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«Du Skal På Orgasmekurs!»

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«Du Skal På Orgasmekurs!» «Du skal på orgasmekurs!» - En studie av pornografi, deltakelse og eksponering i NRK3s Trekant. Anne Nordheim Masteroppgave i medievitenskap Institutt for medier og kommunikasjon UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Mai 2013 II © Anne Nordheim 2013 «Du skal på orgasmekurs!» - En studie av pornografi, deltakelse og eksponering i NRK3s Trekant. Anne Nordheim http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo III IV Sammendrag «Advarsel! Denne oppgaven handler om sex!» En tilsvarende advarsel om seksuelt innhold møtte seerne av Trekant på NRK3 høsten 2010. Og advarselen skulle vise seg å være nødvendig. Programserien ble nemlig gjenstand for voldsom mediedebatt på grunn av sitt eksplisitte, seksuelle innhold. Denne tekstanalysen av to sesonger (H2010 og H2011) av Trekant viser at programserien blander sjangertrekk og konvensjoner fra underholdning og opplysning, ispedd elementer fra reality- og livsstilsprogrammer. Programserien analyseres med utgangspunkt i teoretiske perspektiver på seksualiseringen av mediekulturen. Funnene viser at programserien inkluderer deltakelse og eksponering av såkalte «vanlige mennesker», og gjør pornografi til en sentral referanseramme for læring. Programserien preges av en liberal, avslappet og chic holdning til porno, og kommersielle aktører fra blant annet sexleketøybransjen inkluderes som eksperter. I tillegg presenterer Trekant et mangfold av seksuelle livsstiler, gjennom deltakelse der vanlige mennesker eksponerer seg og sin seksualitet. Det innebærer at programserien kan sees på som en demokratisering av seksualiteten i offentligheten, ved at Trekant både synliggjør vanlige menneskers «hverdagslige» seksualitet, og den mer «pornofiserte» seksualiteten som dominerer ellers i mediene. Abstract “Warning! This thesis is about sex!” A similar useful warning met the audience of the Norwegian public service broadcasting series Trekant (“Threesome”) in 2010. The series caused a heated debate and huge media response owing to its explicit content and frank attitude to sex. This textual analysis of 15 episodes (2010 and 2011), presents the series as a hybrid of styles, containing elements from infotainment, reality and lifestyle/makeover programmes. Trekant is analyzed by applying a theoretical framework about the sexualization of the mainstream to the series. My main findings are that the series included both audience participation and sexual exposure of non-professional “regular people”, and that pornography is a central element to the series, structured as a reference for learning about sexuality. The series is characterized by a postmodern, liberal and what can be termed a chic attitude towards pornography. Among other factors, this implies that the series contains commercial aspects in the form of the sex industry being represented in the series. It also implies that the series can be seen as a democratization of sexual representations in public, given the exposure to both “everyday” sexuality and its presentations of a “pornificated” sexuality. V VI Forord Å skrive denne masteroppgaven har vært utrolig gøy og spennende. Trekant har aldri sluttet å fascinere og overraske, og de mange interessante aspektene ved programserien har vært til stor inspirasjon for å jobbe med prosjektet. Uten Trekant – ingen oppgave. Så takk, NRK3! Oppgaven hadde heller ikke blitt til uten min eminente veileder Gunn Sara Enli (V12, H12, V13). Hun har ikke bare kommet med gode innspill, konstruktiv kritikk og oppmuntrende kommentarer på det jeg har skrevet helt til siste slutt, men har også har vist meg hvor morsomt og givende medievitenskapelig forskning er. Jeg har satt stor pris på samtalene vi har hatt de siste månedene, og kommer til å ta med meg mye av det jeg har lært av deg videre. Øystein, Siv og Helge i veiledningsgruppa fortjener også en stor takk for grundige gjennomlesninger, nyttige tilbakemeldinger og hyggelige veiledningsmøter. Det har vært både lærerikt og artig å følge prosessen deres, og jeg er evig takknemlig for at dere har fulgt min. Takk også til Rådet for anvendt medieforskning for masterstipend i 2013. En stor takk rettes dessuten til gjengen på IMK for de mange fine pausene med kaffe, quiz og kos – og litt fagprat innimellom. Mastertilværelsen hadde ikke vært den samme uten dere! Spesielt må jeg få takke Gabi for hjelp med forsidebildet. Takk til Sissel for at du tok på deg jobben med å lese korrektur - det var en stor lettelse for meg i innspurten. Selv om det stort sett har vært en fornøyelse å skrive denne oppgaven, har det også vært noe av det mest krevende jeg har begitt meg ut på. Takk til alle som har oppmuntret og trodd på meg, og spesielt takk til familien min for å alltid være der for meg og støtte meg. Ikke minst skylder jeg mamma en stor takk for at hun hjalp meg med pirkearbeidet i innspurten. Og helt til slutt: Takk til Mark for at du har vært så tålmodig, for at du har holdt humøret mitt oppe når jeg har vært usikker og roet meg ned når jeg har vært stressa. Anne Nordheim Oslo, mai 2013. VII VIII Tell about your sexual behaviour, your sexual identity, your dreams, your desires, your pains and your fantasies. Tell about your desire for a silk hanky, your desire for a person of the same sex, your desire for young children, your desire to masturbate, your desire to cross dress, your desire to be beaten, your desire to have too much sex, your desire to have no sex at all, and even your desire to stop the desires of others. Tell about your sexual dysfunction, your sexual diseases, your orgasm problems, your abortions, your sexual addictions. Let us know what you get up to in bed – or what you don’t get up to! Tell about your partner who loves too little or too much, who is gay or transsexual, who is older or younger. (Ken Plummer, 1995) IX X Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Innledning ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Bakgrunn om Trekant .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Mål og problemstilling ................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Metode ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Tidligere forskning ...................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Leserveiledning ........................................................................................................... 5 2 Metodisk tilnærming .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Metodisk hovedvalg: Kvalitativ tekstanalyse .............................................................. 6 2.1.1 Kritisk fortolkende analyse .................................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Fjernsynsanalyse .................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Metodisk fremgangsmåte ............................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 Utvalg og datainnsamling ..................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Koding og kategorisering ................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Tolkning ............................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Metodiske utfordringer .............................................................................................. 12 2.4 Reliabilitet og validitet .............................................................................................. 15 3 Teoretiske perspektiver på seksualitet, seksualisering og pornografi. ............................. 17 3.1 Seksualitet .................................................................................................................. 17 3.1.1 Fremveksten av en moderne vitenskap om seksualiteten ................................... 17 3.1.2 Seksuelle skript .................................................................................................. 19 3.1.3 Seksualiteten som en diskursiv konstruksjon ..................................................... 20 3.1.4 Den plastiske seksualiteten ................................................................................. 22 3.1.5 Seksuell mangfoldiggjøring i mediene ............................................................... 24 3.2 Seksualisering ............................................................................................................ 25 3.2.1 Seksualisering av mediekulturen ........................................................................ 25 3.2.2 Deltakelse og seksuell selveksponering ............................................................. 27 3.2.3 Endring i synet på eksperter ............................................................................... 30 3.2.4 Pornofisering ...................................................................................................... 32 3.2.5 Porno chic ........................................................................................................... 34 3.3 Pornografi .................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1 Motsetninger i synet på pornografi og pornofisering ......................................... 37 XI 3.3.2 Kritikk av
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