted in terms of the frequencies of other Indicator 17. monitoring indicators (such as those of nutrients).

Table 7.3. Methodologies for heavy metals, trace elements and organic chemicals (CI17) according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019)

CI17 Purpose/Rationale Sediments are recommended to be sampled by a box-corer or gravity corer (coated in plastic internally for the heavy metals samples); alternatively, a metal Van Veen grab sampler (with top lids) could be also used. The latter guarantees a minimal disturbance of the top sediment layer. Shellfish samples (mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis and/or other commercially important bivalve species) should be collected manually (off the shore or a boat) or by resorting to the diver’s help, depending on the working conditions. Fish samples could be obtained using the fishing boat or at the fishing ports, provided that enough and reliable information can be found on the capture’s location, given the depth Sample collection and date of sampling. Commercially important species of fish should be selected in accordance with the EO3. No 6. Rev. 1 UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA No 12. Rev. 2. UNEP/FAO/IAEA HELCOM-COMBINE, 2017 JAMP, 2018 (OSPAR) JRC, 2014. Rapport scientifique et politique du JRC. EUR 26499 EN. For sediments, the standard sieving fraction processed at the laboratory and analysed should be <2 mm particle size fraction after freeze- drying (e.g. in-house mesh validated methods and/or geological sieving methods). The < 63μm sediment fraction is also recommended to be complementary for metals. Sample processing The lyophilization ratio (dry/wet sediment ratio) should be considered for datasets reporting and data should be reported in dry weight. No 71 UNEP/IAEA/IOC/FAO León et al., 2014.;Galgani et al., 2014. Trace/Heavy Metals (TM) and Aluminium: Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Organic Compounds: Gas or Liquid Chromatography (CG/LC) coupled to a variety of detectors, such as Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) or Measurements Mass Spectrometry (MS). Guidance Document No. 33, 2014 – 084, ISBN 978-92-79-44679-5. TOC: Elemental Analyzer León et al., 2014. . TM: ug/Kg (e.g. Cadmium), mg/Kg (e.g. Zinc), g/Kg (e.g. Aluminium) . OC: ug/Kg (ppb) or mg/Kg (ppm) . TOC: Elemental Analyser (as %) . Particle fractions (as %) Reporting and QA Selected analytical methods and measurements are subject to internal Quality Assurance through National Laboratories QA/QC Protocols and Laboratory accreditations, as well as external Quality Assurance by performing regional interlaboratory QA/QC exercises organized by the UNEP/MAP MED POL/IAEA MESL. No 7 Rev. 2 UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA. No 57 UNEP/IOC/IAEA

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7.3. 7.3.3. Common indicator 18: Level of pollution effects Sampling frequency of key contaminants where a cause-and-effect For CI18, as for CI17 monitoring, “the frequency will be relationship has been established determined by the purpose and the status of the national marine monitoring”. In the initial phase of the monitoring 7.3.1. programme, the species under control should be Selection of sampling sites and monitoring areas collected once a year, always in the same period (April/May), which corresponds to the monitoring period The spatial scope for monitoring should include long- of contaminants in biota for CI17. Again, the frequency can term master stations, distributed spatially and as relevant be adjusted after the evaluation of the initial impact and as a direct function of the assessment of risks and the trends. monitoring purpose (long-term), in line with CI17.

The selection of the sampling sites for the monitoring of 7.3.4. biological effects in the marine environment should Field and laboratory sample collection, sample consider the same particularities as for the CI17. The processing, measurements and reporting selected sites should allow the collection of a realistic Table 7.4. provides the scientific and technical number of samples over the years (e.g. allow sampling of considerations related to the methodology of sampling, a sufficient amount of biota for the selected species measurement and data processing for monitoring of IMAP throughout the programme) (Table 7.2). CI 18 in accordance with related IMAP Guidance Factsheet. The monitoring should be particularly coordinated with the chemical monitoring (CI17), but also with monitoring strategies/programmes of other Ecological Objectives. This is crucial for cost-effective and future-integrated assessment.

7.3.2. Selection of parameters

In marine bivalves (such as Mytilus galloprovincialis) and/or fish (such as Mullus barbatus) the monitoring parameters are: . Lysosomal Membrane Stability (LMS) as a method for general status screening

. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay as a method for assessing neurotoxic effects in aquatic organisms.

. Micronucleus assay as a tool for assessing cytogenetic/ DNA damage in marine organisms.

Having in mind the IMAP recommendations on additional sub-indicators that are to be implemented at the discretion of each country, in the following monitoring cycles, additional parameters could be included, such as sediments toxicity testing methods (e.g. elutriates).

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Table 7.4. Methodologies for CI18 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019)

CI18 Purpose/Rationale The marine organisms collected to perform biomarker and toxicology evaluations should be collected exactly as those for CI17. In this way, the integrated chemical-biological assessments of the contaminant effects in the marine environment could better support the achievement of GES. Sample collection UNEP(OCA)/MEDWG.132/3, PNUE/RAMOGE (1999), ICES No.315 Rapport. I.M. Davies and D. Vethaak Eds., Novembre, 2012. Preservation, storage and transportation to the laboratory from remote locations are key factors to undertake toxicological measurements in live organisms (e.g. Lysosomal Membrane Stability-neutral Red Retention method). Further, dissections of the parts from marine organisms according to the standard methodologies for biochemical parameters and organism parts will also be undertaken (e.g. gills in Mytilus galloprovincialis). Sample processing Additional parameters that need to be recorded in this step (in the field or at the laboratory) include biometrics (size/length, age), biological parameters such as condition index (mussels), condition factor, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index (fish) and data on temperature, salinity and oxygen dissolved. I.M. Davies and D. Vethaak Eds., Novembre 2012. Cenov et al., 2018. Measurements in marine bivalves (such as Mytilus galloprovincialis) and/or fish (such as Mullus barbatus): . Lysosomal Membrane Stability (LMS): Biological techniques (neutral red retention), including microscopy; Measurements . Αcetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay: Biochemical techniques, including spectrophotometry; . Micronucleus assay: Biochemical techniques, including microscopy. Technical Report – 2014 – 077; Moore, M.N. (1985); Moore, M.N. (1990); Tsangaris et al., 2010; Ben Ameur, 2015 The main units for the agreed toxicological test under IMAP CI18 are: (retention) minutes – Lysosomal Membrane Stability (LMS); nmol/min mg protein in gills (bivalves) for Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay; Reporting and QA The number of cases, ‰ in haemocytes for the Micronucleus assay. ICES Cooperative Research Report. No.315. Integrated marine environmental monitoring of chemicals and their effects. I.M. Davies and D. VethaakEds., Novembre 2012; Martínez-Gómez, C., 2017; Regoli et Giuliani, 2014.

7.4. Common Indicator 19: Occurrence origin (where possible) extent of acute pollution events (e.g. slicks from oil products and hazardous substances) and their impact on biota affected by this pollution

The Barcelona Convention and its Prevention and have addressed the problems of acute pollution from oil Emergency Protocol in the Mediterranean Sea is one of and other hazardous substances. The International the main frameworks that set up the coordination Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and between the Mediterranean States in their joint efforts and Co-operation 1990 (OPRC 90) is the international response to acute pollution events. However, they also instrument that provides a framework designed to require the countries to prepare and develop their facilitate also international cooperation and mutual national systems for responding to oil and HNS pollution assistance in preparing for and responding to major oil incidents, including a designated national authority, a pollution incidents. It provides for the preparedness national operational contact point and a national measures that should be undertaken, in order to ensure contingency plan. This is organized through IMO/REMPEC an effective and immediate response to minimize the in close collaboration with UNEP/MAP. This is also a way adverse consequences of pollution incidents involving oil to comply with several international conventions that and hazardous and noxious substances (HNS).

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Even if such accidents should be investigated and 7.4.3. monitored by competent structures in Albania, further Sampling frequency institutional steps need to be taken, in order to fully comply with the data requirements of the above-mentioned As oil and HNS pollution incidents from ships occur protocols and towards the IMAP CI 19 reporting. unexpectedly (as a consequence of maritime casualties) or are random (MARPOL illicit discharges), the pollution 7.4.1. monitoring will continue to be reported “in real time” Selection of sampling sites and monitoring areas when pollution incidents happen or are detected.

The spatial scope for monitoring this indicator corresponds 7.4.4. to entire regional or sub-regional areas close to shipping Field and laboratory sample collection, sample harbours and petrochemical plants and offshore waters processing, measurements and reporting under the country’s responsibility. Given the above, the monitoring areas could include Port of Shëngjin, Port of In the case of oil and HNS acute pollution events, the Durrës, Porto Romano, Soda Area at Vlora Bay indicator (reported spills over 50 cubic meters) will be (Petrolifera), Port of Vlora, as well as Port of Saranda. obtained from the information on oil and HNS pollution events recorded and submitted annually to the REMPEC 7.4.2. in the Mediterranean Sea. Selection of parameters In addition to monitoring pollution events occurrences The Joint Session of MEDPOL and REMPEC Focal Points against the target, it is recommended to carry out a trend Meeting (1996) agreed to report spillages over 50 cubic analysis in order to measure performance against the meters in the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, the target calculating a % increase or a % decrease in annual following parameters should be reported under the BCRS occurrences. The indicator units are, as stated earlier, (Barcelona Convention Reporting System): cubic meters of spilled substances (and additional parameters accordingly, see above). . accident location (latitude and longitude or the nearest coast location); The data processing seeks the occurrence frequency and . accident type (cargo transfer failure, contact, collision, quantitative statistical analysis. The basis for aggregation engine breakdown, fire/explosion, grounding, would be a “nested approach” over the national marine foundering/weather, hull structural failure, machinery area geographical scale. The trend analyses should breakdown, other); calculate the evolution of oil and HNS incidents over a specific period. Summary of the monitoring approach for . vessel IMO number or vessel name; CI19 is given in the IMAP Factsheet UNEP/MED WG.463/6 . vessel flag; (Table 7.5). . information on whether any product has been released

or not. If yes, the type of product released should be specified (Oil/Hazardous and Noxious Substances); and . information on whether any actions have been taken or

not. If yes, the actions taken should be specified.

Given that all the vessels entering the maritime waters of the Republic of Albania should be registered, the information (parameters) required should be included in the forms. We suggest keeping records even in case of lower amounts of oil spillage (less than 50 cubic meters) in order to enable specific structures to afford this kind of situations.

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Table 7.5. Methodologies for CI19 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019)

CI19 Purpose/Rationale Sample collection (not applicable) Sample processing (not applicable) The current monitoring and reporting are performed by national authorities in the event of a spill of oil or other hazardous chemical substances in the marine environment. There are some specific and internationally agreed protocols in place to address the steps that need to be taken in reporting on those pressures. Both visual and satellite imagery are current practices used for estimating the quantities of oil that enter the marine environment (e.g. tons/year) ITOPF. “Aerial Observation of Marine Oil Spills”, Technical Information Paper 1. ITOPF. “Recognition of Oil on Shorelines”, Technical Information Paper 6. Measurements ITOPF. “Fate of Marine Oil Spills”, Technical Information Paper 2. ITOPF. “Response to Marine Chemical Incidents”, Technical Information Paper 17. IPIECA/IMO/IOGP/CEDRE. “Aerial Observation of Oil Spills” GESAMP (2007) UNEP/IG.74/5, UNEP/MAP, 1987 UNEP/IG.74/5, UNEP/MAP, 1987 MEPC/Circ.318 Reporting is required according to the set standards and requirements established through REMPEC and the Contracting Parties. The Guidelines for Co-operation in Combating Marine Oil Pollution in the Mediterranean (UNEP/IG.74/5, UNEP/MAP, 1987) recommended Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention to report to REMPEC any spillages or discharges of oil over 100 cubic metres. Reporting and QA To align with the revised reporting formats for a mandatory reporting system under MARPOL ("one-line" entry format) adopted by IMO in 1996 (see MEPC/Circ.318), the Joint Session of MED POL and REMPEC Focal Points Meetings, which was held in Attard, Malta on 17 June 2015, discussed the appropriate threshold and concluded that spills of 50 cubic metres should be reported, whereas countries could also opt to report on spillages of lower amounts.

7.5. Common Indicator 20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood

7.5.1. National Environment Agency (NEA) to define the most Selection of sampling sites and monitoring areas appropriate CI20 stations, which would enable monitoring the level of contaminants in wild (mainly) fish The IMAP guidelines specify that the monitoring areas species, connected with CI17 and CI18 stations, as well as should be located using a risk-based approach, for EO3 monitoring. example, to cover fisheries and aquaculture related As part of the first integrated monitoring programme, activities. The approach must be primarily selected in selected stations for veterinary inspections in the marine fisheries areas or aquaculture coastal areas through area will be used for CI20 monitoring (Table 7.6 and environmental monitoring (in line with CI17), aboard Figures 7.3 and 7.4), enabling initial reporting for CI20. fishing fleets (in line with EO3) or sampling within regular Following the results of the first cycle of the integrated inspections by national authorities. The latter has already monitoring, modifications, in line with the above, will be been established in Albania (Table 7.6). However, proposed to better address the necessary integration. coordination should be further strengthened between the Institute of Veterinary and Food Safety (ISUV) and the

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Table 7.6. Selected monitoring stations of relevance for monitoring efforts related to IMAP CI20

Area Monitoring stations Longitude Latitude Maximum level Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Velipojë 19.39626 41.85204 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Shëngjin 19.54631 41.82439 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Adriatic Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Rodoni Cape 19.505167 41.579217 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Rodoni Cape 19.4992 41.57855 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Butrinti Bay 19.989344 39.723875 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Butrinti Bay 19.992344 39.723889 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Ionian Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Butrinti Bay 19.990008 39.725247 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004; Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006; Butrinti Bay 19.992956 39.725269 Regulation (EC) No 853/2004;

7.5.2. human exposure to health risk through the consumption Selection of parameters of potentially poisoned seafood, the determination of sampling frequency and subsequent measurements for Within the targeted fish and shellfish species for this component should be based on the following consumption, the following parameters should be considerations: reported: . The temporal scope is highly linked to the data . The number of detected regulated contaminants* in confidence and uncertainty of the indicator. commercial species. . Annual statistics would be the basic period aligned with . The number of detected regulated contaminants* the defined monitoring approach. exceeding regulatory limits. . Risk-based methodologies to define monitoring are (*reference to the list of regulated contaminants can be recommended. found in the previous CI17 section)

Additional parameters required include sample 7.5.4. identification, location, date and biometrics. Field and laboratory sample collection, sample processing, measurements and reporting Sub-indicators: it is recommended that other relevant The sampling is carried out by the National Food chemicals and emerging contaminants are carried out on Authority, whilst the Institute of Veterinary and Food a country decision basis. Safety is conducting all laboratory and data processing The sub-indicators can be included in the list on a second activities, based on SSH EN 13805/806, 2003; SSH EN phase. 14084, 2003 and an Internal Method 10-PH-001. Nevertheless, according to the IMAP guidelines, the 7.5.3. following criteria should be considered once the sampling Sampling frequency and laboratory analysis activities have been started (Table 7.7). Owing to the challenge to ensure food safety and consumer protection together with the prevention of

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Figure 7.3. Monitoring stations for CI29 in the Adriatic part of the Albanian monitoring area

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Figure 7.4. Monitoring stations for CI20 in the Ionian part of the Albanian monitoring area

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Table 7.7. Methodologies for CI20 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019)

CI20 Purpose/Rationale The sample collection of targeted commercial fish and shellfish species could be easily integrated with CI17 in terms of sample monitoring (e.g. from dedicated fish vessels or artisanal fleets at port). Sample collection It is worth noting that, in any case, the origin (i.e. area) of the fish captures should be precisely known, including detailed field information (e.g. coordinates). No 6 Rev. 1 UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA: Guidelines for monitoring chemical contaminants in marine organisms. (25 p) Sample processing refers to the dissection of the selected parts (e.g. liver, flesh fillet tissue, etc.) or the whole organism (e.g. soft parts) to be performed previously to the analytical determination of contaminants. Samples can be pooled to obtain sufficient sample material; however, this approach should be consistent over time and therefore, specific Sample processing sample processing protocols should be recorded. Additional general parameters required might include sample identification, location, date and biometrics. Spada, L. et al. 2014. Trace/Heavy Metals (TM) and Aluminium: Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry (MS) Organic compounds: Gas or Liquid Chromatography (GC/LC) coupled to a variety of detectors, such as Flame Ionization Detector (FID) Electron Capture Detector (ECD) or Mass Spectrometry (MS) Sub-indicators: other relevant chemicals and emerging pollutants are recommended to be carried out on a country decision basis as agreed under the IMAP Guidance Factsheets. In Albania, sub-indicators can be monitored after the establishment of a fully operational monitoring Measurements network system, accompanied by the strengthening of research and technical capacities and appropriate financial resources, ensuring that the system is functioning properly. Maulvault, A.M. et al. 2015. Perello, G. et al., 2015. Zaza, S. et al. 2015. Percentages of occurrence of contaminants (e.g. number of detected regulated contaminants in commercial species, number of detected regulated contaminants exceeding regulatory limits (the European Regulation EU 1881/2006). As for the analytical QA and determinations, the same approach for CI17 should be taken. Reporting and QA Note: the assessment of this indicator should take advantage of the knowledge by the GFCM/FAO in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as of the methodologies developed for the EU MSFD (Descriptor 9). Maggi, C. et al., 2014. Vandermeersch, G. et al. 2015.

