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Modeling Telecommunication Systems: from Standards to System Architectures

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Modeling Telecommunication Systems: from Standards to System Architectures Modeling Telecommunication Systems: From Standards to System Architectures Von der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der Rheinisch-Westfalischen¨ Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing., Dipl.-Wirt. Ing. Dominikus Herzberg aus Bonn Berichter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Nagl Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Manfred Broy, TU Munchen¨ Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 17. September 2003 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfugbar.¨ Abstract The architecture of a technical system reflects significant design decisions about the system’s organization and typically documents a description of key system elements (be they hardware or software), their composition, functioning, and in- terrelation. The process of creating a description of an architecture is called ar- chitecture modeling. In the telecommunication domain, the architecture level has always played an important role in the design and evolution of communication systems and networks. However, the way how telecommunication engineers describe their architec- tures is surprisingly rudimentary: They use natural languages and conceptual draw- ings, as a look into “old” as well as recent standards unveils. Even in the transition phase from standards to the early design phases of systems development, system designers do not go much beyond that level of informality. Therefore, as practice shows, in telecommunications, architecture modeling but not the understanding of architecture as such lacks (i) a suitable, consistent and formal modeling language, which is adapted to the needs of systems designers, and (ii) a methodology to support the modeling process. This work addresses these deficiencies. In this thesis, a systematic approach is presented for modeling architectures of virtually any telecommunication system. This includes a methodology, a modeling language, and a prototype implementation of the language. A major contribution of this work is the statement that such an approach can be based upon as few as three basic cornerstones for a networked system: the types of communication and the design principles of distribution and layering. The investigation distills fundamental insights for the design and construction of modern communication systems. The outcome can be summarized as follows: The aspect of control leads to the distinction of three elementary types of communication (control-oriented, data- oriented, and protocol-oriented communication) and provides the rational for grey- box architecture descriptions. The aspect of distribution can be manifested by the notion of a complex connector, which is the key concept to model connection- oriented, connectionless and even space-based communication networks includ- ing quality of service. Layering in telecommunication systems is different from ii the ordinary understanding of the term. Layers in a distributed communication system follow a generic form of refinement, namely communication refinement. Communication refinement constitutes a true abstraction hierarchy, which can be interpreted from two perspectives: from a node-centric and from a network-centric viewpoint. The viewpoint chosen has an important impact on the systems under- standing. The foundation of this work is mathematical, its application is practical. The mathematics help giving precise definitions on the notions of distribution and lay- ering; the resulting implications shape the methodology and the language. The language developed is based on ROOM (Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling), an object-oriented but also component-based language. Key language features of ROOM will be integrated in the forthcoming 2.0 release of the Unified Modeling Language, UML. The extensions proposed to ROOM led to a careful redesign of the language and a prototype implementation. The accompanying methodology is organized in method blocks, each block being a self-contained methodological unit encompassing heuristics and architectural solution patterns. The thesis statement is supported by a real-life case study on the SIGTRAN (SIGnaling TRANsport) architecture. In the case study, first the understanding of architecture models as imposed by standards is presented. At the end of this work, it is shown that systematic architecture modeling is relatively easy and comes at little cost – the gains in terms of clarity, preciseness and expressiveness are remarkable. Zusammenfassung Die Architektur eines technischen Systems spiegelt bedeutsame Entwurfsentschei- dungen uber¨ den Systemaufbau wider. Sie dokumentiert eine Beschreibung der Schlusselelemente¨ des Systems (Hardware und/oder Software), ihre Kompositi- on, Funktionsweise und wechselseitigen Bezuge.