7.6. Common Indicator 21: Percentage of intestinal enterococci concentration measurements within established standards

7.6.1. Selection of sampling sites and monitoring areas

According to the IMAP guidelines, the sampling should be performed at the representative stations of recreational bathing water sites where microbiological pollution could threaten their recreational use. The monitoring programme in Albania is covering 102 monitoring stations concerning the control of bathing water quality (Table 7.2.7). The institution in charge of sampling and monitoring is the Institute of Public Health, which reports the results to the above-mentioned NEA and meets the IMAP requirements.

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Table 7.8. Codes and coordinates of 102 Albanian coastline bathing water monitoring stations

Station Code Location Longitude Latitude Station Code Location Longitude Latitude AL_101 Velipoja E 019.41002⁰ N 41.85 898⁰ AL_536 Kavajë E 019.505754 N 41.219186 AL_102 Velipoja E 019.41309⁰ N 41.86 153⁰ AL_537 Kavajë E 019.458819 N 41.097743 AL_103 Velipoja E 019.41593⁰ N 41. 86 225⁰ AL_538 Kavajë E 019.458478 N 41.094574 AL_104 Velipoja E 019.42399⁰ N 41.86 166⁰ AL_539 Kavajë E 019.457248 N 41.083224 AL_105 Velipoja E 019.42742⁰ N 41.86 111⁰ AL_540 Divjakë E019.4770392 N40.9685885 AL_106 Velipoja E 019.43798⁰ N 41.85 936⁰ AL_541 Divjakë E019.4781548 N40.9696086 AL_107 Velipoja E 019.44502⁰ N 41.85 839⁰ AL_542 Divjakë E019.4770392 N40.9685885 AL_201 Shëngjin E 019.59296⁰ N 41.81 133⁰ AL_543 Seman E 19.370541 N 40.760922 AL_202 Shëngjin E 019.59858⁰ N 41.80 586⁰ AL_544 Seman E 19.374175 N 40.779548 AL_203 Shëngjin E 019.60060⁰ N 41.79 939⁰ AL_545 Seman E019.3617764 N40.7102797 AL_204 Shëngjin E 019.60191⁰ N 41.79 329⁰ AL_701 Vlorë E 019.47 199⁰ N 40.45 537⁰ AL_205 Shëngjin E 019.60261⁰ N 41.78 567⁰ AL_702 Vlorë E 019.47 668⁰ N 40.45 422⁰ AL_206 Tale E 019.58336 N 41.704790 AL_703 Vlorë E 019. 49 436⁰ N 40.44 537⁰ AL_207 Tale E019.583366 N 41.702316 AL_704 Vlorë E 019. 49 425⁰ N 40.43 413⁰ AL_208 Tale E019.582894 N 41.699311 AL_705 Vlorë E 019. 48 647⁰ N 40.41 997⁰ AL_501 Durrës E 019.42988⁰ N 41.32 036⁰ AL_706 Vlorë E 019. 47 896⁰ N 40.40 096⁰ AL_502 Durrës E 019.43188⁰ N 41.31 891⁰ AL_707 Vlorë E 019. 48 336⁰ N 40.38 301⁰ AL_503 Durrës E 019.43430⁰ N 41.31 145⁰ AL_708 Vlorë E 019. 48 229⁰ N 40.36 887⁰ AL_504 Durrës E 019.47005⁰ N 41.31 461⁰ AL_709 Vlorë E 019. 48 300⁰ N 40.35 573⁰ AL_505 Durrës E 019.47620⁰ N 41.31 301⁰ AL_710 Vlorë E 019. 48 364⁰ N 40.34 592⁰ AL_506 Durrës E 019.47807⁰ N 41.31 218⁰ AL_711 Dhërmi E 019.85. 137⁰ N 41.34.562⁰ AL_507 Durrës E 019.48100⁰ N 41.31 096⁰ AL_712 Dhërmi E 019. 63.299⁰ N 40.14.451⁰ AL_508 Durrës E 019.48565⁰ N 41.30 825⁰ AL_713 Dhërmi E 019.63.802⁰ N 40.14.226⁰ AL_509 Durrës E 019.48717⁰ N 41.30 713⁰ AL_714 Dhërmi E 019.63.977⁰ N 40.92.082⁰ AL_510 Durrës E 019.49006⁰ N 41.30 500⁰ AL_715 Himarë E 019.74.464⁰ N 40.10.110⁰ AL_511 Durrës E 019.49442⁰ N 41.30 125⁰ AL_716 Himarë E 019.75.124⁰ N 40.09.868⁰ AL_512 Durrës E 019.49653⁰ N 41.29 956⁰ AL_717 Himarë E 019.75.465⁰ N 40.09.410⁰ AL_513 Durrës E 019.50501⁰ N 41.29 060⁰ AL_718 Himarë E 019.75.460⁰ N 40.09.179⁰ AL_514 Durrës E 019.50603⁰ N 41.28 915⁰ AL_719 Himarë E 019.72.371⁰ N 40.10.715⁰ AL_515 Durrës E 019.50959⁰ N 41.28 461⁰ AL_720 Borsh E 019.84.662 N 40.04.759 AL_516 Durrës E 019.51259⁰ N 41.27 991⁰ AL_721 Borsh E 019.85.472 N 40.04.410 AL_517 Durrës E 019.51362⁰ N 41.27 823⁰ AL_722 Borsh E 019.86.005 N 40.04.034 AL_518 Durrës E 019.51662⁰ N 41.27 200⁰ AL_723 Zvërnec E 019.42.707 N 40.50.450 AL_519 Durrës E 019.51742⁰ N 41.26 965⁰ AL_724 Zvërnec E 019.428 452 N 40.493677 AL_520 Durrës E 019.51842⁰ N 41.26 585⁰ AL_725 Zvërnec E 019.430.877 N 40.490.544 AL_521 Durrës E 019.51877⁰ N 41.26 406⁰ AL_726 Orikum E 019.46.274 N 40.33.109 AL_522 Gjiri i Lalzit E 019.51059⁰ N 41.53 359⁰ AL_727 Orikum E 019.45.400 N 40.32.842 AL_523 Gjiri i Lalzit E 019.51369⁰ N 41.50 970⁰ AL_728 Orikum E 019.42.127 N 40.32.870 AL_524 Gjiri i Lalzit E 019.51361⁰ N 41.50 790⁰ AL_729 Dhërmi E 019.36.474 N 40.09.109 AL_525 Kavajë E 019.51926⁰ N 41.26 021⁰ AL_730 Palasë E 019.58.180 N 40.17.100 AL_526 Kavajë E 019.51941⁰ N 41.25 677⁰ AL_731 Palasë E 019.58.750 N 40.16.586 AL_527 Kavajë E 019.51881⁰ N 41.24 890⁰ AL_801 Sarandë E 019.99.520 N 39.87.000 AL_528 Kavajë E 019.51738⁰ N 41.24 401⁰ AL_802 Sarandë E 020.00.222 N 39.86.851 AL_529 Kavajë E 019.51659⁰ N 41.24 150⁰ AL_803 Sarandë E 020.00.406 N 39.87.262 AL_530 Kavajë E 019.51570⁰ N 41.23 864⁰ AL_804 Sarandë E 020.01.262 N 39.87.294 AL_531 Kavajë E 019.51373⁰ N 41.23 299⁰ AL_805 Sarandë E 020.01.379 N 39.86.881 AL_532 Kavajë E 019.51223⁰ N 41.22 995⁰ AL_806 Sarandë E 020.02.044 N 39.85.037 AL_533 Kavajë E 019.51093⁰ N 41.22 676⁰ AL_807 Ksamil E 019.99.839 N 39.77.317 AL_534 Kavajë E 019.50936⁰ N 41.22 443⁰ AL_808 Ksamil E 019.99.841 N 39.77.123 AL_535 Kavajë E 019.50 456 N 41.22.019 AL_809 Ksamil E 019.99.799 N 39.76.766

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Selection of parameters . However, only three samples need be taken and analysed per bathing season in the case of bathing The selection of parameters is also in conformity with water that either: UNEP/MAP Decision IG.20/9, 2012 and 2006/7/EC. The . monitored parameters are as follows: has a bathing season not exceeding eight weeks; or . is situated in a region subject to special geographical . Percentage of intestinal enterococci concentration constraints. measurements within established standards. . Sampling dates are to be distributed throughout the . Concentration (CFU) of intestinal enterococci in the bathing season, with the interval between sampling sample (normalised to 100 mL) and calculation both the dates never exceeding one month. 95th and 90th percentiles of the LogNormal probability . In the event of short-term pollution, one additional distribution, at each particular site, to classify the sample is to be taken to confirm that the incident has bathing water quality according to the current ended. This sample is not to be part of the set of bathing methodological standards and assessment criteria. water quality data. If necessary, to replace a disregarded sample, an additional sample is to be taken 7.6.2. seven days after the end of the short-term pollution. Sampling frequency The abovementioned requirements are met for this According to Annex IV (EU Directive 2006/7/EC), the component as the frequency is nine times per year (every temporal scope guidance, for each site, is as follows: 2 weeks, in the period May-September). . One sample is to be taken shortly before the start of each bathing season. Taking account of this extra 7.6.3. sample and subject to paragraph 2 (below), no fewer Field and laboratory sample collection, sample than four samples are to be taken and analysed per processing, measurements and reporting bathing season. The Table 7.9. below summarizes the methodologies of sampling, measurements and data processing for CI 21.

Table 7.9. Methodologies for CI21 according to UNEP/MED WG.463/6 (2019)

CI21 Purpose/Rationale Sample collection in selected monitoring stations will be done in accordance with ISO 5667-1, ISO 5667-2 and Annex V of the Directive 2006/7/EC. Sample collection UNEP/MAP MED POL, 2010. Assessment of the state of microbial pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 170 (Amended). Directive 2006/7/EC Preservation, handling and delivery of the water samples to the laboratory are done in accordance with ISO 5667-3 and Annex V of the Directive 2006/7/EC. Water samples must be protected at all stages of transport from exposure to light, in particular direct sunlight. Sample processing The time between sampling and analysis is to be kept as short as possible. It is recommended that samples be analysed on the same working day. If this is not possible for practical reasons, then the samples shall be processed within no more than 24 hours. In the meantime, they shall be stored in the dark and at temperatures of 4°C ± 3°C. Measurements Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci will be performed by membrane filtration method (ISO 7899-2). Classification and quality status of bathing waters are based upon the 90th and 95th percentiles of the log10 normal probability density function of the CFU datasets measured at one single location according to the established monitoring and assessment protocols and standards. A methodology has been proposed by Directive 2006/7/EC, as well as by UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG 20/8. WHO, 2003. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. VOLUME 1: Coastal and fresh waters. WHO Library. ISBN 92 4 154580. Reporting and QA World Health Organisation, 2003. Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive. Intestinal enterococci concentration (CFU/100 ml).

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8. MARINE LITTER (EO10)

Marine litter (ML) is defined as any solid, persistent, manufactured or transformed material which is dumped, 8.2. abandoned, lost at sea or along the coastline. It poses a Beach Marine Litter (CI 22) major threat to marine ecosystems in the Mediterranean The Albanian coastline has a total length of about 380 km, Sea due to its environmental, economic, safety, health out of which nearly 70% are sandy beaches. and cultural impacts. Having in mind land-sea interactions, deposits of litter on The problem of marine litter has received a lot of attention the beaches provides a good indication of the overall lately, in particular in the Adriatic where the amounts pollution with marine litter. When conducting surveys on found along all the Adriatic beaches are considerable and beach marine litter, it is important not only to identify the continually increasing. amount and type of litter found on the beach, but also the rate of deposition of litter and trends in litter pollution. However, the Adriatic region is facing a big gap when it comes Therefore, the assessment of accumulation and loading to marine litter analysis. This results in the lack of appropriate rates with initial and subsequent removal of litter should mitigation measures aimed at reducing this pollution, which be regularly repeated on the same stretch of beach. has become apparent in every country of the region. Also, since the amounts of litter on the shore can be Currently, in Albania, there is no continuous monitoring of relatively easily assessed during surveys carried out by marine litter. Most of the information on the issue comes non – scientists using unsophisticated equipment, it can from different projects, the most important ones including: be concluded that beach surveys are a cost-effective way . DEFISHGEAR; of obtaining a large amount of information. . MEDITS (International bottom trawl survey in the Mediterranean); 8.2.1. . WELCOME. Selection of sampling sites and monitoring areas However, it is important to note that, although data were The sampling sites are selected taking into consideration collected in the course of different projects, most of them the following criteria. The selected beaches should be are consistent with the IMAP requirements. situated: . In the vicinity of ports or harbours; 8.1. . In the vicinity of river mouths; Common indicators . In the vicinity of coastal urban areas; In accordance with the Integrated Monitoring and . In the vicinity of touristic destinations; Assessment Programme of the Mediterranean Sea and . In relatively remote areas; Coast and Related Assessment Criteria (Decision IG.22/7), . On beaches where there are no regular clean-up marine litter monitoring of IMAP is based on the Regional activities. Plan on Marine Litter Management (Decision IG. 20/10, the MLRP) and the agreed common and candidate indicators (Table 8.1). Table 8.1. Common Indicators related to E10

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Common indicator 22: Trends in the amount of litter washed ashore and/or deposited on coastlines Number/amount of marine litter items on the coastline does not have a negative impact on human health, marine GES definition life and ecosystem services The impacts related to properties and quantities of marine litter in the marine environment and coastal Operational objective environment are minimized. GES targets A decreasing trend in the number of/amount of marine litter (items) deposited on the coast.

Common indicator 23: Trends in the amount of litter in the water column including microplastics and on the seafloor Number/amount of marine litter items on the coastline does not have negative impacts on human health, marine GES definition life and ecosystem services The impacts related to properties and quantities of marine litter in the marine environment and coastal Operational objective environment are minimized. GES targets A decreasing trend in the number of/amount of marine litter (items) deposited on the coast.

Candidate indicator 24: Trends in the amount of litter ingested by or entangling marine organisms focusing on selected mammals, marine birds, and marine turtles Trends in the amount of litter ingested by or entangling marine organisms, especially mammals, marine birds and GES definition turtles. Operational objective Impacts of litter on marine life are controlled to the maximum extent practicable (10.2). A decreasing trend in the cases of entanglement or/and a decreasing trend in the stomach content of the sentinel GES Targets species.

In addition, the selected beaches should: Based on the above listed criteria and analysing the . Have a minimum length of 100 m; existing data collected through several projects, as well as . Be characterized by a low to the moderate slope (~1.5- the activities of the National Environmental Agency of 4.5º), which precludes very shallow tidal mudflat areas Albania, the following beaches are included in the that might be kilometres long; national monitoring programme for marine litter (Table . Have clear access to the sea (not blocked by 8.2 and Figure 8.1): Velipojë beach, Shëngjin beach, Tale breakwaters or jetties) in such a way that marine litter beach, Gjiri Lalzit beach, Durrës beach and Vlora beach. is not screened by anthropogenic structures;

. Be accessible to survey teams throughout the year;

. Ideally not be subject to cleaning activities. In case that they are subject to litter collection activities, the timing of non-survey related beach cleaning must be known so that litter flux rates (the amount of litter accumulation per unit time) can be determined. . Posing no threat to endangered or protected species, such as sea turtles, seabirds or shorebirds, marine mammals or sensitive beach vegetation; in many cases, this would exclude protected areas but this may vary depending on local management arrangements.

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Table 8.2. Wider monitoring areas for beach marine litter

Starting Ending Beach Length (km) coordinates coordinates 41.85350 41.85903 Velipojë beach 5.88 19.39582 19.44616 41.81214 41.76566 Shëngjin beach 5.89 19.59140 19.59595 41.72294 41.68239 Tale beach 4.6 19.58127 19.57782 41.54056 41.48172 Gjiri Lalzit beach 6.95 19.50551 19.50667 41.36829 41.21621 Durrës beach 23.7 19.41927 19.50303 40.45097 40.42546 Vlora beach 3.5 19.48664 19.49014

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Figure 8.1. Sites for monitoring marine litter deposited on beaches

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8.2.2. Before any sampling begins, shoreline characterization Frequency and timing of surveys should be completed for each 100m site with GPS coordinates of all four corners of the sampling unit, site ID The survey will take place three times a year in the name should be recorded and a sufficient number of following dynamics: digital photographs should be taken to document the . Winter: mid-December -mid-January; physical characteristics of the monitoring site. . Spring: May; . Autumn: mid-September to mid-October. Size limits and classes. There are no upper size limits to litter recorded on beaches. Litter items with a lower limit The summer period has been excluded from the of 0.5 cm in the longest dimension will be monitored, monitoring proposal due to intensive use of the beaches, ensuring the inclusion of caps, lids and cigarette butts. All as well as the fact that the beaches are cleaned during the items found on the sampling unit should be entered in the season (from May to October), and the assumption that ‘MEDPOL Beach Litter Survey Form”. the data collected during the summer will not be adequate and will not show the right state of marine litter. Quality assurance and quality control should be primarily targeted at the education of the field teams to ensure that 8.2.3. litter collection and characterization are both consistent Methodology for Monitoring Beach Marine Litter across surveys. Investment in communication and the (> 0.5 cm) training of the country/regional and local survey coordinators and managers is therefore critical for survey The methodology for Monitoring Beach Marine Litter is integrity. based on the following methodological approaches and respective documents: 8.2.4. . EU MSFD TG10 “Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Methodology for data processing Litter in European Seas” (2013); The basic analysis involves spreadsheet development, . OSPAR “Guideline for Monitoring Marine Litter on the aggregations per category and type of marine litter items, Beaches in the OSPAR Maritime Area” (2010); mean values and corresponding standard deviation. . UNEP/MAP MEDPOL Monitoring Guidance Document Since there are no available long-term data at the on Ecological Objective 10: Marine Litter (2016); moment, there is no statistical method recommended. Six . IMAP Guidance Factsheets for Marine Litter: years of monitoring is considered as the minimum to UNEP/MED WG.439/12; assess trends. Moreover, at present, there is no agreed statistical method for recommending a minimum number . DeFishGear Methodology for Monitoring Marine Litter of sites that may be representative for a certain length of on Beaches Macro-Debris (>2.5cm). 16 p. the coast. This depends greatly on the purpose of the Monitoring should be performed on a specific sampling monitoring, on the geomorphology of the coast and the unit, defined as a fixed section of a beach covering the number of available sites that meet the criteria described whole area from the strandline to the back of the beach. above. The representativeness of survey sites should be assessed in pilot studies, where initially a large number of At least 1 section of 100 m on the same beach, ideally 2 beaches are surveyed. Subsequently, the selection of sections, is recommended for monitoring purposes, representative beaches from these sites should be made where possible. If two sections are monitored, it is based on statistical analysis. necessary to have a minimum distance of 50 meters between them. The same sites should be monitored for all Expected assessment output includes information on: surveys. In order to identify the start and endpoints of . The abundance of beach marine litter with detailed each sampling unit permanent reference points can be information on densities (items/100 m transect and used and coordinates obtained by GPS. items/m2), different types of material and/or use; . Temporal and spatial distribution;

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. Identified sources; Monitoring sites are shown in Figure 8.2. and Table 8.3, . The most frequent items list found at the regional and based on the number of hauls and depth presented by the national level. MEDITS survey. The figures shown below correspond to those found in the MEDITS strata and hauls performed in Albania, but their position is only proposed in terms of

8.3. depth and importance of monitoring the area near the Seafloor Marine Litter (CI23) most popular beaches. The survey area for the seafloor marine litter is the entire marine area of Albania. Having in mind the large size of the area, as well as required time and resources for surveying, it is recommended to undertake seafloor marine litter monitoring jointly and at the same locations as the

MEDITS survey of demersal fish stock in Albania (see Chapter 3 (EO3)), since they have been conducted regularly, each year since 2010. In this way, sustainability and a rational approach towards using resources would be ensured.

The MEDITS survey uses a depth stratified sampling scheme with a selection of trawling sites (same positions each year) within each stratum. The sampling strata are the following depth zones: 20‐50, 50‐100, 100‐200, 200‐

500 and 500‐800 m.

8.3.1. Selection of seafloor sampling sites

Seafloor sampling sites should be selected in such a way as to ensure that they: . Comprise areas with the uniform substrate (ideally

sand/silt bottom);

. Take into account areas that might accumulate litter; . Avoid areas of risk (presence of munitions), sensitive or protected areas;

. Do not exert impacts on any endangered or protected species.

They should be stratified according to sources (urban, rural, close to riverine inputs) and impacted offshore areas (major currents, shipping lanes, fisheries areas, etc.). Based on the above, the locations for national monitoring of seafloor marine litter in Albania are those used to monitor the demersal resources of the fish populations (in the framework of the MEDITS survey).

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Figure 8.2. MEDITS hauls in Albania, used for monitoring marine litter deposited on the seafloor

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Table 8.3. Geographical coordinates of sites for monitoring marine litter deposited on the seafloor in Albania (MEDITS survey) (SP – starting position, EP – ending position)

HAUL_N Latitude SP Longitude SP Depth (m) SP Latitude EP Longitude EP Depth (m) EP

17 40.71317 19.156 112 40.68767 19.15617 117 2 41.0905 19.415333 14 41.11667 19.41317 14 1 41.562 19.397667 28 41.5375 19.40117 24 4 41.555 19.281833 74 41.52833 19.27717 78 6 41.3945 19.266833 94 41.41933 19.26817 93 8 41.1995 19.354333 60 41.175 19.35267 61 10 40.935 19.203667 89 40.96083 19.20433 87 13 41.31633 19.253667 86 41.291 19.25817 84 16 40.84083 19.162 103 40.8665 19.16283 103 22 40.61617 19.151167 171 40.59333 19.16733 164 23 40.461 19.210833 169 40.48583 19.20583 159 31 40.4825 19.134167 300 40.43317 19.14033 301 41 41.07283 19.262833 77 41.09767 19.26267 78 163 40.7665 19.256333 70 40.74083 19.25267 69 169 40.46333 19.0785 507 40.50233 19.04533 544

8.3.2. benthic debris. Nevertheless, there are some sampling Frequency and timing of surveys restrictions in rocky areas and soft sediments and the method may underestimate the quantities of litter The surveys are conducted once or twice per year, in the present. As pointed out in the 2013 report of the MSFD period May – July, depending on the available resources, Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter, international during the same period for each year. bottom trawl surveys, such as the MEDITS survey in the Mediterranean Sea, provide the most suitable means for The timing of the surveys is fixed to: broad‐scale evaluation and monitoring of seafloor litter. . 30 minutes each for depths at less than 200m; and In the MEDITS survey, a harmonized methodology is used . 60 minutes for depths at more than 200 m. as well as, specifically, a common gear and fishing In case that during the fishing operations the haul gets to operation and sampling scheme (GOV net, 20 mm mesh, stop before the completion of the standard duration, the 30‐60 min tow, covering the entire 20‐800 m depth zone). haul can be considered valid if at least 2/3 of the time or Most importantly, MEDITS provides the means (through the distance has been successfully attained. the use of acoustic equipment) for monitoring the trawl geometry and the accurate estimation of the “swept area”, Hydrographical and environmental information should be a parameter required for recording litter as items per km2. also taken into account. The methodology applied to seafloor marine litter is 8.3.3. based on the EU MSFD TG10 “Guidance on Monitoring of Methodology for monitoring seafloor marine litter in Marine Litter in European Seas (2013)”, the “MEDITS the Continental Shelf (20-800 m) International bottom trawl survey in the Mediterranean, Instructional Manual”, “UNEP/MAP MEDPOL Monitoring The bottom trawling method is considered to be the most Guidance Document on Ecological Objective 10: Marine suitable for large scale evaluation and monitoring of

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Litter (2016)”, as well as DEFISHGEAR Methodology for 8.4. monitoring seafloor litter with bottom trawls. Floating Marine Litter (CI23) Identification of seafloor marine litter takes into Monitoring of floating marine litter is based on consideration the following categories: “UNEP/MAP MEDPOL Monitoring Guidance Document on . Plastic; Ecological Objective 10: Marine Litter (2016)” and . Rubber; methodology applied in DeFishGear project, prepared . Metal; based on the EU MSFD TG10 “Guidance on Monitoring of . Glass/ceramic; Marine Litter in European Seas (2013)”. For monitoring the . Textiles/natural fibres; floating marine litter dedicated approaches for visual . Processed Wood; observations and floating microplastics should be . Other, non-specified types of litter, based on utilised. However, due to limited institutional capacities categories with MEDPOL metadata templates. for this monitoring period, only visual observations shall The unit in which litter will be recorded is the number of be applied (Table 8.4). items and it will be expressed as counts of litter items per square kilometre (litter items/km2). The total weight of 8.4.1. litter items per haul will be recorded, as well as the weight Selection of Sea-Surface sampling sites and sampling per each litter main category. In addition, the total weight frequency of each haul should be recorded, as well as the weight of Monitoring of floating litter by visual observations shall be the commercial fish caught in it. applied in the: . Low-density areas (e.g. open sea); 8.3.4. Methodology for data processing . High-density areas (e.g. close to ports); . Other selected areas e.g. in estuaries, in the vicinity of Basic statistics can be applied during the analysis and cities, in local areas of touristic or commercial traffic; aggregation of the results. The coefficient of variation (i.e. Standard deviation) should be included in the processed . Areas affected by possible impacts due to currents data for seafloor marine litter, to couple the abundance/ from neighbouring areas. density figures (e.g. items/km2). Based on those criteria, the monitoring sites are Velipojë The expected assessment output includes information bay; Shëngjin bay; Gjiri I Lalezit bay; Durrës city coastline on: (From Bishti i Pallës to Karpen); Vlora bay; Himara bay; . marine litter found on the seafloor (if possible, Saranda bay (Table 8.4, Figures 8.3 and 8.4). comparison with the Mediterranean Sea at the basin and sub-basin scale); . abundance, density (items/ha or items/km2), spatial

and temporal distribution and types; . sources to target prevention and reduction measures; . map with existing information, in order to, among other things, assess marine litter accumulation areas

on the seafloor of the entire Mediterranean Sea.

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Table 8.4. Sites (transects) for floating marine litter monitoring

Area Site Latitude SP Longitude SP Latitude EP Longitude EP Length (km)

Velipoja bay 41.85247 19.40217 41.85716 19.44279 4.75 Shëngjin bay 41.80602 19.58410 41.77063 19.58606 7.29 Adriatic Gjiri I Lalzit bay 41.54129 19.49402 41.46486 19.49237 10.02 Durrës 41.32531 19.41765 41.24685 19.51449 17.09 Vlora bay 40.49115 19.42608 40.32814 19.42253 25.07 Himara bay 40.09869 19.74166 40.08950 19.74920 2.378 Ionian Saranda bay 39.86847 19.99045 39.83767 20.00819 6.71

Figure 8.3. Sites for monitoring floating marine litter in the Ionian area

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Figure 8.4. Sites for monitoring floating marine litter in the Adriatic area

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In addition, the same transects that are used for the A. 0.5 cm–5 cm B. 5 cm–10 cm monitoring of seafloor marine litter (in line with the C. 10 cm–20 cm MEDITS survey) shall also be utilised for visual D. 20 cm–30 cm observations of floating litter. Both monitorings should be E. 30 cm–50 cm synchronised over the same period and on the same F. > 50 cm transects (coordinates are shown in Table 8.4). The survey The unit in which litter will be assessed on the sea surface area is defined by the transect width and length. The will be the number of items and it will be expressed as transect width to be used is that of 10 m, however, counts of litter items per square kilometre (litter verification should be made and the width of the items/km2). To compute the exact surveyed area, GPS observation corridor chosen in a way that all items in that coordinates must be recorded regularly (every min) to transect and within the target size range can be seen. obtain an accurate measurement of the travelled transect. Table 8.5 provides a preliminary indication of the observation corridor width, with varying observation 8.4.3. elevation and speed of the vessel. Expected results

Table 8.5. Observation width from different observation levels above No specific statistical tool is required for the analysis of the the sea for a ship's speed of 2 and 6 knots. observed floating marine litter items. However, it is not uncommon that floating marine litter items appear in Observation level Observation width Observation width groups, either because they have been released together of the surveyor (vessel speed (vessel speed above the sea 2 knots= 3.7 km/h) 6 knots= 11.1 km/h) or because they accumulate on oceanographic fronts. The reporting system should acknowledge this and foresee a 1 m 6 m 4 m way to report such groups. The occurrence of such 3 m 8 m 6 m accumulation areas needs to be considered in data 6 m 10 m 8 m evaluation. Along with the litter occurrence data, a series 10 m 15 m 10 m of metadata should be recorded, including geo- referencing (coordinates) and wind speed (m/s). The The transect length will be determined from the latitude accompanying data will allow the evaluation of data in the and longitude of transect start and endpoints obtained by appropriate context. GPS. The same areas should be monitored in all surveys. Expected results of the evaluation should include: The proposed survey period is May – July. . accumulation zones for floating marine litter items; . abundance, density and types of floating marine litter 8.4.2. items in a more precise way; Methodology for monitoring floating marine litter . with marine litter found in other sea compartments. Monitoring of floating marine litter is based on DeFishGear Methodology for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Sea 8.5. Surface – Visual observation. Amount of litter ingested by marine organisms Visual observation is undertaken by vessels, ensuring the (Candidate Indicator 24) detection of litter items in the size range of 0.5 cm to 50 cm Monitoring of marine litter ingested by marine turtles (items larger than 50 cm should also be recorded), along (Caretta caretta) should be conducted by following with the observation transect width of 10m and with the Protocols for Monitoring interactions between marine speed of the boat not higher than 3 knots. All items litter and marine turtles (ingestion and entanglement) to observed in the survey area should be entered into the harmonize methods of data collection for monitoring and ‘Floating Litter Monitoring Sheet’, taking into assessment in the Mediterranean (UNEP/MED WG.464/6, consideration the following size ranges: 2019). Monitoring implies continuous sampling of dead

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sea turtles collected from beaches or at sea from accidental mortalities such as victims of long-line fishing (by-catch) or boat collisions.

Considering that previous studies on micro and macro litter in the fish stomach have shown that the pelagic fish species are more influenced by ingestion in the area of the Southern Adriatic Sea compared to demersal ones (Anastasopoulou, А. et al., 2018); monitoring of microplastics ingested by marine organisms in Albania is proposed for the following types of fish: . Sardina pilchardus . Boops boops . Scomber japonicus . Mullus sp.

Analyses should be carried out by following the DeFishGear Protocol for macro litter ingested in fish stomachs (Anastasopoulou, A and Mytilineou Ch, 2015), and the Protocol included in the “Monitoring Guidance for Marine Litter in European Seas” report (MSFD-TS, 2013).

However, due to limited resources and institutional capacities, this part of the monitoring will not be performed in these monitoring cycles.

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POLICY FRAMEWORK

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9. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK UNDER THE BARCELONA CONVENTION SYSTEM

The legal documents developed under the Barcelona Convention, relevant for the implementation of the national monitoring system, are presented in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1. Policy documents within the Barcelona Convention system

Ecological Objective Barcelona Convention legislative framework Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol, 1995; Entry into force: 1999) Strategic Action Programme for the Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Region (SAP BIO, 2003) Regional Working Programme for the Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean including the High Sea (adopted in 2009) Roadmap for a Comprehensive Coherent Network of Well-Managed MPAs to Achieve Aichi Target 11 in the Mediterranean (adopted in 2016) Regional Action Plans/Strategy on conservation of species and habitats, adopted in the framework of the SPA/BD Protocol: . Action Plan for the management of the Monk Seal in the Mediterranean (adopted in 1987) . Regional strategy for the conservation of Monk seal in the Mediterranean (adopted in 2013; updated in 2019) . Action Plan for the conservation of marine turtles in the Mediterranean (adopted in 1989, last update in 2019) . Action Plan for the conservation of cetaceans in the Mediterranean (adopted in 1991, last update in 2016) . Action Plan for the conservation of bird species registered in annex II of the SPA/BD Protocol (adopted in 2003, last update in 2017) Biodiversity EO1 . Action Plan for the conservation of Marine Vegetation in the Mediterranean Sea (adopted in 1999, last update in 2019) . Action Plan for the conservation of the Coralligenous and other calcareous bio-concretions in the Mediterranean Sea (adopted in 2008, last update in 2016) . Action Plan for the conservation of habitats and species associated with seamounts, underwater caves and canyons, aphotic hard beds and chemo-synthetic phenomena in the Mediterranean Sea (Dark habitats) (adopted in 2013) Updated Reference List of Marine Habitat Types for the Selection of Sites to be Included in the National Inventories of Natural Sites of Conservation Interest in the Mediterranean (2019) UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1. IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Factsheets (Biodiversity and Fisheries). UNEP/MED WG.467/16. Monitoring Protocols for IMAP Common Indicators related to Biodiversity and Non-Indigenous species: . Guidelines for monitoring Cetaceans in the Mediterranean Sea . Guidelines for monitoring Mediterranean monk seal . Guidelines for monitoring seabirds in the Mediterranean . Guidelines for monitoring marine turtles in the Mediterranean . Guidelines for monitoring marine benthic habitats in the Mediterranean Mediterranean Strategy on Ships’ Ballast Water Management Non indigenous Species . Action Plan concerning species introductions and invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea (adopted in 2003, last update in 2016) EO2 UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1. IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Factsheets (Biodiversity and Fisheries). UNEP/MED WG.467/16. Monitoring Protocols for IMAP Common Indicators related to Biodiversity and Non-Indigenous species:

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Ecological Objective Barcelona Convention legislative framework . Guidelines for controlling the vectors of the introduction into the Mediterranean of non-indigenous species and invasive marine species . Guide for risk analysis assessing the impacts of the introduction of non-indigenous species . Guidelines for monitoring non-indigenous species in the Mediterranean Fisheries EO3 UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1. IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Factsheets (Biodiversity and Fisheries). Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) Strategic Action Programme to address pollution from land-based activities (SAP-MED) Eutrophication EO5 UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG. WG.439/12. IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Factsheets (Pollution and Marine litter) UNEP/MED WG.463/6. Monitoring Protocols for IMAP Common Indicators Related to Pollution: . Monitoring protocols for eutrophication Protocol on integrated coastal zone management in the Mediterranean Common Regional Framework on ICZM Hydrography EO7 Conceptual Framework for MSP UNEP/MED WG.467/6 Indicator guidance factsheets for EO7 and EO8 Coast and Hydrography Common Indicators 15, 16 and 25 Protocol on integrated coastal zone management in the Mediterranean Coastal ecosystems and Common Regional Framework on ICZM landscapes EO8 Conceptual Framework for MSP UNEP/MED WG.467/6 Indicator guidance factsheets for EO7 and EO8 Coast and Hydrography Common Indicators 15, 16 and 25 Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) Regional Strategy for the Prevention of and Response to Marine Pollution from Ship (2016-2021) UNEP(DEPI)/MED. Decision IG.20/9. Criteria and Standards for bathing waters quality in the framework of the implementation of Contaminants EO9 Article 7 of the LBS Protocol UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG. WG.439/12. IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Factsheets (Pollution and Marine litter) UNEP/MED WG.463/6. Monitoring Protocols for IMAP Common Indicators Related to Pollution: . Monitoring protocols for contaminants Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) UNEP(DEPI)/MED. Decision IG.20/10. Adoption of the Strategic Framework for Marine Litter management UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.21/9. Decision IG.21/7. Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean in the Framework of Article 15 of the Land-Based Sources Protocol Marine Litter EO10 UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG. WG.439/12. IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Factsheets (Pollution and Marine litter) UNEP/MAP MEDPOL Monitoring Guidance Document on Ecological Objective 10: Marine Litter (2016) UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.461/8 Defining the most Representative Species for IMAP Candidate Indicator 24 and related monitoring Protocol UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.17/10. Decision IG.17/6. Implementation of the ecosystem approach to the management of human activities that may affect the Mediterranean marine and coastal environment UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG 20/8. Decision IG. 20/4. Implementing MAP ecosystem approach roadmap: Mediterranean Ecological and Operational Objectives, Indicators and Timetable for implementing the ecosystem approach roadmap IMAP UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.21/9. Decision IG.21/3. Ecosystems Approach including Adopting Definitions of Good Environmental Status (GES) and Targets UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.22/28. Decision IG.22/7. Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Mediterranean Sea and Coast and Related Assessment Criteria UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG.23/23. Decision IG.23/6. 2017 Mediterranean Quality Status Report