¨ Der Vorgang der Erstellung ei- ner Architekturbeschreibung wird auch Architekturmodellierung genannt. In der Telekommunikation hat die Architekturebene stets eine wichtige Rolle im Ent- wurf und in der Weiterentwicklung von Kommunikationssystemen und -netzen gespielt. Jedoch ist die Art und Weise, wie Telekommunikationsingenieure ihre Archi- tekturen beschreiben, erstaunlich rudimentar:¨ Sie nutzen naturliche¨ Sprache und Konzeptdiagramme, wie ein Blick in altere¨ als auch jungere¨ Standards offenbart. Selbst im Ubergang¨ von den Standards hin zu den fruhen¨ Entwurfsphasen in der Systementwicklung gehen die Systementwickler kaum uber¨ diesen informellen Grad der Darstellung hinaus. Wie sich in der Praxis zeigt, mangelt es bei der Architekturmodellierung – nicht jedoch bei dem Verstandnis¨ von Architektur an sich – (i) an einer geeigneten, konsistenten und formalen Modellierungssprache, die an die Bedurfnisse¨ der Systementwickler angepasst ist und (ii) an einer Me- thodik, die den Modellierungsprozess unterstutzt.¨ Mit diesen Mangeln¨ befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird ein systematischer Ansatz zur Architekturmodel- lierung von praktisch beliebigen Telekommunikationssystemen vorgestellt. Dies beinhaltet eine Methodik, eine Modellierungssprache und eine prototypische Im- plementierung dieser Sprache. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag dieser Arbeit ist die Be- hauptung, dass ein solcher Ansatz auf nur drei grundlegenden Eckpfeilern basiert: den Arten von Kommunikation und den Entwurfsprinzipien von Verteilung und Schichtung. Die Untersuchung liefert grundlegende Einsichten zum Design und Aufbau moderner Kommunikationssysteme. Das Ergebnis kann wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: Der Aspekt der Kon- trolle fuhrt¨ zur Unterscheidung von drei elementaren Kommunikationsarten (kon- troll-, daten- und protokoll-orientiert) und begrundet¨ ,,grey-box” Architekturbe- schreibungen. Der Gesichtspunkt der Verteilung manifestiert sich im Begriff des iv komplexen Konnektors, der sich als Schlusselkonzept¨ zur Modellierung von ver- bindungslosen, verbindungsorientierten und sogar von ,,space-based” Kommuni- kationsnetzen inklusive ihrer Dienstqualitaten¨ herauspragt.¨ Der Begriff der Schich- tung hat in Telekommunikationssystemen eine andere Bedeutung als sie sonst ublich¨ ist. In einem verteilten System folgen die Schichten einer generischen Form der Verfeinerung, der Kommunikationsverfeinerung. Die Kommunikationsverfei- nerung begrundet¨ eine echte Abstraktionshierarchie, die aus zwei Perspektiven interpretiert werden kann: aus einer knoten- und aus einer netzwerk-zentrischen Sicht. Die gewahlte¨ Sichtweise hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das System- verstandnis.¨ Diese Arbeit ist einerseits mathematisch fundiert, andererseits ist sie anwen- dungsorientiert. Mit Hilfe der Mathematik werden prazise¨ Definitionen des Ver- standnisses¨ von Verteilung und Schichtung gegeben; die sich ergebenden Implika- tionen pragen¨ Methodik und Sprache. Die entwickelte Sprache basiert auf ROOM (Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling), einer objekt-orientierten aber auch kom- ponenten-orientierten Sprache. Wichtige Eigenschaften von ROOM werden in der bevorstehenden Version 2.0 der Unified Modeling Language, UML, integriert sein. Die vorgeschlagenen ROOM-Erweiterungen fuhren¨ zu einer Neugestaltung der Sprache und einer Prototyp-Implementierung. Die begleitende Methodik ist in Methodenblocken¨ organisiert, wobei jeder Block eine abgeschlossene Einheit bildet und Heuristiken und Architektur-Losungsmuster¨ enthalt.¨ Die Aussagen dieser Arbeit werden durch eine Fallstudie aus der Praxis ge- stutzt.¨ In der Fallstudie zur SIGTRAN (SIGnaling TRANsport) Architektur wird zunachst¨ dargestellt, welches Verstandnis¨ uber¨ Architekturmodelle den Standards zugrunde liegt. Es zeigt sich gegen Ende dieser Arbeit, dass ein systematischer Ansatz zur Architekturmodellierung relativ einfach und mit nur wenig Kosten verbunden ist – die Zugewinne im Sinne von Klarheit, Genauigkeit und Aus- drucksstarke¨ sind jedoch bemerkenswert. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Description . 2 1.2 Thesis Statement and Approach . 5 1.2.1 Thesis Statement . 5 1.2.2 Approach . 7 1.2.3 A Note to the Reader . 8 1.3 Scientific Contribution . 9 1.4 Case Study: SIGTRAN . 11 1.4.1 Background . 11 1.4.2 The SIGTRAN Architecture . 11 1.4.3 Problems and Curiosities . 16 1.5 Overview . 22 2 Foundations 29 2.1 Reference Models: OSI and TCP/IP . 30 2.1.1 Historical Background . 30 2.1.2 The Architecture of OSI RM . 31 2.1.3 The Architecture of TCP/IP RM . 36 2.1.4 Conclusions . 40 2.2 From (Embedded) Real-Time Systems to Communication Networks 43 2.2.1 (Embedded) Real-Time Systems . 43 2.2.2 An Extended Model of Real-Time Systems
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