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10. NATIONAL LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

The protection of the marine environment and marine Convention “On International Trade in Endangered biodiversity is subject to all the environmental laws and Species of Wild Fauna and Flora” (CITES), to which Albania bylaws of the Republic of Albania and the international has acceded after the approval of the Law No. 9021, dated conventions, protocols, agreements to which the 6.3.2002 “On the accession of the Republic of Albania to Republic of Albania is a party. the: Convention on international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora”, published in the Official The Albanian Constitution was adopted by the Albanian Journal no. 22, dated 2.4.2003; Parliament in 1998. It requires institutions to maintain a healthy environment, ecologically suitable for present Convention “On the conservation of migratory species of and future generations. In the past decade and especially wild animals (Bonn Convention)” and Agreements for since 2001, a number of laws and other legal acts on the Cetaceans (ACCOBAMS), European populations of bats environment have been drafted and approved. The (EUROBATS), and conservation of African Eurasian Albanian national legal framework is largely harmonized Migratory Water birds (AEWA), which Albania accepted by with the EU legislation. The Albanian legal framework Law No. 8692, dated 16.11.2000 “On the accession of the regarding environmental issues is based on the Republic of Albania to the Bonn Convention: On the Constitution of the Republic of Albania and consists of conservation of migratory species of wild animals” and laws and regulatory acts, such as Decisions of the Council agreements of this Convention”, published in the Official of Ministers (DCM), ministerial acts, regulations, guidelines Journal 43, dated 13.11.2000; and standards. Convention “On Wetlands of International Importance Albania is a party to a considerable number of Multilateral especially as Waterfowl Habitats” (Ramsar Convention), to Environmental Agreements related to biodiversity, which Albania has been a party since 29.2.1996; including but not limited to: Convention “On the protection of the Mediterranean Sea Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to which Albania from pollution” (Barcelona Convention) and the Protocol is a Party since 10.11.1996 and the Nagoya Protocol on on “Specially Protected Areas”, to which Albania became access to genetic resources and sharing of benefits that a Party after the approval of the law “On the accession of arise from their utilization, to which Albania has acceded the Republic of Albania to the Barcelona Convention “On in January 2013 after the approval of Law No. 113/2012 on the protection of the marine environment and coastal 22.11.2012; area of the Mediterranean sea, as well as its 6 accompanying protocols”, published in the Official Convention “On the Conservation of European Wildlife Journal 43, dated 13.12.2000. For the implementation of and Natural Habitats” (Bern Convention), ratified by the this Convention, strategies, action plans and programmes Albanian Parliament by the law “On the ratification of the: have been developed. Albania also ratified the Integrated Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and Coastal Zone Management Protocol in 2011. natural habitats (Bern Convention)”, published in the Official Journal no. 7, dated 4.4.1998; The main laws and bylaws related to environmental protection and assessment include the following:

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. Law No. 107/14 of 31.7.2014 of “On Territory . Law No. 10440, of 7.7. 2011 “For the Planning and Development", amended; environmental impact assessment”, amended; . Law No. 9478, of 16.02.2006 “On the accession of . Law No. 10448, of 14.07.2011 “For the the Republic of Albania to decisions II/14 and environmental permits”, amended; III/7, amendments of Espoo for Environmental . Guidance No. 8, of 27.11.2007 “For the limit level Impact Assessment in the transboundary of noise in specific environments”; context"; . Guidance No. 3, of 19.11.2009 “For the . Law No. 9424, dated 06.10.2005 “On the methodology of assessment of the report of ratification of the strategic environmental environmental impact assessment”; assessment protocol”; . Guidance No. 1037-1, dated 12.4.2011 “For the . Law No. 9010, date 13.2.2003 “For environmental assessment and management of the noise in the administration of solid wastes” as amended by environment”; Law No. 10137, dated 11.05.2009 “On Some . DCM No. 99, of 18.2.2005 “For the approval of the Changes in Legislation in Force for Licenses, Albanian catalogue for the classification of Permits and Authorizations in the Republic of waste”; Albania”; . DCM No. 100, of 3.2.2008 “For the definition of the . 107/14 of 31.7.2014 of “On Territory Planning and hazardous substances”; Development", amended; . DCM No. 177, of 31.03.2005 “For the allowed . Law No. 81/2017 of 4.5.2017, “On protected norms of the liquid discharges and the criteria of areas”; zoning of the receiving water environment”; . Law No. 64/2012 of 31.5.2012 “on Fishery”, . DCM No. 177, of 6.3.2012 “For packaging and amended; their wastes”, amended; . Law No. 10463, of 22.09.2011 “On Integrated . DCM No. 178, dated 6.3.2012 “For the Waste Management”, amended; incineration of waste”; . Law No. 10081, of 23.2.2009 “On Licenses, . DCM No. 419, dated 4.8.2000 “For the hazardous Permits and Authorizations in the Republic of objects”; Albania”, amended; . DCM No. 435, dated 12.9.2002 “For the approval . Law No. 45/2019 of 18.7.2019 “On civil of the norms of discharges into the air in the emergencies”; Republic of Albania”, amended; . Law No. 111, of 15.12.2012 “on Integrated Water . DCM No. 453, dated 23.6.2005 “For the approval Resources Management’’, amended; of the list of equipment that uses ozone- . Law No. 27/2016 of 17.3.2016 “on Management of depleting substances”; Chemicals”; . DCM No. 803, dated 4.12.2003 “For the approval . Law No. 9115, of 24.7.2003 “For the of the norms of air quality”; environmental treatment of polluted waters”, . DCM No. 824, dated 11.12.2003 “For the amended; classification, packaging, labelling and storage of . Law No. 9774, of 12.7.2007 “For the assessment hazardous substances”; and management of the noise in the . DCM No. 853, dated 28.12.2005; “For the approval environment”, amended; of the list of hazardous waste”. . Law No. 10431, of 9.6.2011 “For the protection of

the environment”, amended; The environmental legislation is governed by the Law on Environmental Protection No. 10431, dated June 9, 2013.

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This Law sets out principles, requirements, Plan prepared according to ESMF (Environment and responsibilities, rules and procedures to ensure a higher Social Management Framework) will become an integral level of environmental protection and includes part of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment dispositions for environmental impact assessment as a Reports. The law has provisions on baseline assessments tool for environmental protection, aiming to identify and in the process of planning/ licensing regime /EIA and define the possible direct and indirect effects on the follow-up monitoring of hydrographical and ecological environment mainly to prevent these effects. This Law processes for coastal development projects. establishes national and local policies on environmental The Law No. 81/2017 “on the Protected Areas” regulates protection, requirements for the preparation of the nomination, conservation, administration, management, environmental impact assessments and strategic sustainable use of protected areas (both terrestrial and environmental assessments, requirements for permitting marine PAs) and their natural and biological resources, activities that affect the environment, prevention and based on the principle of sustainable development, to reduction of environmental pollution, environmental fulfil standard environmental, economic, social and norms and standards, environmental monitoring and cultural functions in favour of communities, as well as the control, duties of the state bodies concerning definition of roles and responsibilities of public environmental issues, the role of the public and sanctions institutions and private physical/juridical entities on the imposed for violation of the Law. protection and sustainable administration of PA, through The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 10 440, a) identification, definition and widening of environmentally dated July 7, 2011, has approximated the Council protected areas; b) guarding, protection, rehabilitation Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment and recovery of ecosystems and natural habitats, species, of the effects of public and private projects on the landscapes within protected areas; c) sustainable use of environment. This law aims to protect the environment environmentally protected areas by integrating its through prevention, minimization and compensation of elements in strategic planning and decision-making. The damages from proposed projects which may cause direct institutions competent for protected area nomination and or indirect significant adverse effects on the environment administration are the MTE and the National Agency of due to their size, nature or location before the projects are Protected Areas (NAPA). Classification of protected areas approved. Furthermore, the law defines the guidelines for is in line with the IUCN International classification and the environmental impact assessment, the parties that criteria. The MTE and the NAPA are responsible for: (i) must be involved and the obligation of environmental Proposing areas to be protected; (ii) Preparing the legal authorities to make all existing information for the and managerial procedures to propose and establish a compilation of EIA reports available to project developers. protected area; (iii) Draft management plans for protected Provisions for transboundary impacts are also part of this areas; and (iv) Ongoing monitoring/regulation of law. management.

For any EIA required, the MTE (Ministry of Tourism and The Law No. 9587 on Biodiversity Protection (9587/ Environment) shall inspect the EIA report and the data 20.07.2006) aims to preserve and protect biological presented and shall consult with its experts and other diversity by regulating the sustainable use of its elements appropriate bodies, e.g. cultural heritage, National Agency through the integration of the main elements of of Protected Areas, National and Regional Environmental biodiversity in the strategies, plans, programmes and all Agencies, Local Government, etc. It will then prepare, in levels of decision-making. As the scope of the law on writing, a recommended decision in which the sub-project biodiversity includes aquatic and marine areas, it is a will be either approved or refused, with justification. If the relevant instrument for the conservation, management application is approved, it shall also propose any and monitoring of marine biodiversity, including sea environmental conditions, monitoring requirements, etc., birds. This law is an important part of the country’s to be included in the approval. The Environmental and biodiversity and marine protection legislation, Social Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring implementing CBD or MARPOL.

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The Law No. 8905 on the protection of the marine areas in the world with important pressures from sea- environment from pollution and damage (6 June 2002) based activities (e.g. fishing, coastal defence, etc.). governs the protection of the marine environment of the Existing measures taken to protect the coastal and marine Republic of Albania from pollution and damage, through zone from gravel extraction, shipping, oil and gas prevention and deterrence of such harm caused by extraction, off-shore energy, tourism and land-based human activity in the sea and the coastal zone. Numerous activities (agriculture, urbanization, harbours, industry) activities which are forbidden are outlined in this law, are not sufficient. Addressing the pressures resulting from while the control of the sea environment and sea activity these activities within a complex state structure is an is handled by the Inspectorate for Protection of the important overarching management issue. The Environment (IPE), the Port Authorities, licensing establishment of ecologically significant Marine Protected authorities and other structures as provided by law. The Areas (MPAs) in Albania’s marine zone has been an control over the conditions and qualities of the marine important step. The Council of Ministers’ Decree that environment for purposes of monitoring and recording establishes these MPAs forbids a number of human any changes in the environment is permanent and activities in the protected areas (e.g. industrial activities). continuous. The law has provisions for monitoring The designation of the MPAs will be backed up by Marine chemicals and waste regimes, including the monitoring of Spatial Planning (MSP) which takes into account the views POPs or other groups of chemicals, such as heavy metals. of the socio-economic sectors and the Integrated Coastal The IPE exercises control over the impact produced by the Zone Management strategy. The MSP includes fishery various activities in the marine environment and enforces measures to reduce the effect of fishing on the bottom of the implementation of the environmental law and the the sea in ca. 8% of the Albanian Waters (or 25% of the terms and conditions stipulated in the environmental Special Areas of Conservation) and measures to reduce permit. The IPE interacts with Port Authorities, the Fishing the impact of the sand and gravel extraction. Inspectorate, the State Police and the Coast Guard of the Despite the progress made, regulatory arrangements Republic of Albania. underpinning State of Environment Reports, and other The Law “on Fishery” No. 64/2012 of 31.05.2012, with its processes that would help collect and compile marine amendments clearly responds to the requirements of the environmental data are still missing in Albania. Rules and EC Regulation 1967/2006 (21.12.2006) concerning regulations related to data and information sharing management measures for the sustainable exploitation of concerning the marine/coastal environment are being fishery resources in the Mediterranean Sea. This law has drafted, but have not yet come into effect. Rules and provisions for defining fishing “protected areas” that are procedures related to coordination, management and geographically defined sea areas in which all or certain financing of monitoring activities in the marine fishing activities are temporarily or permanently banned environment should be elaborated and implemented. or restricted, to improve the exploitation and conservation of living aquatic resources or the protection of marine ecosystems, based on a precautionary approach. In this law, there is a chapter on the management of lagoons and other estuarine waters where the management agreements are listed (including no-fishing zones in a specific area around river mouths or natural or artificial lagoon openings). There is also the DCM No. 256 of 24.4.2019 related to the collection, management and use of data in the fishery sector in line with EU Regulation 2017/1004 and the EU Implementing Decision 2016/1251.

The Albanian part of the Adriatic Sea is a sensitive ecosystem and one of the most extensively used marine

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National Environment Agency 10.1. Overview of key institutions and management The National Environment Agency (NEA) is the competent bodies authority for the management of the National Monitoring Network that has been established for carrying out the Inter-Institutional Maritime Operational Centre monitoring of the quality and changes in the status of the (IMOC) environment and in specialized institutions that cover In 2009, the Government of Albania established an Inter- monitoring for the whole territory of the Republic of Institutional Maritime Operational Centre, in order to Albania. respond to the recommendation of the International National Agency for Protected Areas Maritime Organization (within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – The National Agency for Protected Areas (NAPA) is the UNCLOS). This inter-ministerial institution has to ensure main responsible authority in Albania for management of the surveillance of the Albanian maritime space in order the protected areas network, preparation and to carry out the organization, planning, coordination and implementation of management plans for protected direction of operations at sea, in compliance with national areas, as well as for proposing changes and and international maritime legislation. The Ministries improvements of the legal framework for protected areas involved in this institution are the Ministries of the Interior, management. All these activities include marine and Defence, Finance, Environment and Tourism, Forest and coastal environment and, consequently, MPA and CPA Water Administration, Public Works and Transportation, network on a national scale. Agriculture, Food and Consumers’ Protection, Culture, Youth and Sports. The IMOC’s mission is to guarantee the National Coastline Agency management and control of the Albanian maritime This agency is responsible for ensuring the country’s borders, safety out at sea and interaction of the state performance on coastal areas, for organizing the work institutions that have responsibilities and interests within related to the integrated coastal zone management the maritime space. The IMOC is a national institution that (ICZM); inciting investments in the coastal areas; guarantees the sovereignty and sovereign rights of the coordinating development programs and projects that Albanian state in the maritime space through integrated are important for the ICZM; ensuring tourism in line with management of national sources of the institutions that sustainable development in coastal areas through are responsible for and have interests in the sea. inspection and control of tourist activities.

Government institutions Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Ministry of Tourism and Environment This ministry is related to the marine ecosystem, mainly to fisheries and aquaculture activities, through its Sector for This ministry is the main responsible government Fisheries and Aquaculture Policies and Development institution for preparing and implementing national Strategies, the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture policies for nature and biodiversity conservation, Services, and the Food Safety and Veterinary Institute including marine ecosystem, too. Besides its different (their synthetic description is provided below). directorates, this ministry works in close cooperation with three agencies that are under its administration and that Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Services work in the field of monitoring and conservation of marine and coastal environment, namely the National The mission of this Directorate is to provide the necessary Environmental Agency, the National Agency for Protected governmental services related to the management of Areas and the National Coastline Agency (their synthetic fisheries and aquaculture infrastructure and data, as well description is provided below). as to guarantee the implementation of legislation for the protection of fisheries and aquaculture activities in Albania.

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Food Safety and Veterinary Institute Agency are also related to natural resources in marine and coastal areas. This institute is responsible for the protection of consumer’s health from foods of all origins, including Institute of Public Health those coming from the fishery and aquaculture sectors. Over the last two decades, this institute has, in This institute is under the administration of the Ministry of cooperation with National Food Authority, intensively Health and Social Protection. The Institute’s mission carried out ecotoxicological assessments and has worked consists of developing and implementing the measures on the monitoring of the environmental state of coastal for the prevention and control of diseases, injuries, waters, aiming to protect human health from harmful disabilities, environmental health factors, and the effects of fishery and aquaculture products. development and implementation of health promotion activities, in close cooperation with national and Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy international agencies/bodies/organizations. Regarding the marine environment, one of the tasks of this institute This ministry is related to the marine ecosystem, mainly is microbiological and chemical monitoring of coastal through three institutions: the Albanian Geological waters in public beaches to control and ensure the Survey, the National Agency for Territorial Planning and seawater quality for public use. the National Agency of Natural Resources (their synthetic description is provided below). Academic and research institutions

Albanian Geological Survey All the following institutes are playing or could play a role in the study, research and monitoring of the marine The Albanian Geological Survey carries out its activity in environment. It could be necessary to specify the the field of geosciences based on Law N° 8366, adopted by responsibility of each of them to avoid duplication of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania, dated 02.07.1988, efforts. which recognizes it as a scientific and technical advisor to the state in the field of geosciences. The Institute is Academy of Sciences of Albania responsible for monitoring the quality of surface, underground and marine water, risk assessment and soil The Academy of Sciences was constituted in 1972. Its pollution. function today is governed by Law No. 9182, dated 02.05.2004, “On the Academy of Science of Albania”. It had National Agency for Territorial Planning been one of the most important scientific institutions in the Republic of Albania, but after the reform in 2006-2007, The mission of this Agency is to contribute to the when most of its scientific institutions joined the sustainable development of the territory, based on well- Universities, it became an honorific institution. planned strategies and mid-term and long-term development plans, to ensure implementation of Universities legislation that guarantees suitable territorial planning, as well as to support professional dialogue on territorial There are 9 public universities in Albania potentially planning. Besides Territorial Planning for several coastal related to environmental research, monitoring and municipalities in Albania, this Agency has recently conservation: the University of Tirana, Polytechnic prepared the Environmental Strategic Assessment (ESA) University of Tirana, the Agricultural University of Tirana, for the Coastal Area of Albania. the University of Shkodra “Luigj Gurakuqi”, the University of Elbasan “Aleksander Xhuvani”, the University of Vlora National Agency of Natural Resources “Ismail Qemali”, the University of Gjirokastra “Eqrem Çabej”, the University of Korça “Fan Noli” and the In its work, this Agency focuses on the development and University of Durres “Aleksander Moisiu”. They have survey of rational utilisation of natural resources, based limited capacities, especially in terms of infrastructure, for on government policies and their monitoring in the field conducting research and monitoring of the marine of minerals, hydrocarbons and energy. Activities of this

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environment, however, their contribution has been Albania, and a reference institution for the FAO and the essential in providing knowledge and supporting policies GFCM. for marine conservation in Albania. Their intellectual capacities in marine research and conservation have been Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) improved and strengthened over the past two decades, NGOs are key actors in the development and especially through international cooperation and career implementation of environmental policy and have the development of young researchers abroad. Some of the possibility to complement government agencies with most active institutions on marine research, monitoring appropriate levels of transparency and participation, from and conservation in recent years were the Faculty of the national to the local level. In this way, NGOs can Natural Sciences of the University of Tirana (Research ensure transparency and civil society participation, Center of Flora and Fauna; Department of Biology; contributing in turn to good governance structure and Department of Chemistry), the Agricultural University of mechanisms. The main NGOs with a potential role in Tirana (Department of Aquaculture and Fishery), the marine biodiversity and protected areas legislation, Polytechnic University of Tirana (Faculty of Geology and identification, selection, management and public Mining), and the Faculty of Technical Sciences, University awareness are INCA (Institute for Nature Conservation in of Vlora (Department of Biology; Department of Albania), PPNEA (Protection and Preservation of Natural Chemistry, Department of Marine Engineering and Environment in Albania), ASPBM (Albanian Society for the Technology). Protection of Birds and Mammals), APAWA (Association The oldest and largest institutions active in the field of for Protection of Aquatic Wildlife in Albania), AOS marine and coastal research in Albania are the Institute of (Albanian Ornithological Society) and HYDRA (Fisheries Geosciences, Energy, Water and Environment (former and Aquaculture Research Center. All registered NGOs are Institute of Hydro-meteorology); Aquaculture and Fishery listed on the Regional Environmental Centre (REC) of Laboratory (former Fisheries Research Institute). Their Albania website. synthetic description is provided below.

The Institute of Geosciences, Energy, Water and Environment

The Institute of Hydrometeorology (formerly under the administration of the Academy of Sciences of Albania) was merged with the Polytechnic University of Tirana, becoming the Institute of Geosciences, Energy, Water and Environment, after the reform on research institutions in Albania in 2006. This institute has a valuable tradition in hydrological, sedimentological, and physical and chemical monitoring of coastal waters in Albania.

Aquaculture and Fishery Laboratory

Situated in Durres, this laboratory is currently under the administration of the Department of Aquaculture and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, at the Agricultural University of Tirana. After the research institutions reform in Albania in 2006, this laboratory stemmed from the former Fisheries Research Institute. Despite limited staff and infrastructure, this laboratory (and the former institute) has been an important institution for fisheries and aquaculture research in

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Pergent G., Pergent-Martini C., Boudouresque C.F. (1995). UNEP/MAP (2017). Agenda item 3 Review of proposed IMAP Utilisation de l’herbier à Posidonia oceanica Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets (Biodiversity and commeindicateurbiologique de la qualitédu milieu littoral en Fisheries) IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets Méditerranée: étatdesconnaissances. Mésogée 54: 3-27. (Biodiversity and Fisheries). 6th Meeting of the Ecosystem Approach Coordination Group, Athens, Greece, 11 Pititto F. et al. (2009).Cartografia e protezione delle praterie September 2017. UNEP (DEPI)/MED WG.444/6/Rev.1. 126 pp. di Posidonia oceanica lungo la costa albanese. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 16: 324-325 RAC/SPA (ed.) (2014). Ecological study in the Porto Palermo bay and surrounding areas. By Lefter Kashta, Sajmir Beqiraj, Procaccini G., Buia M.C., Gambi M.C., Pergent G., Pergent- Arjan Gace and Xhemal Mato. Tunis. 44 p. + Appendices. Martini C. & J. Romero (2003). The seagrasses of the western Regional Project for the Development of a Mediterranean Mediterranean, in Green, E.P.; Short, F.T. (Ed.) (2003). World Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MPAs) Network through atlas of seagrasses. pp. 48-58. the boosting of Mediterranean MPAs Creation and Relini G., Giaccone G. (2009). Priority habitats according to Management (MedMPAnet Project). the SPA/BIO Protocol (Barcelona Convention) present in RAC/SPA – UNEP/MAP, 2014. Monitoring protocol for Italy. Identification sheets. Biologia Marina Mediterranea. 16 Posidonia oceanica beds. By Guala I, Nikolic V, Ivesa L, Di (1): 1-372 Carlo G, Rajkovic Z, Rodic P, Jelic K. Ed. RAC/SPA – Sghaier Y.R. (2013). Les magnoliophytes marines de la MedMPAnet Project, Tunis. 37 pages + annexes. Tunisie: distribution, croissance et production primaire.

Ph.D. dissertation, Faculté des sciences de Tunis. 249 pp. + annex.

Telesca L., Belluscio A., Criscoli A., Ardizzone G., Apostolaki E., Fraschetti S., Gristina M., Knittweis L., Martin C.S., Pergent G.,

Alagna A., Badalamenti F., Garofalo G., Gerakaris V., Pace M. L., Pegent-Marini C. And Salomidi M. (2015). Seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica) distribution and trajectories of change. Scientific Reports 5 (12505).

UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA (2011). Draft Lists of coralligenous/ maërl populations and of main species to be considered by the inventory and monitoring. Expert Meeting to propose standard methodologies for the inventory and monitoring of coralligenous/maërl communities and their main species. Rome, Italy, 7-8 April 2011, 11 p.

UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA (2014). Monitoring protocol for Posidonia beds (Posidonion oceanicae), By Guala I., Nikolic V., Ivesa L., Di Carlo G., Rajkovic Z., Rodic P., Jelic K. Ed. RAC/SPA – MedMPAnet Project, Tunis. 36 p.

UNEP/MAP – RAC/SPA (2015). Guidelines for Standardization of Mapping and Monitoring Methods of Marine Magnoliophyta in the Mediterranean. Christine Pergent-Martini, Edits., RAC/SPA publ., Tunis: 48 p. + Annexes.

UNEP/MAP (2016). Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Mediterranean Sea and Coast and Related

Assessment Criteria, Athens, Greece (2016).

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NON INDIGENOUS SPECIES – NIS (EO2)

Bakiu R. A. & Durmishaj S. (2019). First record of the silver- Karachle, P.K., Corsini-Foka, M., Crocetta, F., Dulcic, J., cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) in Djhembekova, N. (2017). Setting up a billboard of marine Albanian waters. Pp 237-238 in Kousteni et al., 2019. "New invasive species in the ESENIAS area: current situation and Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (April 2019). future expectancies. Acta Adriatica 58(3): 429-458. Mediterranean Marine Science, 20/1: 230-247. Kasemi, D., Beqiraj, S., Ruci, S. (2008). Macrozoobenthos of Beqiraj, S. (2004). A comparative taxonomic and ecological the rocky coast of Vlora, Albania. Natura Montenegrina study with biogeographic data on malacofauna of Albanian 2008/7(2): 133 – 145. coastal lagoons. 216 p. University of Tirana (Doctoral thesis). Katsanevakis, S., Zenetos, A., Mačić, V., Beqiraj, S., Beqiraj, S., Kasemi, D. (2006). Ecological assessment of the Poursanidis, D., Kashta, L. (2011). Invading the Adriatic: macrozoobenthos in the shallow rocky coasts of Vlora. The spatial patterns of marine alien species across the Ionian Bulletin of Natural Sciences. University of Vlora. (6): 41 – 49. Adriatic boundary. Aquatic Biology, 13(2): 107-118.

Beqiraj, S., Kashta, L. (2010). The establishment of blue crab Katsanevakis, S., Poursanidis, D., Yokes, B., Mačič, V., Beqiraj, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 in the Lagoon of Patok, S., Kashta, L., Sghaier, Y. R., Zakhama-Sraieb, R., Benamer, I., Albania (south-east Adriatic Sea). Aquatic Invasions 5 (2). DOI Bitar, G,. Bouzaza, Z., Magni, P., Nike Bianchi, C., Zenetos, A. 10.3391/ai 2010.5.2: 219 – 221. (2011). Twelve years after the introduction of the Sally Lightfoot Crab Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) in Beqiraj, S., Ballesteros, E., Kashta, L., Ruci, S., Ndou, F. (2018). the Mediterranean: current distribution and invasion rates. Assessment of the state of macrozoobenthos and benthic Journal of Biological Research. Thessaloniki (16): 224 – 236. habitats in the proposed Marine Protected Area of Rodoni Cape. Albanian Conference on Biology and Environment Katsanevakis, S., Wallentinus, I., Zenetos, A., Leppäkoski, E., (KShBM – ACBE). 28 – 30 September 2018. Prishtina. Çinar, M. E., Oztürk, B.,Cardoso, A. C. (2014). Impacts of invasive alien marine species on ecosystem services and Beqiraj, S., Ballesteros, E. (2018). Assessment of the state of biodiversity: a pan-European review. Aquatic Invasions, 9(4): marine biodiversity in the Albanian littoral. Albanian 391-423. Conference on Biology and Environment (KShBM – ACBE). 28 – 30 September 2018. Prishtina. Katsanevakis, S., Tempera, F., Teixeira, H. (2016). Mapping the impact of alien species on marine ecosystems: the Beqiraj, S., Ballesteros, E., Nasto, I., Nezha, E., Pashaj, L. Mediterranean Sea case study. Diversity and Distributions, (2019). Assessment of the state of macrozoobenthos and 22(6): 694-707. benthic habitats in the Karaburun Peninsula (Albania). AdriBioPro 2019 International Conference; Adriatic Koni, M., Beqiraj, S. (2002). Biometrical analyses of the Biodiversity Protection. 7 – 10 April 2019. Kotor, Montenegro. population of Tapes decussatus (L, 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Veneridae) in the Coastal Lagoon of Viluni. Albanian Journal Blanfuné, A., Boudouresque, C.F., Verlaque, M., Beqiraj, S., of Natural and Technical Sciences. Academy of Sciences of Kashta, L., Nasto, I., Ruci, S., Thibaut, T. (2016). Response of Albania. Tirana: 41-45. rocky shore communities to anthropogenic pressures in Albania (Mediterranean Sea): Ecological status assessment Marchini, A., Galil, B. S., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. (2015). through the CARLIT method. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109 Recommendations on standardizing lists of marine alien (1): 409–418. ELSEVIER. species: lessons from the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101(1): 267-273. CBD (2014). UNEP/CBD/SBSTT A/18/9/Add.1. Pathways of introduction of invasive species, their prioritization and Miho, A., Kashta, L., Beqiraj, S. (2013): Between the Land to management. Montreal, 26 June 2014. the Sea – ecoguide to discover the transitional waters of Albania. FNS, University of Tirana, Albania. Pp. 462. GFCM-UNEP/MAP. (2017). Sub-Regional Pilot Study for the Eastern Mediterranean on Non-Indigenous Species in Milori, E., Beqiraj, S. (2016). The establishment of the invasive Relation to Fisheries Background Paper. UNEP (DEPI)/MED blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the Lagoon of Vain (South- WG.445/3, 16 pp. Eastern Adriatic Sea, Albania). 5th Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia. Ohrid, Macedonia, 19 – 22 IUCN (2017). Guidance for interpretation of CBD categories October 2016. on introduction pathways. Technical note prepared by IUCN for the European Commission, 100pp. Milori, E., Beqiraj, S. (2016). Data on the population of the invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the Lagoon of

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Karavasta (Albania). Workshop on Risk Assessment Tools in Aquatic Species. Düzce, Turkey, 28 – 29 April 2016.

Milori, E., Qorri, L., Ibrahimi, E., Beqiraj, S. (2017). Distribution, population structure and establishment of the invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun,1896 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) in the Lagoon of Viluni (South-East

Adriatic Sea, Albania). Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 16: 485 – 492.

Panneta, P., Mastrototaro, F., Beqiraj, S., Matarrese, A. (2009): Molluscs of soft bottoms in Valona Bay. Biologia Marina Mediterranea (16 (1): 328 – 329.

Peters, K., Sink, K. J., & Robinson, T. B. (2019). Sampling methods and approaches to inform standardized detection of marine alien fouling species on recreational vessels. Journal of environmental management, 230: 159-167.

Petović, S., Marković, O., Đurović, M. 2019. Inventory of non- indigenous and cryptogenic marine benthic species of the South-East Adriatic Sea. Montenegro. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 71(1): 47-52.

Roy, H.E., Bacher, S., Essl, F., et al. (2018) Developing a list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the European Union. Global Change Biology 25(3): 1032-1048.

Ruci, S., Kasemi, D., Beqiraj, S. (2014). Data on macrozoobenthos in rocky areas of the Adriatic Sea of Albania. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences. (IMPACT: IJRANSS). ISSN (Online): 2321-

8851, Vol.2, Issue 2: 63-70.

Ulman, A., Ferrario, J., Occhpinti-Ambrogi, A., Arvanitidis, C., Bandi, A., Bertolino, M., & Ramos-Esplá, A. (2017). A massive update of non-indigenous species records in Mediterranean marinas. PeerJ, 5, e3954.

Zenetos, A., Mačić, V., Jaklin, A., Lipej, L., Poursanidis, D., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Beqiraj, S., Betti, F., Poloniato, D., Kashta, L., Katsanevakis, S., Crocetta, F. (2016). Adriatic Opistobranchs (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): Shedding light on biodiversity issues. Marine Ecology, Vol. 37, Issue 6: 1239 – 1255.

Zenetos, A., Çinar, M. E., Crocetta, F., Golani, D., Rosso, A., Servello, G., Verlaque, M. (2017). Uncertainties and validation of alien species catalogues: The Mediterranean as an example. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 191: 171-187.

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FISHERIES (EO3)

United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan. Agenda item 3. Review of proposed IMAP

Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets (Biodiversity and Fisheries). IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Fact Sheets (Biodiversity and Fisheries). 6th Meeting of the Ecosystem

Approach Coordination Group. 11 September 2017. Athens, Greece.

Carpentieri Paolo, 2019. Monitoring discards in Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries. Methodology for data collection. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 639, Rome, Italy

Cochran, W.G. 1977. Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed. New York, Wiley. 428 pp.

FAO. 2011. International Guidelines on Bycatch Management and Reduction of Discards. Rome, FAO. 134 pp.

FAO. 2018. The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome.

172 pp.

GFCM, 2017. GFCM Data Collection Reference Framework (DCRF). Version: 2019.1

MEDITS Working Group, 2013. MEDITS-Handbook. Version n. 7: 120 pp.

Pérez Roda, M.A. (ed.), Gilman, E., Huntington, T., Kennelly,

S.J., Suuronen, P., Chaloupka, M. & Medley, P. 2019. The third assessment of global marine fisheries discards. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 633. Rome, FAO. 78 pp.

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EUTROPHICATION (EO5)

Carpenter, J. H. 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique thermodynamic properties. Intergovernmental Oceanographic for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method. Limnology and Commission, UNESCO 2010. Oceanography, 10: 141–143. Magaletti, E., Cabrini, M., Ghetti A., Pompei, M. (2001) Cialdi, M. and Secchi, P. A., 1865. Sur la transparence de la mer. Metodologie analitiche di riferimento: Acqua – Scheda 11 – Comptes Rendu de l'Acadamie des Sciences 61: 100–104. Fitoplancton ICRAM – Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio. EN ISO 14996 (2006): Water quality – Guidance on assuring the quality of biological and ecological assessments in the Müller T J. Determination of salinity. Chapter 3 p 41-73 in aquatic environment. Grasshoff K, Kremling K and Erhardt M. Methods of Seawater Analysis 3rd ed. Wiley-VCH 1999. ISBN 3-527-29589-5 EN ISO/IEC 17025*: General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Socal, G., Buttino, I., Cabrini, M., Mangoni, O., Penna, A., Totti, C., 2010. Metodologie di studio del planctonmarino. Manuali EN ISO 5667-3: Water quality – Sampling – Part 3: Preservation e LineeGuida, 56/2010, ISPRA, 658 p. and handling of water samples. Strickland, J.D.H., Parsons, T.R., 1968. A practical handbook EN ISO 5814: Water quality – Determination of dissolved of seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Board of Canada, Bulletin 167, oxygen – Electrochemical probe method. Ottawa. EN ISO/IEC 17025: General requirements for the competence UNEP/MED WG.463/6 2019. Monitoring Protocols for Common of testing and calibration laboratories. Indicators related to Pollution, UNEP/MAP, Athens, 37 pp. ISO 5813:1983 Water quality – Determination of dissolved Strategy of MED POL. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 163. oxygen – Iodometric method. UNEP/MAP, Athens, 46 pp. EN ISO 5667-3: Water quality – Sampling – Part 3: Preservation UNESCO 1991. Processing of oceanographic station data. and handling of water samples. JPOTS editorial panel. EN ISO/IEC 17025: General requirements for the competence UNESCO 1994. Protocols for Joint Global Flux Study (JGOFS) of testing and calibration laboratories. Core Measurements. Manual and Guides 29. Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M. (Eds.) 1999. UNESCO 1988. The acquisition, calibration, and analysis of Methods of Seawater Analysis. 3rd ed. Wiley–VCH. CTD data. A report of SCOR Working Group 51. UNESCO Strickland, J. D. H., and Parsons, T. R. 1968., A Practical Technical Papers in Marine Science, 54, 94pp. Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Ottawa: Fisheries Research UNEP/MAP/MED POL 2005. Sampling and Analysis Board of Canada, Bulletin 167. Pp. 23-28. Techniques for the Eutrophication Monitoring Strategy of Gieskes J M 1969. Effects of temperature on the pH of MED POL. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 163. UNEP/MAP, seawater. Limnology and Oceanography Vol 14 Issue 5: 679-685. Athens, 46 pp. HALCOM, 2017. Manual for Marine Monitoring in the UNESCO, 1973. International Oceanographic Tables, Vol. 2 COMBINE Programme of HELCOM. Oxygen Solubility In Seawater. Holmes, R. M., Aminot, A., Kérouel, R., Hooker, B. A., and Utermöhl, H. (1958) Zur vervolkommung der qualitativen Peterson, B. J. 1999. A simple and precise method for Phytoplankton metodik. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol. 9: 1-38. measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater Zingone, A., Honsell, G., Marino, D., Montresor, M., Socal, G. ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic (1990) Metodi nell’Ecologia del Plancton Marino: Sciences, 56(10): 1801–1808. Fitoplancton. Nova Thalassia 11: 184-187. ISO/WD 7027-2: Water quality – Determination of turbidity – WOCE 1991. WOCE Operational Manual, Vol. 3. WOCE Report part 2: Semi-quantitative methods. Draft version. 68/91, July 1991. ISO 10260 – 1992: Water quality – Measurement of biochemical Wedborg, M., Turner, D. R., Anderson, L. G. and Dyrssen, D., parameters – Spectrometric determination of the 2007. Determination of pH. In Methods of Seawater Analysis chlorophyll-a concentration. (eds K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling and M. Ehrhardt). ISO 10523: Water quality – Determination of pH. doi:10.1002/9783527613984.ch7 IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO. The international thermodynamic WOCE, 1994. Operational Manual. Volume 3: The Observational equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of Programme.

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CONTAMINANTS (EO9)

Ben Ameur, 2015. Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/cross-cutting- histopathology biomarker responses in Mugil cephalus and issues/jamp Dicentrarchus labrax gill exposed to persistent pollutants. A ISO 7899-2. Water quality – Detection and enumeration of field study in the Bizerte Lagoon: Tunisia. intestinal enterococci: Part 2: Membrane filtration method. Bonn Agreement: “Bonn Agreement Oil Appearance Code”. ISO 5667-1:2006. Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Cenov et al., 2018. A baseline study of the metallothioneins Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and content in digestive gland of the Norway lobster Nephrops sampling technique. norvegicus from Northern Adriatic Sea: Body size, season, ISO 5667-2:1991. Water quality — Sampling — Part 2: gender and metal-specific variability. Marine Pollution Guidance on sampling techniques. Bulletin 131 (2018) 95–105 ISO 5667-3:2018. Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: CEMP, 2016 (OSPAR). Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Preservation and handling of water samples. Programme (Agreement 2016-01) ITOPF. “Aerial Observation of Marine Oil Spills”, Technical https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/cross-cutting- Information Paper 1. issues/cemp ITOPF. “Recognition of Oil on Shorelines”, Technical CEDRE. “Surveying Sites Polluted by Oil: An Operational Information Paper 6. Guide for Conducting an Assessment of Coastal Pollution” (March 2006). ITOPF. “Fate of Marine Oil Spills”, Technical Information Paper 2. Chemosphere 135 (2015) 67–74 ITOPF. “Response to Marine Chemical Incidents”, Technical Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Information Paper 17. council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC IPIECA/IMO/IOGP/CEDRE. “Aerial Observation of Oil Spills at Sea: Good practice guidelines for incident management and European Commission, 2014. Technical report on aquatic emergency response personnel” (February 2015). effect-based monitoring tools (« Rapport technique sur les outils de surveillance des effets en milieu aquatique ». JAMP, 2018 (OSPAR). Joint Assessment and Monitoring Technical Report – 2014 – 077. Programme (JAMP) 2014 – 2021. Update 2018 (Agreement 2014-02). Galgani, F.; Chiffoleau, J.F.; Barrah, Mahmoud; Drebika, Usama; Tomasino, C., Andral, B., 2014. Assessment of heavy JRC, 2012. Monitoring for the Marine Strategy Framework metal and organic contaminants levels along the Libyan Directive: Requirements and Options. EUR 25187 EN. coast using transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). http://mcc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/document.py?code=2014092 Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, Issue 19, 61130 11331–11339. JRC, 2014. Technical guidance on monitoring for the Marine GESAMP. “Revised GESAMP Hazard Evaluation Procedure for Strategy Framework Directive. JRC Scientific and Policy Chemical Substances Carried by Ships” (2014). Report, EUR 26499 EN. GESAMP. Report n° 75: “Estimates of Oil Entering the Marine http://mcc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/document.py?code=2014062 Environment from Sea-Based Activities”, IMO/FAO/UNESCO- 41353 IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection León V.M., García I., Martínez-Gómez C., Campillo J.A., (2007). Benedicto J., 2014. Heterogeneous distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments and red mullet Guidance Document No. 33 On Analytical Methods for Biota along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Marine Pollution Monitoring Under The Water Framework Directive, Technical Bulletin 87, 352–363. Report – 2014 – 084, ISBN 978-92-79-44679-5 Maggi, C. et al., 2014. Environmental Quality of Italian Marine HELCOM-COMBINE, 2017. Manual for Marine Monitoring in Water by Means of Marine Strategy Framework Directive the Programme of HELCOM (last updated in July 2017, (MSFD)Descriptor 9. PLOS One, 9, e108463. http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and- assessment/manuals-and-guidelines/combine-manual)

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Martínez-Gómez, C., 2017. Biomarkers of general stress in Along the Mediterranean Coasts. UNEP(OCA)/MED WG.132/3, mussels as common indicators for marine biomonitoring Athens. programmes in : The ICON experience. Marine UNEP/MAP MED POL, 2010. Assessment of the state of Environmental Research, 124, 70-80 microbial pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Maulvault, A.M. et al. 2015. Toxic elements and speciation in Reports Series No. 170 (Amended). seafood samples from different contaminated sites in UNEP(DEPI)/MED IG 20/8. Decision IG.20/9. Criteria and Europe. Environmental Research, 143B, 72-81. Standards for bathing waters quality in the framework of the Moore, M.N. (1985), Cellular responses to pollutants. implementation of Article 7 of the LBS Protocol. COP17, Paris, Mar.Pollut.Bull., 16:134-139; 2012.

Moore, M.N. (1990), Lysosomal cytochemistry in marine UNEP/MED WG.463/6 2019. – Monitoring Protocols for environmental monitoring. Histochem.J., 22:187-191 Common Indicators related to Pollution, UNEP/MAP, Athens, 37 pp. No 6. Rev. 1 UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA: Guidelines for monitoring chemical contaminants in marine organisms. 25 p. REMPEC. “Mediterranean Guidelines on Oiled Shoreline Assessment” (September 2009). No 12 Rev. 2. UNEP/FAO/IAEA: Sampling of selected marine organisms and sample preparation for the analysis of Vandermeersch, G. et al. 2015. Environmental contaminants chlorinated hydrocarbons (« Échantillonnage d’organismes of emerging concern in seafood – European database on marinss électionnés et preparation d’échantillons pour contaminant levels. Environmental Research, 143B, 29-45. l’analyse des hydrocarbureschlorés »). (23 p.) Perello, G. et al., 2015. Human exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs No 71 UNEP/IAEA/IOC/FAO: Sample work-up for the analysis through consumption of fish and seafood in Catalonia of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the marine environment (« (Spain): Temporal trend. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 81, Traitementd’échantillons pour l’analyse des 28-33. hydrocarbureschlorésen milieu marin »). (52 p.) Zaza, S. et al. 2015. Human exposure in Italy to lead, cadmium PNUE/RAMOGE (1999). Manual on the Biomarkers and mercury through fish and seafood product consumption Recommended for the UNEP/MAP MED POL Biomonitoring from Eastern Central Atlantic Fishing Area. Journal of Food Programme. PNUE, Athènes. Composition and Analysis, 40, 148-153.

Rapport de recherche coopérative ICES no 315. Integrated WHO, 2003. Guidelines for safe recreational water marine environmental monitoring of chemicals and their environments. VOLUME 1: Coastal and fresh waters. WHO effects. I.M. Davies and D. Vethaak Eds., Novembre 2012. Library. ISBN 92 4 154580. World Health Organisation, 2003.

Regoli, F and Giuliani, M.E., 2014. Oxidative pathways of chemical toxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in marine organisms. Marine Environmental Research, 93,106-117.

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Mar.Pollut.Bull., 21:74-80

Spada, L. et al. 2014. Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in Mediterranean seafood and surface sediments, intake evaluation and risk for consumers. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 215, 418-42.

UNEP (1997), The MED POL Biomonitoring Programme Concerning the Effects of Pollutants on Marine Organisms Along the Mediterranean Coasts. UNEP(OCA)/MED WG.132/3, Athens.

UNEP (1997). The MED POL Biomonitoring Programme Concerning the Effects of Pollutants on Marine Organisms

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MARINE LITTER (EO10)

Anastasopoulou,А., Kovač Viršek, М. Bojanić Varezić, D., Digkad, N., Fortibuoni, T., Koren, Š., Mandić, M., Mytilineou, C., Pešić, A., Ronchi, F., Šiljić, J., Torre, M., Tsangaris, M., Tutman, P. (2018). Assessment on marine litter ingested by fish in the Adriatic and NE Ionian Sea macro-region (Mediterranean). Marine Pollution Bulletin 133 (2018) 841–851.

Cheshire, A. C., Adler, E., Barbière, J., Cohen, Y., Evans, S., Jarayabhand, S., Jeftic, L., Jung,

DeFishGear Methodology for Monitoring Marine Litter on Beaches Macro-Debris (>2.5cm). 16 p.

DeFishGear Methodology for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Sea Surface – Visual observation. 10 p.

DeFishGear Methodology for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Seafloor (continental shelf). Bottom trawl surveys. 7 p.

DeFishGear protocols for sea surface and beach sediment sampling and sample analysis. (2015). 27 p.

Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas. MSFD GES Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG-ML) (2013). A guidance document within the Common Implementation Strategy for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. JRC Scientific and Policy reports. 124 p.

Guideline for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Beaches in the OSPAR Maritime Area. Edition 1.0 (2010). Ospar Commission. 84 p.

UNEP, 2009. Marine Litter: A Global Challenge. Nairobi: UNEP. 232 p.

UNEP/MAP MEDPOL, (2014). Monitoring Guidance Document on Ecological Objective 10: Marine Litter.

UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.444/5. (2017). Review of proposed IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets IMAP Common Indicator Guidance Facts Sheets (Pollution and Marine Litter). 6th Meeting of the Ecosystem Approach Coordination Group Athens, Greece, 11 September 2017. 77 p.

UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.446/Inf.7. (2017). State of Play on Marine Litter in the Mediterranean MEDPOL Metadata Templates for Beach and Seafloor Marine Litter. The second meeting of the Regional Cooperation Platform on Marine Litter Barcelona, Spain, 9-10 November 2017. 36 p.

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ANNEXES

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142 Integrated Monitoring Programme – Albania

Annex 1: Spatial Interconnections between Ecological Objectives

The integrated monitoring programme for Albania gives particular attention to the integration between different EOs and its CIs. Some stations, due to specific assessment needs as well as cost-effectiveness reasons, envisage monitoring for different CIs. For some CIs, monitoring is not envisaged in the same stations but within their vicinity, due to specific monitoring requirements. Nevertheless, these could be relevant for monitoring result assessment and are therefore considered fully interconnected. All monitoring stations and interconnections between them are shown in Figures A1- A3.

Furthermore, the rationale for integrated monitoring and assessment per EOs is given in Annex 2.

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Figure A.1. Interconnections between EOs and their CIs in the northern area

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Figure A.2. Interconnections between EOs and their CIs in the central area

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Figure A.3. Interconnections between EOs and their CIs in the southern area

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Annex 2: Interaction and Interconnection among Ecological Objectives

Interconnections and interactions between different ecological objectives and their common indicators are to be considered and addressed when planning and conducting monitoring programme.

In order to support the work of planning and implementing the IMAP entities towards ecosystem approach vision and matching good environmental status, the table below presents key interactions and interconnections among EOs that need to be taken into consideration. In particular, the table reflects: . Interactions and interconnections among key ecological components of the marine environment; . Specific interconnections among different EOs that need to be considered during the planning and implementing the monitoring programme; . As part of the latter, the table indicates interconnections that need to be identified and reported within the IMAP data standards, but also other interconnections that have not yet been reflected in data standards but could be helpful and possibly included in the national and/or future regional reporting system.

This presentation is the first attempt towards a comprehensive presentation of interconnections and interlinks between EOs. It should be further discussed at the expert level within the IMAP process and upgraded accordingly.

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EO1 BIODIVERSITY

BENTHIC HABITAT

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with benthic habitats IMAP Data standards to be included CI3: Species distributional While Monitoring Benthic Habitat range using a vessel, potential observed marine mammals may be, to the CI4: Population abundance of extent possible noted at genus Benthic habitat data that EO1 selected species species and approximate number complement Marine Mammals Marine (photo when possible). Monitoring: Mammals CI5: Population demographic . presence of debris. characteristics (EO1, e.g. body size or age class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates) CI3: Species distributional If the monitored benthic habitat is range located in areas close to or on CI4: Population abundance of Benthic habitat coverage, composition Benthic habitat data that nesting beaches and during the and status may impact the nesting and spawning period EO1 selected species complement Sea Turtles temporal/seasonal/permanent (June-October), record sea turtles’ Marine Monitoring: CI5: Population demographic presence of sea turtles. This refers presence/absence. The abundance Reptiles . habitat distribution (GIS maps); characteristics (EO1, e.g. body mainly to sea turtle foraging areas and of female Sea turtles in the marine . size or age class structure, sex nesting sites. presence of debris. area close to identified nesting ratio, fecundity rates, beaches increase during the survival/mortality rates) nesting period.

CI3: Species distributional Benthic habitat coverage, composition range and status within a feeding area for Benthos sampling below flocks Benthic habitat data that and feeding sites of certain birds CI4: Population abundance of seabirds can impact seabird complement Sea Birds Monitoring: (e.g. seaduck, shags) could be selected species distribution. EO1 . habitat distribution (GIS maps); done to have a better insight about Sea Birds CI5: Population demographic . habitat type; the prey base. Technologies used characteristics (EO1, e.g. body . presence of debris on the may include sampling by bottom size or age class structure, sex beaches and the sea surface. grabs, dredges, nets, SCUBA, ratio, fecundity rates, cameras etc. survival/mortality rates) Benthic habitat data that Local and endemic species competition CI6: Trends in abundance, complement NIS Monitoring, with NIS species for space (CI1) and/or temporal occurrence, and particularly if benthic habitat Detailed recording of NIS species food. spatial distribution of non- monitoring stations are within an (genus/range). Pictures/videos of Change in Habitat species composition EO2 indigenous species, area with a high frequency of NIS while conducting the Benthic (CI2) and particularly in dominant particularly invasive, non- shipping and/or anchoring activity Habitat monitoring is highly species composition within the habitat indigenous species, notably in (particularly commercial and recommended. (Posidonia, Caulerpa, Cymodocea, risk areas. touristic boats) or within an MPA: Coralliginous sp., etc.). . presence of invasive species. CI7: Spawning stock Biomass To the extent possible, link the EO3 CI8: Total landings identified high/low-frequency CI9: Fishing mortality fishing activity areas, high/low

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with benthic habitats IMAP Data standards to be included Impact on benthic habitats/ fishing effort areas, and high/low CI10: Fishing effort communities/distribution (CI1 and CI2). spawning stock biomass areas to the composition, type and status of CI11: Catch per unit of effort the benthic habitat in those areas. (CPUE) or Landing per unit of A particular focus should be on effort (LPUE) as a proxy (EO3) monitoring of impacts of trawling CI12: Bycatch of vulnerable Trawling activity impact on benthic activities on Posidonia meadows and non-target species (EO1 macroinvertebrates, thus in habitat and coralligenous. and EO2) composition CI2 and possibly range CI1. May cause: At the selected monitoring stations . increased abundance of plant for macroalgae, seagrass and . The dominance of species with species (macroalgae) with Maerl/Rhodolith Habitat, EO5 nitrophilic affinity or consequent effects on other parts of monitoring could be included as phosphorus affinity within the habitat communities; well, in order to identify them. CI13: Concentration of key habitat; . chemical change with consequent Physico-chemical data (Electrical nutrients in the water column . Magnoliophyta leaves with high effects on other parts of habitat conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, coverage of epiphytic species communities. Oxygen saturation, pH, Chlorophyll EO5 and/or leaves showing signs of . a, Secchi disk depth, Nitrate, Coralligenous may be susceptible to high degradation. eutrophication (although scientific Nitrite, Ammonium, Total studies show contradictory results) phosphorus, Orthophosphates, Total nitrogen Silicate).

CI13: Chlorophyll a May cause chemical and transparency Benthic habitat data which may concentration in the water change with consequent effects on complement Eutrophication column other parts of habitat communities Monitoring: . source of the disturbance At the selected monitoring stations for benthic habitats, EO7 . Destruction of nearshore benthic monitoring could be included as habitats; well, in order to identify Water . Change in turbidity and transparency Temperature, Salinity, Secchi disk of water; CI15: Location and extent of depth. . Change in nutrient and sediment EO7 the habitats impacted directly Benthic habitat data which may intakes for habitat communities; by hydrographical alterations complement Hydrology . Change in Habitat Monitoring: Structure/community composition . substratum type; and/or loss in distribution range due . sediment granulometry if to hydrographical alteration. monitored; . artificialization if monitored. CI16: Length of coastline Material from construction activities subject to physical along the coastline can affect benthic EO8 disturbance due to the habitats in nearshore shallow waters influence of man-made due to smothering structures CI17: Concentration of key Potential impact on benthic habitats At the selected monitoring stations harmful contaminants (distribution and composition) due to for Habitat, EO9 monitoring could EO9 measured in the relevant concentration of contaminants on the be included as well, in order to matrix sea bottom. identify contaminants

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with benthic habitats IMAP Data standards to be included concentrations in sediment and to . Rapid Change in Habitat the extent possible in biota. Structure/community Benthic habitat data which may composition and/or loss in CI18: Level of pollution effects complement Contaminants distribution range; of key contaminants where a Monitoring: . High frequency of

cause and effect relationship . sediment granulometry, if necrosis/degradation has been established monitored; (magnoliophyta leaves, roots; . disturbance source; corals mortality; . pollution source, if monitored. cystoseira/Posidonia rapid distribution decrease). CI19: Occurrence origin (where possible), the extent of acute pollution events (e.g. Loss of key habitats with the potential slicks from oil products and impact of the regeneration potential of hazardous substances) and benthic habitat. their impact on biota affected by this type of pollution CI20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and the number of Potential impact on benthic habitat contaminants that have community (Filter feeders, such as exceeded maximum corals and anemones). regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood . Record of a high density of debris trapped within non- Potential damage on benthic habitats mobile species or in the (change in water turbidity, suffocation surrounding water column and/or lack of light for non-mobile CI23: Trends in the amount of within the Benthic habitat species within the habitat community). litter in the water column Benthic habitat data which may monitoring stations may be Microplastics pose a particular threat including microplastics and on complement Marine litter noted; since it infiltrates into food webs, the seafloor Monitoring: . Species that grow on marine including animals inhabiting benthic . disturbance source; debris or become entangled in EO10 habitats (e.g. sea filters such as mussels marine debris could be noted etc.). . pollution sources, if monitored; . debris types and abundance, if for future clean-up operations monitored. when needed. CI24: Trends in the amount of litter ingested by or entangling marine organisms focusing on selected mammals, marine birds, and marine turtles

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MARINE MAMMALS

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with marine mammals IMAP Data standards to be included

CI3: Species distributional

range Marine Mammals data that CI4: Population abundance of complement Marine Reptiles EO1 selected species Monitoring: Marine . aerial/boat survey of marine Reptiles CI5: Population demographic characteristics (EO1, e.g. body mammals may be used to size or age class structure, sex provide data on sea turtles. ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates)

CI3: Species distributional Marine Mammals data that

range complement Seabird Monitoring: . a small boat-based survey using CI4: Population abundance of the photo-identification method

selected species as a common standard protocol for field data collection of birds EO1 and mammals may be used to

Sea Birds CI5: Population demographic provide data on seabirds characteristics (EO1, e.g. body (genus/number) or size or age class structure, sex identification of seabird nesting ratio, fecundity rates, areas. survival/mortality rates) . aerial surveys of marine mammals may be used to provide data on seabirds CI6: Trends in abundance, Record of Marine mammals temporal occurrence, and feeding on NIS species and spatial distribution of non- particularly invasive ones should EO2 indigenous species, be communicated as it could particularly invasive, non- increase knowledge of the species indigenous species, notably in and its ecological important role risk areas. and contribute to its protection. Possible identification of areas with an overlap: an important area for CI7: Spawning stock Biomass fisheries/ important area for marine mammals. Marine Mammals data that CI8: Total landings complement Fishery Monitoring: To the extent possible, link the . data from animal strandings CI9: Fishing mortality identified areas including a high with evident fishing impact on fishing activity with a high level of EO3 Possible loss of food resources. its mortality; discard with the data related to the Lost fishing gear and nets (ghost nets) . data from bycatch interaction of marine mammals CI10: Fishing effort may cause ingestion and/or questionnaires/interview with with fisheries. entanglement, which may cause fishermen according to the mortality. bycatch protocol. CI11: Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) or Landing per unit of effort (LPUE) as a proxy (EO3)

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with marine mammals IMAP Data standards to be included CI12: Bycatch of vulnerable Incidental capture of marine mammals and non-target species (EO1 may be important. and EO2) CI13: Concentration of key

nutrients in the water column May affect the prey base of marine mammals and consequently affect their EO5 CI13: Chlorophyll a distribution within the areas with high concentration in the water eutrophication. column May change the habitat of marine CI15: Location and extent of mammals and affect their distribution EO7 the habitats impacted directly within the areas with hydrographical by hydrographical alterations alterations. CI17: Concentration of key Potential ecotoxicological impacts on harmful contaminants species. Alone or in combination with measured in the relevant other factors, this may cause lesser matrix resilience of marine mammal to environmental stressors (e.g. to CI18: Level of pollution effects microbial pathogens etc.) Possibly of key contaminants where a affects marine mammal distribution cause and effect relationship within the areas with high levels of has been established contaminants. Marine Mammals data which may CI19: Occurrence origin complement Contaminants (where possible) extent of Monitoring: EO9 acute pollution events (e.g. . tissue analysis from stranded Mass mortality of marine mammals slicks from oil products and marine mammal species may species may occur. hazardous substances) and provide additional data on their impact on biota affected contaminants. by this pollution CI20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood May cause high ingestion of Marine Mammals data which may CI23: Trends in the amount of microplastic while feeding/hunting: complement Marine Litter litter in the water column . when ingesting microplastic or other Monitoring:

including microplastics and on debris, feeding/hunting activity may . stomach contents analysis from the seafloor decrease, which usually causes stranded marine mammals EO10 mortality species may provide additional CI24: Trends in the amount of data on marine litter (CI24). May cause mortality of several marine litter ingested by or entangling . marine mammals aerial surveys mammal species due to strangling or marine organisms focusing on may also be used to collect data ingestion regardless of the genus, sex, selected mammals, marine on large-sized marine litter size. birds, and marine turtles (visible from the aircraft)

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MARINE REPTILES

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with Marine reptiles IMAP Data standards to be included CI1: Habitat distributional The possible attraction of well- range to also consider conserved habitat to sea turtles for

habitat extent as a relevant feeding or security (against predators) attribute purposes (CI3 and CI4): . presence of a large number of sea EO1 turtles may be linked to a good Benthic conservation status and composition Habitat CI2: Condition of the of the marine habitat in the marine habitat’s typical species and reptiles monitored areas. communities . The presence of some habitat types (e.g. sandy beaches) may indicate actual or potential sea turtle nesting sites

CI3: Species distributional

range

CI4: Population abundance Offshore Marine reptiles data may EO1 of selected species be complemented as Marine Marine CI5: Population Mammals Monitoring is Mammals demographic characteristics conducted, particularly if (EO1, e.g. body size or age aerial/boat surveys are performed.

class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates) . Barely hatched sea turtle CI3: Species distributional mortality due to hunting by range seabirds may be observed and recorded. . While monitoring nests of sea turtles in the coastal area, seabird nests could be CI4: Population abundance identified and should be EO1 of selected species Some seabirds may feed on sea turtles recorded (particularly those that Sea Birds barely hatched. are known as sea turtle hatchlings predators). CI5: Population demographic characteristics (EO1, e.g. body size or age

class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates)

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with Marine reptiles IMAP Data standards to be included CI6: Trends in abundance, Record of Marine reptiles feeding temporal occurrence, and Food resources composition may on NIS species and particularly spatial distribution of non- change due to the high abundance of invasive ones should be EO2 indigenous species, invasive species. Marine Reptiles may communicated as it could increase particularly invasive, non- prey/eat some NIS species such as blue knowledge of the species and its indigenous species, notably crabs and non-indigenous jellyfish ecological important role, and in risk areas. contribute to its protection. Data on the alive release of CI7: Spawning stock incidentally caught individuals and

Biomass data from the sea turtle rescue centre. CI8: Total landings Marine Reptiles data which may complement Fishery Monitoring: CI9: Fishing mortality . analysis of data from stranded Possible loss of food resources. animals with evident fishing Lost fishing gear and nets (ghost nets) impact on its mortality (hook in EO3 CI10: Fishing effort may cause ingestion and/or mouth, stomach; entangled in a entanglement, which may cause net, etc.); mortality. . data from bycatch CI11: Catch per unit of effort questionnaires/interview with (CPUE) or Landing per unit fishermen according to the

of effort (LPUE) as a proxy bycatch protocol. (EO3) CI12: Bycatch of vulnerable Incidental capture of marine reptiles and non-target species may be important within several pelagic (EO1 and EO2) and bottom fishing gears. CI13: Concentration of key May change Marine reptiles nutrients in the water distribution within the areas with high column eutrophication: . may decrease Marine reptiles distribution in a feeding area in case EO5 CI13: Chlorophyll a of increased eutrophication; concentration in the water . may impact the column reproduction/nesting activity of sea turtles if it occurs in an important area for sea turtles. CI15: Location and extent of Possible loss of nesting areas ad the habitats impacted nesting success (CI5) if the EO7 directly by hydrographical hydrographical alterations induce loss alterations of suitable nesting sandy beaches. CI16: Length of coastline The proximity of the sea turtle subject to physical Man-made structures and other nest/nesting areas to coastal EO8 disturbance due to the physical disturbances (ex: light) may structures may be assessed and influence of man-made impact nesting areas of sea turtles. noted. structures

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with Marine reptiles IMAP Data standards to be included CI17: Concentration of key harmful contaminants

measured in the relevant Potential ecotoxicological impacts on matrix species: CI18: Level of pollution . may change Marine Reptiles effects of key contaminants distribution within the areas with where a cause and effect high contaminant levels. relationship has been established Marine Reptiles data which may CI19: Occurrence origin complement Contaminants (where possible) extent of Monitoring: acute pollution events (e.g. EO9 Mass mortality of marine reptiles may . tissue analysis from animal slicks from oil products and occur. strandings may provide hazardous substances) and additional data on their impact on biota contaminants. affected by this pollution CI20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have

exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood During the identification of sea turtle nests on beaches, stranded marine litter may be assessed. Barely hatched sea turtle mortality CI23: Trends in the amount May cause high ingestion of due to the abundance of marine of litter in the water column microplastic while feeding/hunting and litter in the sand beaches should including microplastics and ultimately may cause mortality. Marine Reptiles data which may be noted and communicated. on the seafloor complement Marine Litter Beach clean-up programmes Monitoring: should consider the presence of EO10 . stomach contents analysis from the nesting area and the nesting stranding sea turtles may period. May cause mortality of several sea provide additional data on CI24: Trends in the amount turtles species due to strangling or ingested marine litter (CI24). of litter ingested by or ingestion regardless of the genus, sex, entangling marine size: When ingesting microplastic or

organisms focusing on other debris, marine reptiles feel no selected mammals, marine more hungry and decrease birds, and marine turtles feeding/hunting activity which usually causes mortality

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SEABIRDS

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with seabirds IMAP Data standards to be included CI1: Habitat distributional The possible attraction of wide range to also consider distribution range and well-conserved

habitat extent as a relevant habitat to a large number of seabirds attribute (CI3 and CI4) due to food availability: EO1 . if seabirds do not travel a long Benthic distance from nesting areas during Habitat CI2: Condition of the the nesting period it may be linked habitat’s typical species and to a favourable conservation status communities and composition of the marine habitat close to seabird nesting areas.

CI3: Species distributional

range

. Boat survey of seabirds may be CI4: Population abundance used to provide data on sea of selected species EO1 turtles when observed. Marine CI5: Population Reptiles demographic characteristics Some seabird groups may show (EO1, e.g. body size or age interaction with hatchling/juvenile sea

class structure, sex ratio, turtles (hunting). In such cases, it needs fecundity rates, to be communicated. survival/mortality rates)

CI3: Species distributional At sea, observing the temporal range abundance of seabirds hunting often indicates an abundance of fish and may be used to check the presence of marine mammals as they could target the same species for food. CI4: Population abundance Boat survey of seabirds, EO1 of selected species particularly when done within Marine fishing areas may be used to Mammals provide data on marine mammals (genus/presence). CI5: Population demographic characteristics (EO1, e.g. body size or age

class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates)

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with seabirds IMAP Data standards to be included CI6: Trends in abundance, Record of seabirds feeding on NIS temporal occurrence, and species and particularly invasive spatial distribution of non- ones should be communicated as EO2 indigenous species, Seabirds may feed on some NIS species it could increase knowledge of the particularly invasive, non- species and its ecological indigenous species, notably important role, thus its protection. in risk areas. Possible identification of areas with an CI7: Spawning stock overlap: an important area for Biomass fisheries/ important area for sea birds. CI8: Total landings To the extent possible, link the identified areas including a high fishing activity with the high level of CI9: Fishing mortality Marine Seabirds data which may discard with the data related to the complement Fishery Monitoring: interaction of seabirds with . analysis of data from stranding fisheries. animals with evident fishing Possible loss of food resources. EO3 impact on mortality; Lost fishing gear and nets (ghost nets) . data from bycatch CI10: Fishing effort may cause ingestion and/or questionnaires/interview with entanglement, which may cause fishermen according to the mortality. bycatch protocol. CI11: Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) or Landing per unit

of effort (LPUE) as a proxy (EO3) CI12: Bycatch of vulnerable Incidental capture of seabirds and non-target species (particularly longlines) may be (EO1 and EO2) important. CI13: Concentration of key Dead fish due to eutrophication nutrients in the water may provide temporary high food column quantity for sea birds in the short Seabird distribution changes within the EO5 term and loss of food in the long areas with high eutrophication. CI13: Chlorophyll a term; when observed, it needs to concentration in the water be monitored to the extent column possible. CI15: Location and extent of Seabird distribution changes within the the habitats impacted areas with hydrographical alterations EO7 directly by hydrographical particularly seabird nesting in coastal alterations areas/beaches.

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with seabirds IMAP Data standards to be included CI17: Concentration of key harmful contaminants measured in the relevant Potential ecotoxicological impacts on matrix species. The most sensitive seabirds to environmental changes may change the CI18: Level of pollution nesting site due to contamination in the effects of key contaminants surrounding area (loss of nesting where a cause and effect areas). relationship has been established Seabirds data that may CI19: Occurrence origin complement Contaminants (where possible) extent of Monitoring: . tissue and feathers analysis EO9 acute pollution events (e.g. Mass mortality of seabird species or a slicks from oil products and large number of oiled individuals may from stranded seabirds, dead hazardous substances) and occur. juveniles and non-hatched eggs their impact on biota are important additional data affected by this pollution on contaminants. CI20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have

exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood Analysis of sea birds rejects composition around nesting sites may provide additional data on marine litter as part of ingested debris is rejected by the species. CI23: Trends in the amount May cause high ingestion of Some Sea birds may be confused of litter in the water column microplastic while feeding/hunting Seabirds data that may and use marine litter to design the including microplastics and (causes mortality as animals do not feel complement Marine Litter nest. Thus, the frequency and on the seafloor hungry anymore). Monitoring: abundance of debris within EO10 . stomach contents analysis from seabird nests may be relevant to stranded seabird species may highlight debris use by seabirds provide additional data on and assess the impact of marine litter (CI24). artificialization on seabirds. CI24: Trends in the amount of litter ingested by or May cause mortality of several seabirds entangling marine due to strangling or ingestion organisms focusing on regardless of the genus, sex, size. selected mammals, marine birds, and marine turtles

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EO2 NIS

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with NIS IMAP Data standards to be included Invasive species identified within hotspot station close to monitoring areas of marine habitat. NIS species feed on species that CI1: Habitat distributional are within the local marine habitat range to also consider Invasive species may compete with native (particularly endemic) species NIS data that complement Marine community. EO1 habitat extent as a relevant and replace them. They may also Habitat Monitoring: The occurrence of some invasive Benthic attribute release toxins into the water column . NIS coverage; species may serve as a warning of Habitat and physically change the habitats in . NIS abundance. possible future degradation of the general. habitat around the NIS sampling station. CI2: Condition of the habitat’s typical species and communities Possible loss of some components of CI3: Species distributional the marine reptiles ecological niche due

range to ecosystem alteration by NIS specie(s).

CI4: Population abundance EO1 of selected species Marine Reptiles CI5: Population demographic characteristics (EO1, e.g. body size or age

class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates) Possible loss of some components of CI3: Species distributional the seabird ecological niche due to range ecosystem alteration by NIS specie(s).

CI4: Population abundance

of selected species EO1

Sea Birds CI5: Population demographic characteristics (EO1, e.g. body size or age

class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates)

Possible alteration of spawning stock NIS data that may complement The abundance, temporal CI7: Spawning stock biomass in case of NIS species Fishery Monitoring: occurrence, and spatial Biomass interaction (feeding, space competition, . distribution of non-indigenous EO3 abundance, temporal etc.). occurrence, and spatial species with a high identification Total landings may include NIS species distribution of non-indigenous confusion rate with local species CI8: Total landings with a commercial interest species with commercial may be recorded when possible.

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with NIS IMAP Data standards to be included CI9: Fishing mortality interest (fish and The abundance, temporal macroinvertebrate); occurrence, and spatial May be affected by the abundance of . distribution of non-indigenous invasive species with no commercial abundance, temporal CI10: Fishing effort species which feed on commercial interest or with commercial interest occurrence, and spatial species may be recorded when caught during fishing operations. distribution of non-indigenous species with dangerous impact possible. CI11: Catch per unit of effort May be affected by the abundance of on human health. The abundance, temporal (CPUE) or Landing per unit invasive species with no commercial occurrence, and spatial of effort (LPUE) as a proxy interest or with commercial interest distribution of non-indigenous (EO3) caught during fishing operations. species with dangerous impact on NIS species abundance and occurrence human health may be recorded CI12: Bycatch of vulnerable during fishing operations may induce a when possible. and non-target species change in fishing technique or fishing (EO1 and EO2) gears which may impact accidental catch of vulnerable species. At the selected monitoring stations The Presence of NIS species with CI13: Concentration of key for NIS, EO5 monitoring could be nitrophilic affinity or phosphorus Chemical changes in the water column nutrients in the water included as well, in order to affinity whose abundance may may favour some NIS species. column identify physico-chemical data increase in eutrophicated areas (Water Temperature, Salinity, could be recorded. Secchi disk depth, Electrical EO5 conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, CI13: Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a concentration in the Oxygen saturation, pH, Chlorophyll concentration in the water water column may favour some NIS a, Secchi disk depth, Nitrate, column species. Nitrite, Ammonium, Total phosphorus, Orthophosphates, Total nitrogen Silicate). The presence of NIS species witch At the selected monitoring stations CI15: Location and extent of expansion is highly linked to water Hydrographical alterations may favour for NIS, EO7 monitoring could be the habitats impacted currents should be communicated EO7 some NIS species. In particular changes included as well, in order to directly by hydrographical and highlighted particularly with (rise) in sea temperature. identify Water Temperature, alterations environmental impact studies for Salinity, Secchi disk depth. new sea coastal structures. CI17: Concentration of key harmful contaminants Pollution alterations may favour some

measured in the relevant NIS species. At the selected monitoring stations matrix for NIS, EO9 monitoring could be included as well, in order to EO9 CI18: Level of pollution identify contaminant effects of key contaminants Pollution alterations may favour some concentrations in sediment and where a cause and effect NIS species. biota to the extent possible. relationship has been established

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with NIS IMAP Data standards to be included CI19: Occurrence origin (where possible) extent of Possible impact if the regeneration rate acute pollution events (e.g. of NIS species is higher than that of slicks from oil products and indigenous species following pollution hazardous substances) and accident. their impact on biota affected by this pollution Even if it happens rarely, some NIS species can grow on marine debris CI23: Trends in the amount and spread around with debris of litter in the water column circulating within water currents.

including microplastics and Any data reported in this context on the seafloor may improve knowledge of this possible means of NIS intrusion EO10 and its link with marine litter. CI24: Trends in the amount of litter ingested by or entangling marine

organisms focusing on selected mammals, marine birds, and marine turtles

EO3 FISHERIES

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with fisheries IMAP Data standards to be included Bottom trawling impact on corals and CI1: Habitat distributional Fishery data that may complement coralligenous species. To consider discard composition range to also consider habitat Habitat survey: EO1 Lost gears, particularly nets (ghost (species) when performed. extent as a relevant attribute . spatial data of the fishing Benthic nets). operations, particularly bottom Habitat CI2: Condition of the habitat’s trawling; typical species and . fishing effort per area. communities Interaction typology of the marine CI3: Species distributional mammals with fisheries may be range recorded. Fishery data which may CI4: Population abundance of Some marine mammals may be complement Marine mammals EO1 selected species attracted by fishing activity survey: Marine (Depredation and Discard) or be . depredation data/observation; Mammals CI5: Population demographic incidentally caught. . bycatch data (onboard/port characteristics (EO1, e.g. body questionnaires). size or age class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates)

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with fisheries IMAP Data standards to be included

CI3: Species distributional

range

CI4: Population abundance of Fishery data that may complement EO1 selected species Marine Reptiles survey: Marine . bycatch data (onboard/at port Reptiles CI5: Population demographic characteristics (EO1, e.g. body questionnaires). size or age class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates) CI3: Species distributional range Interaction typology of the seabirds CI4: Population abundance of with fisheries may be recorded. Fishery data that may complement selected species Seabirds may be attracted by fishing EO1 Marine Reptiles survey: activity (Discard) or be incidentally Sea Birds CI5: Population demographic . bycatch data (onboard/at port caught. characteristics (EO1, e.g. body questionnaires). size or age class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates) CI6: Trends in abundance, temporal occurrence, and Discarding some caught invasive Fishery data that may complement spatial distribution of non- species may enlarge its expansion NIS survey: EO2 indigenous species, when it is done outside the area where . data on NIS species caught particularly invasive, non- these species are caught or in which (macroinvertebrates and fish). indigenous species, notably in they are already present. risk areas. Possible lethal effect on fish stock CI13: Concentration of key related to the concentration level of nutrients in the water column some key nutrients in the water column. EO5 CI13: Chlorophyll a Lethal effect on fish stock related to the concentration in the water concentration level of Chlorophyll a in column the water column. CI15: Location and extent of EO7 the habitats impacted directly by hydrographical alterations Mass fish mortality could be linked CI17: Concentration of key to alteration due to the high level harmful contaminants Fishery data that may complement of harmful contaminants. measured in the relevant Contaminants Monitoring: Fish quality (human health) may matrix Lethal effect on fish stock related to the . tissue analysis from caught be impacted by bioaccumulation of EO9 concentration level of contaminants. species may provide additional contaminants. CI18: Level of pollution effects data on contaminants if of key contaminants where a performed.

cause and effect relationship has been established

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Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with fisheries IMAP Data standards to be included Physical smothering with an impact on physiological functions; . chemical toxicity giving rise to lethal CI19: Occurrence origin or sublethal effects or causing (where possible) extent of impairment of cellular functions; acute pollution events (e.g. . ecological changes, primarily the loss slicks from oil products and of key organisms from a community hazardous substances) and and the takeover of habitats by their impact on biota affected opportunistic species; and by this pollution . indirect effects, such as the loss of habitat or shelter and the consequent elimination of ecologically important species. CI20: Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants that have exceeded maximum regulatory levels in commonly consumed seafood Fishery data that may complement Link with fishing effort and fishing Lost nets and other fishing gears: CI23: Trends in the amount of Marine litter survey: areas should be done to the extent . ghost nets and other lost fishing litter in the water column . Composition/abundance of possible. gears may have an important including microplastics and on debris within discard when Data from Fishing For Litter, litter negative impact on habitat and the seafloor performed monitoring programmes with species. EO10 . Position of lost fishing gears if fishing industries to be considered. CI24: Trends in the amount of performed litter ingested by or entangling . Stomach contents analysis from marine organisms focusing on caught species may provide selected mammals, marine additional data on marine litter birds, and marine turtles (CI24)

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EO5 EUTROPHICATION

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with eutrophication IMAP Data standards to be included Excessive concentrations of nutrients CI1: Habitat distributional and chlorophyll a may cause chemical range (to also consider and transparency change with habitat extent as a relevant consequent effects on habitat attribute) communities. Concentrations of nutrients may cause an increased abundance of plant species (macroalgae) with consequent Where possible, ensure effects on other parts of habitat overlapping of EO5 stations with EO1 communities. the key locations of benthic Benthic Increased availability of nutrients can habitats with plant species, Habitat cause the proliferation of rapidly CI2: Condition of the preferably also within the MPA (as reproducing opportunistic species of habitat’s typical species and a reference station). marine plants (macroalgae) and communities animals. Excess of chlorophyll a indicates the increase of phytoplankton biomass. Phytoplankton, for example, can occur at sufficient densities to form blooms, which reduce light availability for marine plants such as seagrass. May cause chemical and transparency CI7: Spawning stock EO3 changes with impacts on spawning Biomass conditions. Basic hydrographic data (such as CI15: Location and extent of Temperature, salinity, depth, currents, temperature, salinity, conductivity) the habitats impacted waves, turbulence, and turbidity play a should be collected and reported EO7 directly by hydrographical crucial role in maintaining marine for all EO5 stations to define the alterations habitats. major coastal water types for eutrophication assessment. The type of construction/infrastructure on the coastline is determined as part of CI16: Length of coastline Urbanised areas could be a significant EO8 monitoring. To some extent, it subject to physical source of eutrophication in nearshore could contribute to identifying the EO8 disturbance due to the marine areas, in particular in the type of pressure coming from influence of man-made absence of the appropriate wastewater human causes required for EO5 structures treatment. monitoring stations. In addition, information coming from EO5 monitoring could complement EO8 monitoring. It is recommended to ensure integration of sampling locations EO9 CI17 – CI20 for EO5 and EO9 due to cost- effectiveness.

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EO7 HYDROGRAPHY

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with hydrography IMAP Data standards to be included CI1: Habitat distributional Water movement and range (to also consider temperature/salinity regimes directly habitat extent as a relevant Where possible, ensure the influence sediment type/ changes. collection of key hydrographic EO1 attribute) parameters at the benthic habitats Benthic Water movement and monitoring stations, at least water Habitat CI2: Condition of the temperature/salinity regimes play a temperature, salinity, Secchi disk habitat’s typical species and significant role in determining the depth. communities species composition of habitats/communities. CI6: Trends in abundance, Changes in the hydrographic regimes temporal occurrence, and Ensure collection of key affect the occurrence and distribution spatial distribution of non- hydrographic parameters at the of non-indigenous species. An increase EO2 indigenous species, EO2 monitoring stations, at least in sea temperature facilitates the particularly invasive, non- water temperature, salinity, Secchi spreading of NIS, particularly from indigenous species, notably disk depth. tropical regions. in risk areas. Changes in the hydrographic regimes CI7: Spawning stock EO3 could affect trends in spawning stock Biomass biomass.

CI13: Concentration of key Information on key hydrographic

nutrients in water column parameters is relevant for the Hydrographic parameters such as interpretation of eutrophication results. temperature, salinity, pH, and EO5 CI14: Chlorophyll-a Typology scheme for the transparency should also be concentration in the water Mediterranean coastal waters is based measured at the EO5 monitoring column on the basic hydrographic data stations. (temperature, salinity and density). Physical changes of the coastline, due Monitoring of hydrographic CI16: Length of coastline to man-made structures, could have a conditions should take place in the subject to physical direct impact on the changes of thy areas with introduced changes of EO8 disturbance due to the hydrographic conditions, which can in coastline. Therefore, these 2 sets influence of man-made turn lead to changes in marine habitats of information should be jointly structures and biodiversity. taken into consideration. Contaminants can be redistributed or transported throughout the environment by hydrographic processes. Where possible, ensure integration EO9 CI17 – CI20 Contaminants remain in the water and of EO7 and CI17 (EO9) locations. especially in the sediment, from which they can be resuspended depending on the currents, waves and turbulence. No particular hydrographic CI23: Trends in the amount measurements of marine currents Hydrographic conditions, in particular of litter in the water column are envisaged during the marine EO10 marine currents, have a significant including microplastics and litter survey. Nevertheless, water impact on marine litter movements. on the seafloor currents measurements could be an integral part of EO10.

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EO8 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPES

Interactions and interconnection Monitoring interconnections Ecological Common Indicator with coastal ecosystems and Additional information objective IMAP Data standards landscapes to be included The results of the EO1 monitoring EO1 Constructions along the coastline affect in combination with EO8 should be Benthic CI1 – CI2 primarily supra and medio littoral used to determine land-sea Habitat habitats and its typical species. interactions, relevant for MSP. In case that construction takes place EO1 near important bird/reptile habitats, Marine CI3 – CI5 such as beaches and coastal wetlands, Species it could seriously impact their distribution and abundance. Information on the type of Increased urban construction could put The type of operative function of construction near (EO5) monitored further nutrient pressures on the the coastal infrastructure (linked to area could help determine the marine environment, leading to overall the type of man-made pressure) is EO5 CI13 – CI14 : type and source of pressure eutrophication of the area, in particular not a priority in EO8 monitoring, present in the area (aquaculture in the absence of the appropriate but this type of information could facilities, wastewater coming from wastewater treatment be taken from spatial plans. urban or industrial sources etc. CI15: Location and extent of Information coming from the habitats impacted EO7 monitoring EO8 trends could directly by hydrographical complement EO7 monitoring. alterations

Information on the type of Type of specific construction/nearshore construction near (EO9) monitored activities (such as shipyards and area could help to identify the EO9 CI17 – CI20 marinas etc) could lead to sources of pressures, i.e. the contamination of the marine area. (potential) source of contamination in the area.

It can be expected that urban areas CI23: Trends in the amount could have larger quantities of marine of litter in the water column litter deposits on the beaches or in the EO10 including microplastics and water. Nevertheless, due to water on the seafloor currents, litter washed ashore or found in the sea could have distant sources.

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EO9 CONTAMINANTS

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with contaminants IMAP Data standards to be included It can be expected that ecotoxicological No specific interlinks with the pollution has impacts on species. The monitoring locations are required. unwanted effects include harm to EO1 CI2: Condition of the Nevertheless, results of the EO9 organisms at lower levels of the food Benthic habitat’s typical species and monitoring could be taken into chain and increased concentrations Habitat communities consideration to complement EO1 through food webs, resulting in higher monitoring (in terms of concentrations and potential impacts at identification of pressures). the top of the . EO1 Oil spills can have significant impacts Marine CI3 – CI5 on species, in particular marine birds. Species It is recommended to ensure integration of locations for EO5 EO5 CI13 – CI14 and EO9 mainly due to cost- effectiveness. CI15: Location and extent of Basic hydrographic data should be the habitats impacted collected and reported for all EO9 EO7 directly by hydrographical stations, such as temperature and alterations salinity. Marine litter, in the form of CI23: Trends in the amount microplastics, can carry and release of litter in the water column EO10 chemical contaminants into the marine including microplastics and environment or transfer them directly on the seafloor to marine organisms after ingestion.

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EO10 MARINE LITTER

Monitoring interconnections Ecological Interactions and interconnection Common Indicator Additional information objective with marine litter IMAP Data standards to be included CI1: Habitat distributional Information on the type and Litter on the sea bottom damages range (to also consider amount of marine litter is relevant benthic species and can affect the habitat extent as a relevant for the assessment of pressures distribution of habitats. attribute) put on the benthic habitats. Data from EO1 monitoring could EO1 complement the monitoring of Benthic seafloor marine litter. Also, the Habitat CI2: Condition of the results of the EO10 monitoring habitat’s typical species and could complement EO1 communities monitoring. No particular station overlap is necessary.

CI3: Species distributional Marine litter could have a significant Data standards for monitoring range impact on marine mammals, reptiles trends in the amount of litter and marine birds, through ingestion ingested by or entangling marine CI4: Population abundance and/ or entangling. organisms have not yet been EO1 of selected species The unwanted effects include harm to adopted. However, Marine organisms at lower levels of the food information/observations collected Species chain and increased concentrations during monitoring of marine CI5: Population through food webs, resulting in higher mammals, birds and turtles are demographic characteristics concentrations and potential impacts at particularly important for EO10 the top of the food chain. monitoring. In order to ensure cost- effectiveness, expeditions CI7: Spawning stock undertaken for EO3 monitoring EO3 Biomass could, at the same time, be used for EO10 (sea bottom and surface monitoring).

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The GEF-funded project “Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach in the Adriatic Sea through Marine Spatial Planning” (GEF Adriatic) is carried out across the Adriatic- Ionian region with focus on two countries: Albania and Montenegro.

The main objective of the project is to restore the ecological balance of the Adriatic Sea through the use of the ecosystem approach and marine spatial planning. Furthermore, the project aims to accelerate the implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol and facilitate the implementation of the Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Just as importantly, it will contribute to the achievement of the good environmental status of the entire Adriatic. The project is jointly led by UNEP/MAP, PAP/RAC and SPA/RAC. In Albania, the project implementation is coordinated by the Ministry of Tourism and Environment with National Agency for Protected Areas. The project duration is from 2018 to 2021.

Ministry of Tourism and Environment Bulevardi “Dëshmorët e Kombit” Nr.1, 1001, Tiranë, Albania E: [email protected] National Agency of Protected Areas Bulevardi “Dëshmorët e Kombit” Nr.1, 1001, Tiranë, Albania E: [email protected], [email protected]